生物統計學agr10 PDF

(statistics)
(data)(
sample)(population)
(
probability)
300 30
30
30
()
1.
2.
()
1. (mathematical statistics)
2. (industrial statistics)
3. (biometry or biostatistics)
()
4. (social statistics)
5. (educational statistics)
6. (medical statistics)
7. (economical statistics)
(applied statistics)
()
NO
NO
37
16
30
25
17
36
28
18
36
22
19
32
24
20
38
15
21
29
10
22
28
17
23
24
24
22
10
33
25
32
11
35
26
48
12
21
27
23
13
43
28
33
14
35
29
11
15
40
30
52
M-F-
33
52
27
10
40
30
1. 2002
2. 1999
3. 2001()
()
(population data)
7500
7500
7500
(sample data)
30 30
2-1
:
2-1
(sampling)
30
(random sampling)
1.
2. ()
3.
: (simple random sampling)
(stratified sampling) (cluster sampling) (systematic
sampling)(multi-stage sampling)
8
()
7500 7500 ( 1 7500)

1/7500
()
()
N
()
N
75007500
(17500)2501251
50175130
()
(qualitative data)
(quantitative data)
(M or F)(Y or
N)()()
(category data)
(discrete data) (continuous data)

(countable)(gap)
1234
1.5 3.2
(measurable)
1. 2001()
2. 2000
10
(descriptive statistics)
A 80
B 83
85 10
90
70 90
(central tendency) (dispersion)
(central measurements)(mean)(mode)[
(median)(quartile)(decile)(percentile)]
(range) (interquartile range) (variance) (standard

deviation)(coefficient of variation)
(frequency distribution
table)
11
(central measurements)
() (mean)
() n X1,X2,........,Xn
n
= ( X i )/n
i =1
X = ( X i )/n X
i =1
X i =X1+X2+X3+..+Xn
X(total)
i =1
1.
(1)
120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125, 127, 126
(2)
-0.234, -0.245, -0.228, -0.247, -0.289, -0.290, -0.260, -0.269
[]
(1) = (120+123+134++126)/14 = 119
(2) X =(-0.234)+(-0.245)+ (-0.228)++ (-0.269)/8 = -0.25775
(1) ()(C)
()
1(1) 120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125,
127, 126 2 122, 125, 136, 128

12
121=119+2
(2) (C) C
1(1) 120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120,
125,127, 126 2 240, 246, 268, 252

238=1192
0
(deviation)
(Xi- X )
1(1) 120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125,
127, 126 119 1, 4, 15, 13, 7, -25, -26, 7, 9, -27, 1, 6, 8,

7 0
(3)
(sum of squares)
(Xi- X )2
1(1) 120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125,
127, 126 119 1, 4, 15, .,7

1+16+225+..+49=2770 119
( 120 100) 2770
() (mode)
() n X1, X2, ........, Xn
13
(1)
120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125, 127, 126
(2)
-0.234, -0.245, -0.228, -0.247, -0.289, -0.290, -0.260, -0.269
(3)
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7
[]
(1) mode = 126 3
(2) mode = 1
00
(3) mode = 1 3 3
()
1. (median)
(1) 1, 3, 4, 6, 7
14
[]
1, 3, 4, 6, 7
4
(2) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
[]
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7(4+5)/2=4.5
(3) 120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125, 127, 126
[]
92, 93, 94, 120, 120, 123, 125, 126, 126, 126,
127, 128, 134 14 7 8

(125+126)/2=125
2. (quartile)
Q1, Q2, Q3Q1 25%
Q2 50%Q3
75%
3. (decile)
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9
D1 10%D2 20%
15
4. (percentile)
99 P1, P2, P3, .., P99 k
Pk (k=1, 2, , 99) k/100
(100-k)/100
85
92 8%
92%
median=P50Q1=P25Q2=P50Q3=P75D1=P10D2=P20 D9=P90
(Pk)
1.
2. (index) i ik/100n (n
k )
3(1) 1, 3, 4, 6, 7n=5 median=P50
i = 50/100 5 = 2.5
3(2) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7n=6 median=P50
i = 50/100 6 = 3
3. i Pk
i i i1 Pk
3(1) i = 2.5 3 P50
3(1) median= 3 median = 4 3(2) i = 3

3(i) 4(i+1) P50 3(2)
median= 3 4 median = (4+5)/2=4.5

16
3(3)(Q1) 50 (P50)120, 123, 134,
132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125, 127, 126
[]
92, 93, 94, 120, 120, 123, 125, 126, 126, 126, 127, 128, 132, 134
Q1 i = 0.2514 =3.5 4 Q1=120

P50 i = 0.514 =7 7 8
P50=125.5 3(3)
P50
4 50
P25P30medianQ3
52.0
55.9
56.7
59.4
60.2
61.0
62.1
63.8
65.7
67.9
54.4
55.9
56.8
59.4
60.3
61.4
62.6
64.0
66.2
68.2
54.5
56.2
57.2
59.5
60.5
61.7
6237
64.6
66.8
68.9
55.7
56.4
57.6
59.8
60.6
61.8
63.1
64.8
67.0
69.4
55.8
56.4
58.9
60.0
60.8
62.0
63.6
64.9
67.1
77.1
[]
1. !
2. P25P30medianQ3
P25 i = 25/100 50 = 12.5 13
P25=57.2
P30 i = 30/100 50 = 15 15
16 P30=(58.9+59.4)/2=59.15
17
median P50 i = 50/100 50 = 25

25 26 P50=(60.8+61.0)/2=60.9
Q3 P75 i = 75/100 50 = 37.5
38 Q3=64.6
index (i)
(i+1)<>
<>< 50 >
5 1020304050
30 index i=0.5*5=2.5 3
30 30 50% 50%
6 102030405060
(30+40)/2=35 index i=0.5*6=3
3 3 4 (30+40)/2=35 35
50% 50% 30 30
!
index
Xi Xi+1 !
() (range) (interquartile range)

X1 , X2 ,........, Xn
(maximum)(minimum)=-
18
X1 , X2 ,........, Xn (Q1)
(Q3)=Q3-Q1
(1) 120, 123, 134, 132, 126, 94, 93, 126, 128, 92, 120, 125, 127, 126
(2) -0.234, -0.245, -0.228, -0.247, -0.289, -0.290, -0.260, -0.269
[]
(1) range = 134-92=42
(2) range=(-0.228)-(-0.290)=0.062
6 50
range interquartile range
52.0
55.9
56.7
59.4
60.2
61.0
62.1
63.8
65.7
67.9
54.4
55.9
56.8
59.4
60.3
61.4
62.6
64.0
66.2
68.2
54.5
56.2
57.2
59.5
60.5
61.7
6237
64.6
66.8
68.9
55.7
56.4
57.6
59.8
60.6
61.8
63.1
64.8
67.0
69.4
55.8
56.4
58.9
60.0
60.8
62.0
63.6
64.9
67.1
77.1
[]:
1. !
2. Q1Q3
=52.0=77.1 range=77.1-52=25.1
Q1 P25 i = 25/100 50 = 12.5

13 Q1=57.2
19
Q3 P75 i = 75/100 50 = 37.5

38 Q3=64.6
interquartile range=64.6-57.2=7.4
() (variance)
X1, X2,, Xn (mean)
(sum of squares) 2 s2
2= sum of squares / N =(Xi- )2/N =N=

s2= sum of squares / (n-1) =(Xi- X )2/(n-1) X =n=
n-1
(degree of freedom)
(
2 X i + 2 )
X
i
=
2
X
=
X
=
s
=
2
i
2 X i + 2
N
2
i
2 + 2
N
SS
=
=
n 1
(X
2
i
(a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2
2
=X/N X=N 2 N 2
( X i X )
n 1
2 Xi X + X
n 1
20
2
i
2
i
2
i
2 X Xi + X
2 X
n 1
2 X nX + nX
n 1
nX
X =X/n X=n X X 2 n X
n 1
X i2
Xi
n
n
n 1
X
=
N
X = X / n =
2
i
s
2
X
=
2
i
2
i
( X )2
n
n 1
nX
n 1
2
i
( X )
n 1
() (standard deviation)
s
= 2 , s = s 2
A8, 9, 10, 11, 12

B4, 7, 10, 13, 16
[]
10
A 2 =(810)2 + (910)2 + (1010)2 + (1110)2 + (1210)2/5

= (4+1+0+1+4)/5 = 10/5 = 2
21
B 2 =(410)2 + (710)2 + (1010)2 + (1310)2 + (1610)2/5

= (36+9+0+9+36)/5 = 90/5 = 18
A = 2 =1.414
B = 18 =4.243
A < B A B
A8, 9, 10, 11, 12

B4, 7, 10, 13, 16
[]
10
sA 2 =(810)2 + (910)2 + (1010)2 + (1110)2 + (1210)2/(5-1)
= (4+1+0+1+4)/4 = 10/4 = 2.5

sB 2 =(410)2 + (710)2 + (1010)2 + (1310)2 + (1610)2/(5-1)
= (36+9+0+9+36)/4 = 90/4 = 22.5

sA= 2.5 =1.581
sB= 22.5 =4.743
sA sB A B
9 20 X=97.5X2=559.2
meanvariancestandard deviationsum of squares
[]
mean =X / n = 97.5/20 = 4.875
22
variance standard
deviation
2
variance = s2 =
(X )
(97.5)
559.2
83.8875
n
20
=
=
= 4.415131
n 1
20 1
19
X 2
standard deviation = s =
4.415 = 2.1
sum of squares = 83.8875

sum of squares = s2 (n-1) = 4.415131 19 = 83.8875
(1) c ( X X )
s s2
(2) c ( X X ) c
s2 c2 s |c|
10 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19 X = 13 s = 4.69s2 = 22
(1) 5 s s2
(2) 3 s s2
[]
(1) 5 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24 X = 18
2
Ss2 =
(Xi - X) 2
n 1
(Xi - X ) 2 = ( 6 )2 + ( 5)2 + ( 3)2 + 12 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 6 2 = 132
sum of squares !
23
Ss22 =
(Xi X) 2
n 1
2
= 132 / 6 = 22 s s
s s 2 !
(2) 3 21, 24, 30, 42, 48, 51, 57 X = 39

Ss22 =
(Xi - X) 2
n 1
(Xi - X ) 2 = ( 18)2 + ( 15)2 + ( 9 )2 + 3 2 + 9 2 + 12 2 + 18 2 = 1188

sum of squares 132 32
2
Ss22 = (Xi - X ) =1188/6=198 s2 (22) 32 =2232 =198
n 1
s = 198 =14.07 s (4.69) 3 = 4.693=14.07

cs2 s2 c2 s
|c|
() (coefficient of variation)
coefficient of variation (CV) / 100%

coefficient of variation (CV) s / X 100%
11 10 x = 62.5 sx = 12.3
y = 166 sy = 36.8
24
[]
CV
CV
CV =
12.3
100% = 19.68%
62.5
CV
CV =
36.8
100% = 22.17%
166
19.68%22.17%
() (frequency distribution table)
( 3-1 15 )
( 3-2
)
25
3-1
15
15
30
3-2
LEE
WANG
10
YANG
11
13
17
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(mid point)=/
=/
26
97
98
98
100
101
103
103
104
105
106
106
107
107
108
109
109
110
110
110
110
111
111
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
114
114
114
114
114
114
115
115
115
115
115
115
116
116
116
116
116
116
117
117
117
117
117
117
118
118
118
118
118
118
119
119
119
119
119
120
120
120
121
121
122
125
12()
5 95.5 125.5 6
1. =125-97=2828/5=5.6 6
2. 5
3. 95.5 100.5
98
4.
5.
27
100.5
98
5%
5%
100.5
105.5
103
6.25%
11.25%
105.5
110.5
108
11
20
13.75%
25%
110.5
115.5
113
30
50
37.5%
62.5%
115.5
120.5
118
26
76
32.5%
95%
120.5
125.5
123
80
5%
100%
95.5
80
100%
()
1. (bar chart)
200
150
100
50
0

100
80
60
40
20
0
28
2. (pie chart)
3. (histogram)
15
10
5
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
4. (polygon)
()
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
29
5. (box-whisker plot)
Q1 Q3
100
90
Q3
80
70
median
60
Q1
50
40
30
20
N=
50
GRADE
1. 2000
2. 2003 ()
3. 2001 ()
4. Daniel, W. W. 1999. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health
Sciences (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
5. Harnett, D. L. and A. K. Soni. 1991. Statistical Methods for Business and
Economics (4th ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
6. Pagano, M. and K. Gauvreau. 2000. Principles of Biostatistics (2nd ed.). Duxbury.
30
()
(outcome)
(experiment)()
(random experiment)
(sample space)(sample point)
experiment
outcome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
sample space S S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
sample point{1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6}
() (event)
(event)()
(simple event)
(compound event)
31
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6
1. A 3 A {3}
A
2. B B {2, 4, 6}
B
3. C 4 C {1, 2, 3, 4}
C
4. A B A (or) B AB
AB {2, 3, 4, 6}
5. A B A (and) B AB
AB AC{3}BC{2,4}
6. A A AA{1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
AB AB (mutually exclusive event)
AB
7. A 3 B
AB
B A A B
independent event
8. A 3 H
H A AH
32
() (probability)
P()
0 1 0 1
0 P() 1 S P(S)1
A( 3) P(A)=1/6
B() P(B)=3/6=1/2
AB P(AB)=4/6=2/3
AB P(AB)=0
C( 4) P(C)=4/6=2/3
AC P(AC)=1/6
1. P()0 P(AB)=0
2. P(A)1- P(A) P(A)=1-1/6=5/6
3. 0 P(A) 1
4. P(B|A) probability of B giving A A
B P(B|A)P(AB) / P(A)
4 (C ) 3 (A )
P(A|C)P(AC)/P(C) =(1/6)/(4/6)=1/4
33
3 (A )(B )
P(B|A)= P(AB) / P(A)0/(1/6)=0

5.
(1) ()P(AB)P(A)P(B)P(AB)
4 (C )(B )
P(CB)P(C)P(B)P(CB)=4/6+3/6-2/6=5/6
(2) ()P(AB)P(A)P(B)
3 (A )(B )1/6+3/64/6
6.
(1) P(AB)P(A)P(B|A)P(B)P(A|B)
4 (C ) 3(A )
P(CA)P(C)P(A|C)4/61/4=1/6
(2) P(AB)P(A)P(B)
3 (A )(H )
P(AH)P(A)P(H)1/61/21/12
P(AB)0
3 (A )(B )
0
34
()
1. 52
1 52
1 A K B
K A B
[]( B A )
A B A B

A K
4
1
=
P(A)=
52
13
B K
4
1
=
P(B)=
52
13
B A ? P(B|A)
4 4
P(A I B)
4
1
P(B|A) =
= 52 52 =
=
4
P( A )
52
13
52
P(AB)=
4 4
2
52 52
5252 2 K 44
1/52 PAB=
4 4
52 52
P(B|A) = P(B) A B
35
2. 52
1 51
1 A K B
K A B
[]( B A )
A B A B

A( K)
4
1
=
P(A)=
52
13
B K
4 3 48 4
4
1
=
=
P(B)=
+
52 51 52 51
52
13
4 3
K(52 4 K)
52 51
K(51 3 K)
48 4
K(52 48 K)
52 51
K(51 4 K)
K B B
B A P(B|A)
4 3
P(A I B)
52
51 = 3 = 1
=
P(B|A)=
4
P( A )
51
17
52
36
P(AB)=
4 3
2 K
52 51
K(52 4 K) K(51 3 K)
P(B|A) P(B) A B P(B|A)=l/17
2 K 1 K
(A1)
(A2)
(Bl)
0.48
0.2
0.68
(B2)
0.12
0.2
0.32
0.60
0.4
1.00
[]
()()
A1 () B1 ()
P(A1)=P(A1B1)+P(A1B2)=0.48+0.12=0.6
P(A1|B1) =
P(A 1 I B1 ) 0.48
=
= 0.71
P(B1 )
0.68
P(A1|B1)P(A1)
37
()
1. 50 20 35 30
20 21 20
[]
A 20 P(A)=35/50=0.7
B P(B)=30/50=0.6
P( 20 )=P(AB)=21/50=0.42
20 P(AB)
P(AB)P(A)P(B)P(AB) = 0.7+0.6-0.42=0.88
2. 20 15
5 20 12
8 ABM W
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
38
A B
10
12
15
20
[]
(1) P(M)=12/20
(2) P(MA) = 10/20
(3) P(A|M)
:P(B|A)P(AB) / P(A)
P(A|M)P(MA) / P(M) (10/20) / (12/20) = 10/12
P(A|M)()
(4) P(WA) = P(W) P(A)

P(AW) = 8/20 + 15/20 5/20 = 18/20
P(WA) = (10+5+3) / 20 =18/20
(5) P(W|B)
P(W|B)()
= 3/5
3. 2000
(1) P(A)P(B)P(C)P(M)P(F)
(2) ( FA)
(3) ( MB)
39
(4) P(F|A)P(B|M)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(M)
55
260
505
820
(F)
20
430
730
1180
75
690
1235
2000
[]
P(A)= (55+20)/2000= 0.0375
P(B)=(260+430)/2000=0.345
P(C)=(505+730)/2000=0.6175
P(M)=(55+260+505)/2000=0.41
P(F)=(20+430+730)/2000=0.59
P(FA)=20/2000=0.01
P(MB)= (820+690-260)/2000=0.625
P(F|A)= P(FA)/ P(A)=0.01/0.0375=0.267
P(F|A)=20/75=0.267
(A)()(F)
P(B|M)=260/(55+260+505)=0.317
(M)()
(B)
40
4. ABCD 20%
30%35%15% 1%1.5%2%0.5%
(1)
(2) A
[]
=0.20.01=0.002
=0.30.015=0.0045
=0.350.02=0.007
=0.150.005=0.00075
(1)
0.002+0.0045+0.007+0.00075=0.01425
(2) A
0.002/0.01425=0.14
41
(random variable)
X
z
z
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) 20
(probability distribution)
X x f(x)
x x
42
3 T H
S
X()
T, T, T
T ,T , H
T , H ,T
H , T , T
T, H, H
H ,T , H
H , H , T
H, H, H
f(x)
1/8
3/8
3/8
1/8
f(x)P(Xx)
1. 0 f ( x ) 1
2.
f (x) = 1
3. P (a x b) = f ( x )
x=a
43
1 4 X X
f(x)
1/16=0.0625
4/16=0.25
6/16=0.375
4/16=0.25
1/16=0.0625
1
X
f ( x ) = C x4 ( 1 / 2 ) x ( 1 / 2 ) 4 x x = 0, 1, 2, 3,4
0.375
0.3125
f(x)
0.25
0.1875
0.125
0.0625
0
X
44
2 3 x
1/3
(a) x
(b) x
(c) P(X2)
[]
(a) x (xi)0, 1, 2, 3
0
1
2
3
(b) x P(X=0)P(X=1)P(X=2)P(X=3)
X (xi)
f(X) = P(X=xi)
C30 ( 1 / 3 )0 ( 2 / 3 )3
2/32/32/3=0.2963
C31 ( 1 / 3 )1( 2 / 3 ) 2
31/34/9=0.4444
C32 ( 1 / 3 ) 2 ( 2 / 3 )1
31/92/30.2222
C33 ( 1 / 3 )3 ( 2 / 3 )0
1/31/31/30.0374
f(x)=1
6/24 + 11/24 +6/24+1/24 =1!
(c) P(X 2) 0.2222+0.03740.2596
45
() (expectation)
X f(x)
X E(X) = xf ( x ) =
() (variance) (standard deviation)

X f(x), X
2 = (x ) 2 f (x) = x 2f (x) 2
X = 2
1
1/2 X X
f(x)
xf(x)
1/8
3/8
3/8
3/8
6/8
1/8
3/8
12/8=1.5
X E(X) = =xf(x) =12/8 =1.5

=1.5
46
(x- )2
f(x)
(x- )2f(x)
2.25
1/8
0.28125
0.25
3/8
0.09375
0.25
3/8
0.09375
2.25
1/8
0.28125
0.75 2
2 = ( x ) 2 f ( x ) = 0.75
2 = x 2f (x) 2
= 02 1/8 + 11 3/8 + 22 3/8 + 32 1/8(1.5)2

=24/8 2.25 = 3 2.25 = 0.75
= 0.75 = 0.8660
2 300 X
1. X 2.
58
135
82
15
300
47
[]
1. X
X
f(x)
0.193 (=58/300)
0.450 (=135/300)
0.273 (=82/300)
0.050 (=15/300)
0.023 (=7/300)
0.007 (=2/300)
0.003 (=1/300)
1.00
2. X
x
f(x)
xf(x)
0.193
0.00
0.450
0.45
0.273
0.546
0.050
0.150
0.023
0.092
0.007
0.035
0.003
0.018
E(X) =xi f(xi) =0+0.45+0.546+0.150+0.092+0.035+0.018=1.291
1.291
1.29
48
3(lottery) 10000
X
x
10000
5000
1000
10
100
200
50
500
9286
10000
[]
f(x)
10000
0.0001
5000
0.0003
1000
0.001
100
0.02
50
0.05
0.8952
1.0000
49
= xf ( x )
=100000.0001+50000.0003+10000.001+1000.02+500.05
=8.0 8.0
= x 2f (x) 2
=1000020.0001+500020.0003+100020.001+10020.02+5020.05-8.02
=18825-64
=18761
= 18761 = 136.9708
1. 2005
2. 2000
3. 2003 ()
4. 2001 ()
50
() (binomial distribution experiment)

n
p P()=p P()=1-p=q
X n
()
P(X=x) = f(x) =
n
x
n
x
p x q n-x x = 0, 1, .., n
n!
(combination)
x!( n x)!
p
q = 1 p
n
B(n, p) (binomial distribution)
E(X) = np X ()
Var(X) = npq X SD(X)= npq
P(Xa) n a = f(x)
51
1
4 X
p= 0.5 p= P()= 0.5 q= P()=1p
=0.5
f ( x) = C x4 0.5 x 0.54 x x=0,1,2,3,4
x f(x)
f(x)
0.0625
4
0
40
C 0 0.5 0.5 =
0.25
4
1
4 1
C1 0.5 0.5 =
0.375
4
2
3 2
C 2 0.5 0.5 =
4!
0.5 2 0.5 2 0.375
2!(4 2)!
0.25
4
3
4 3
C 3 0.5 0.5 =
4!
0.5 3 0.51 = 0.25
3!(4 3)!
0.0625
4
4
44
C 4 0.5 0.5 =
4!
0.5 0 0.5 4 = 0.0625
4!(4 4)!
4!
0.5 0 0.5 4 = 0.0625
0!(4 0)!
4!
0.510.5 3 = 0.25
1!(4 1)!
1. B(4, 0.5)
2. E(X)=40.5=2.0 4 2
4 2
3. Var(X)=40.50.5=1.0SD(X)=1.0 4
1
4. P(X1)P(X1)=f(0)+f(1) = 0.0625+0.375
0.4375
52
()
( n !)

n p x
f(x)
X f(x)
0
f0
f1
f2
fn
n p
C P(X y)
P(X=0) = f(0)
P(X 1) = f(0)f(1)
P(X 2) = f(0)f(1)f(2)
P(X n) = f(0)f(1).f(n)= 1
53
f(x)
P(X = 2) = f(2) = P(X 2)P(X 1)

= ( y=2 )( y=1 )
1 30% 15
(a) 10
(b) 10
(c) 8
(d) 10 14
[]
( X) B(15, 0.8)
f(x) =
15
x
0.8x 0.2 15-x x = 0, 1, 2,.., 15
n=15P=0.3
15
p=0.30
0.0047
0.0305
0.0916
0.1700
0.2186
0.2061
0.1472
0.0811
54
0.0348
0.0116
10
0.0030
11
0.0006
12
0.0001
13
0.0000
14
0.0000
15
0.0000
(a) 10
P(X 10) =
10
f (x)
= f(0) + f(1) +...+ f(10)
x =0
=0.0000+0.0000++0.1032 = 0.1643
=0.0047+0.0305++0.0030 = 0.9992
(b) 10 P(X=10) = f (10) = 0.0030 ()
( 4 )
10
15 10
f (10)C15
= 0.0030
10 0.3 0.7
(c) 8
P(X 8) = f(8) + f(9) +..+ f(15) = 0.0348+0.0116++0.0000 = 0.0501
(d) 10 14
P (10 X 14) = f(10) + f(11) + f(12) + f(13) + f(14)
=0.0030+0.0006+0.0001+0.0000=0.0037
Excel BINOMDIST
55
2 20% 20
(a) X X
(b) 7
(c) 3
(d)
[]
(a) X B(20, 0.2)
x
20-x
x = 0, 1, 2,. ., 20
f(x) = C 20
x 0.2 0.8
(b) 7
f(7) = C 720 0.27 0.8 20-7 = 0.05454985
n=20P=0.2
20
p=.20
.0115
.0576
.1369
.2054
.2182
.1746
.1091
.0545
.0222
.0074
10
.0020
56
11
.0005
12
.0001
13
.0000
20
.0000
f(7)= 0.9679-0.9133 = 0.0545

(c) 3
P(X 3) = f(3) + f(4) ++ f(20) = 0.2054 + 0.2182+ + 0.0000 = 0.7940
(d)
P(X=20) = f(20) = 0.0000
(Poisson Distribution)
() n
SARS
1. ()
2. ()
3. 0
4. X
6:00 - 9:00 ()
2
57
1.
2. 2 ( 3 ) 2x3 =
6
3. 1 0
4. X ( )
x = 0, 1, 2,..,
() (Poisson P.D.F.)
1. A () X
A
P(X=x) = f(x)=
e - x
x!
X=0, 1, 2, ,
2. E(X) = = np
3. Var(X) = = np SD(X) =
np
4. (X
X=0,1,2,...) n p (
n>100, p<0.01 ) (=np)
n p
1 6:00 - 9:00 ()
2 ( 3 )
6 X
58
e 6 6 x x = 0, 1, 2,..,
1. f ( x ) =
x!
2. E(X) =6
3. Var(X) = 6
4. SD(X) = 2.45
2<>
6:00 - 9:00 10000
0.0006 X
[]
1. n (10000 ) p (0.0006)
f ( x ) = C10000
p x q 10000 x x = 0, 1, 2, .., 10000
x
= np = 6
= np=6
e 6 6 x x = 0, 1, 2, , 10000
f (x) =
x!
2. P(X=1)=f(1)
f(1) =
10000
1
p 1 q 10000-1 = 0.01486
6 1
f (1) = e 6 = 0.01487
1!
n p
59
3. 5 P(X5)= f(x), x = 0,1,2,3,4,5

f ( x ) = C10000
p x q10000 x = 0.4456
x
f ( x ) =
e 6 6 x
= 0.4457
x!
()

( ) x
f(x)
f0
f1
f2
fn
P(X=0) = f(0)
P(X 1) = f(0)f(1)
P(X 2) = f(0)f(1)f(2)
P(X n) = f(0)f(1).+f(n)
60
f(x)
P(X=2)= f(2)= P(X 2)P(X 1)

=( C=2 )( C=1 )
1
Poisson 1
(a) 1
(b) 1 4( 4)
(c) 1 3 5
(d) 2
[]
(a) =1.00
=1.00
= 1.00
.368
P(X=0) =f(0)
.736
P(X 1) =f(0)+f(1)
.920
P(X 2) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)
.981
P(X 3) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+f(3)
.996
P(X 4) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)
.999
P(X 5) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)
1.000
P(X 6) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)
1.000
P(X 7) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+ f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)+f(7)

61
X X = 1 Poisson
f(0)=0.368
e 110
f (0) =
= e 1 = 0.3679
0!
(b) 1 4( 4)
PX4= P(X 3) = f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+f(3) = .3679+.3679+.1839+.0613 = 0.981
()
PX4= P(X 3) = f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+f(3) =0.981 ()
(c) 1 3 5
P3 X 5= f(3)+f(4)+f(5) = .0613+.0153+.0031 =0.0797 ()
P3 X 5= f(3)+f(4)+f(5) = P(X 5) - P(X 2) = 0.999 - 0.920 = 0.079()
(d) Y Y = 2 Poisson
e 2 2 y
, y = 0 ,1,2 ,3...
f( y)=
y!
m=2.0
f(0)=0.135
f (0)=
e 2 2 0
= e 2 = 0.1353
0!
62
2
7 7 100%
7 1
14 5 3
[]
X 7 1 14
21 = 2
5 f(5) = f(x 6)- f(x 5)=1.000-0.999=0.001
3 f(x 3)=f(0)+(1)+f(2)+f(3) = 0.0613
1. 2000
2. 2001 ()
3. Daniel, W. W. 1999. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health
Sciences (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
63
64
10
0.5 10
()
()
0.009765625
0.000977
0.09765625
0.009766
1.171875
0.117188
2.05078125
0.205078
2.4609375
0.246094
2.05078125
0.205078
1.171875
0.117188
0.439453125
0.043945
0.09765625
0.009766
10
0.009765625
0.000977
Total
10
(sample space )
65
()
1.0
2.0
0.8
1.6
0.6
1.2
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.0
relative frequency
frequency
2.4
0.0
4
5
6
10
()
()
(bell-shaped distribution)
5
() 5
(normal distribution)
Gaussian
f ( x ) =
x )2
2 2
X~N ( , 2 )
66
(
) ()

67
1 x
)
(
1
e 2 ; < x <
2
2
f ( x ) =
=1 (
(a, b)() p ( a x b ) =
f ( x ) dx = 1 )
f ( x ) dx
(standard normal distribution)
0 ( = 0 ) 1 ( = 1 )
( X ~ N (0,1) )
0.35
0.25
0.20
0.15
34.13% 34.13%
13.59%
0.13%
-4
0.10
2.15%
-3
-2
0.05
13.59%
0.13%
2.15%
-1
4 3 2 1
+1
+2
0.00
+3
+4
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
68
Relative frequency
0.30
= 0 = 1
50 % 0( 0 ) 68.26%
( 34.13% 2 ) x 1 ( 0 1
+ 1 1 95.44% x
2 ( 0 2 ) + 2 2 99.74% x
3 ( 0 1 ) + 3 3
x x x
n 0
0.5 1 0.16 1 0.84
2 -1 ( 1 < x < 2 ) 0.82-1 -2
( 2 < x < 1 ) 0.14

= 0 , = 1
( X ~ N (0,1) )
69
1 x
( xi ) 0 (
xi )
( xi )( ( xi ) ) 1
z=
new =
new =
1 ( x ) 1 ( x N ) 1 x
1
=
= (
) = ( ) = 0
N
N
0) 2
1
=
(x )
(x )
= 1
z (Standard Normal Distribution)
Z Z N (0,1)
= 50 , = 10
z =
xi
x i 50
= 0 , = 1 Z Z N (0,1)
10
2, 5, 6, 9 z =
0 1
70
x
z=
-1.4
-0.2
0.2
1.4
x = 5.5 x = 2.5
z = 0
z =1
50 cm
10 cm
0.35
0.25
0.20
0.15
34.13%
34.13%
13.59%
0.10
0.05
13.59%
2.15%
2.15%
0.00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
-4
-3
-2
-1
+1
+2
+3
+4
4 3 2 1
Relative frequency
0.30
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
1 , 2 , 3
50 cm 1 , 2 , 3 ( 1 ,
2 , 3 ) 1 10 , 2 10 , 3 10 cm
71
1
x = 1 ~ 1.5
0.4
[]
P(1 < x < 1.5) = P(1 < x < 0) + P(0 < x < 1.5)
= 0.3413 + 0.4332 = 0.7745
0.3
0.2
or
P( x < 1.5) P( x < 1) = 0.9331 0.1586
0.9331
0.1586
0.1
0.3413 0.4332
0.0
= 0.7745
-3
-2
-1
(1) P( x < xa ) = 0.025) P ( x < xb ) = 0.975 xa xb

(2) 0.025 < P ( x) < 0.975
[]
Z 0.025 0.975 Z
(1)
P ( x < 1.96) = 0.025

P ( x < 1.96) = 0.975
xa = 1.96
xb = +1.96
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
(0.025)
(0.975)
0.0
P ( x < 1.96) = 0.025

(2)
P ( x < 1.96) = 0.975
-3
1.96 < x <= 1.96
72
-2
-1
3 50
80 5
(1) 65 75
(2) 90
[]
(1) x = 80, = 5
65 80
75 80
) = P(3 < Z < 1)
<Z<
5
5
= 0.1587 0.0013 = 15.74%
P (65 < x < 75) = P(
(2) 90
90 80
) = P( Z > 2) = 1 P( Z < 2)
5
= 1 0.9772 = 2.28%
P ( x > 90) = P( Z >
50() 2.28%=1.14() 1
4 3 1
[]
X =3, = 1
23
P( x < 2) = P( Z <
) = P( Z < 1) = 0.1587
1
0.1587
5 =506 =81
(1) 574 ;
(2) 30
73
[] X
(1) 574
P( x < 574) = P( Z <
574 506
) = P( Z < 0.8395) = 0.799
81
574 79.9 %
(2) 30 x
P(
x 506
) = 0.3
81
P ( Z < 0.52) = 0.3015 P( Z < 0.53) = 0.2981

P ( Z < 0.524) 0.3
x 506
= 0.524
81
30 x = 506 + 81 (0.524) = 463.56
(sample statistics)
(parameters)
( n 30 )
(central limit theorem)
1,4,7
23 4(n=2,3,4)
74
n=2 (1,1)(1,4)(1,7)
(4,1)(4,4)(4,7)(7,1)(7,4)(7,7) 9 n=3
(1,1,1)(1,1,4)(1,1,7)(1,4,1)(1,4,4)(1,4,7)(1,7,1)(1,7,4)(1,7,7)
(4.1,1)(4,1,4)(4,1,7)(4,4,1)(7,7,7)
(1,1) 1( x = 1 )(1,4) 2.5( x = 2.5 )(1,7)
4( x = 4 )(1,7) 7( x = 7 )
relative frequency
0.444
0.333
0.222
0.111
0
7
4
0.333
2.5
0.222
5.5
0.111
counts
relative
frequency
0.444
0.33
0.3
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.15
0.11
0.07
0.04
0
5
6
mean (n=3)
75
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
counts
relative frequency
mean (n=2)
0.3
24
0.25
20
3.25
0.2
4.75
2.5
0.15
16
5.5
12
0.1
1.75
0.05
6.25
counts
relative frequency
4
0
mean (n=4)
(standard error) ()
=4
2 =6
= 2.4495
()
x2
n= 2
32=9
1.7321
n= 3
33=27
1.4142
n= 4
34=81
1.5
1.2247
(n)
x =
x2 =
x =
2
n
()
76
( x = )( x =
x n
x
(Central Limit Therrem)

( n 30)
( x ) x ~ N ( x , x ) x = x =
x ~ N ( ,
1 1
0oC 0oC
0oC
-0.8 oC 0.8 oC
77
[]
X ~ N (0,1)
P(0.5 > Z > 0.5) = 0.5763
2 =170 cm =12 cm
16
6 cm
[]
X =170 x =
12
=3
16
X 6 = 170 6 cm 164 176 cm
P (164 < x < 176) = P(
164 170
176 170
<Z<
) = P(2 < Z < 2) = 0.9545
3
3
3 72 9
(a) 1 80
(b) 9 9 80
(c) 25 25 70 75
78
[]
X X ~ N (72,9)
(a) X ~ N (72,9)
P ( x > 80) = P( Z >
80 72
) = P( Z > 0.89) = 0.1867
9
(b) 10 80
80 72
P ( x > 80) = P( Z >
) = P( Z > 2.67) = 0.0038
(9 9 )
(c) 20 70 75
70 72
75 72
P (70 < x < 75) = P (
<Z<
) = P(1.11 < Z < 1.67) = 0.8190
(9 25 )
(9 25 )
4 28000 1500
(1) 30000
(2) 90%
(3) 20
27000 30000
(4) 50% 20
(5) 90% 20
[]
(1) 30000
P ( x > 30000) = P ( Z >
30000 28000
) P( Z > 1.33) = 1 P( Z < 1.33)
1500
= 1 0.9082 = 0.0918
79
(2) 90%
P(Z >
x 28000
x 28000
) = 1 P( Z <
) = 0.9
1500
1500
P(Z <
x 28000
) = 0.1 P ( Z < 1.28) = 0.1003
1500
x 28000
= 1.28
1500
x = 26080
(3) 20
27000 30000
P (27000 < x < 30000) = P(
27000 28000
<Z<
30000 28000
1500 20
1500 20
= P(2.98 < Z < 5.96) = P( Z < 5.96) P( Z < 2.98) = 0.9986
(4) 50% 20
P(Z <
x 28000
1500
20
) = 0.5
P( Z < 0) = 0.5
x 28000
1500
20
= 0 x = 28000
(5) 90% 20
P( Z >
P( Z <
x 28000
1500
x 28000
1500
x 28000
1500
20
20
20
) = 1 P( Z <
x 28000
1500
20
) = 0.9
) = 0.1 P( Z < 1.28) = 0.1003
= 1.28
x = 28000 1.28
80
1500
20
27571
1. 2005
2. 1999
3. 2001()
81
82
(estimate)(inferential statistic)(estimate)
(hypothesis testing)
(statistics)(population parameters)
---(null hypothesis)
(point estimate)(confidence interval)
(point estimate)
(parameter)
(mean)
(variance)
(standard deviation)
x
s2
s
100 x =170 cm 25
()
170 cm
165~175 cm
83
()
(confidence level) (1 )
(confidence interval)(confidence limits)
25 x =170 cm
15 cm 95%
n = 100 x = 170 x =
Z=
15
= 3 95% Z = 1.96
25
x = x Z x Z x =
x Z x < < x Z x 170 1.96 3 < < 170 + 1.96 3
164.12cm < < 175.88cm
84
n ( x ~ N ( , ) )
x
x ~ N ( , x ) N ( ,
Z=
x Z ( n ) < < x + Z ( n )
n
(1 ) 95%(
0.95) 5% (0.05)
= 0.025 Z (
3) Z 1.96
Z = 1.96 =
x + 1.96 (
95% x 1.96 (
n)
n ) n 95%
x 1.96 (
n ) < < x + 1.96 (
n )
95%
n n
x x
( 95%) x
x ( 1.96
+ 1.96 ) x
x (
) (
) = x
(1 )
85
Note 1 2
s 2 s
t Z
x t ( s
n ) < < x + t (s
n )
Note 2(population parameters)
12
22
( 2 F
2
1. 15 100
100 115
(1) 95%
(2) 99%
[]
x Z (
n ) < < x + Z ( n )
15
15
(1) 115 1.96
< < 115 + 1.96
100
100
112.06 < < 117.94 95%

(2) 115 2.576
15
100
< < 115 + 2.576
15
100
111.136 < < 118.864 99%
86
2. 10 25
25 169 90%95% 99%
[]
x Z (
n ) < < x + Z (
10
169 1.645
25
n)
10
< < 169 + 1.645
25
165.71 < < 172.29 90%
169 1.96
10
25
< < 169 + 1.96
10
25
165.08 < < 172.92 95%
169 2.576
10
25
< < 169 + 2.576
10
25
163.848 < < 174.152 99%
1. 2003 ()
2. 2001 ()
3. Harnett, D. L. and A. K. Soni. 1991. Statistical Methods for Business and
Economics (4th ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
87
88
() ()
(hypothesis testing)
()
(significant difference)
(test of significance)
1. (null hypothesis) H0
=0 ( 0 0 )
0
2. (alternative hypothesis) H1
(1) 0
(2) 0
(3) 0
1. 65
(65 )
89
H0 65 ( =65)
H1 65 ( 65)
2. 20cm
H0 ( 20)
H1 ( > 20)
3. 6%
H0 6% (P 6%)
H1 6% (P < 6%)
()
1. (H0)
2. (H1)
3. (significant level)
4.
5. ()
6.
(test value) 95 (critical
value)
(critical value)( )
( ) 1 Z ( )
90
( ) 1 t
()
65
(65 )
H0 65 ( =65)
H1 65 ( 65)
0.4
0.3
0.2
1-
/2
0.1
/2
-4
-3
-2
-1
(H1)
H1:0
(H1)
H1:0
( H0)
H0: = 0
()
1-
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0
( H0)
H0: = 0 (0)
91
(H1)
H1: > 0
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
1-
0.1
-4
-3
-2
(H1)
H1: < 0
-1
0
0
( H0)
H0: = 0 ( 0)
()
() Z
Z (Z-test)
()
Two-tailed testing
One-tailed testing
1. H0 = 0
2. H1 0
3. Z / 2
4. Z =
Z
X - 0
/ n
92
5. Z>Z () H0 H1
H0 H0
6.
1
180mg/ml 50mg/ml (
=50) 16 200mg/ml
5%(=0.05)
[]:
1. H0 ( =180)
2. H1 ( 180)
3. =0.05Z0.05/2=1.96
4. Z
Z=
X 0
/ n
200 180
50 / 16
= 1.6
5. Z=1.6 < Z0.025=1.96 H0

6. =0.05
93
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
/2=
0.025
0.1
/2=
0.025
1-=10.05=0.95
-4
-3
-2
(H1)
H1:180
180
-1
200
2
(H1)
H1:180
( H0)
H0:=180
1.6
-Z/2=-Z0.025=-1.96
Z
1.96
Z/2=Z0.025=1.96
2
180mg/ml 50mg/ml
16 230mg/ml
5%(=0.05)
[]
1. H0( 180)
2. H1( >180)
3. =0.05Z0.05=1.645
4. Z
Z=
X 0
/ n
230 180
50 / 16
=4
5. Z = 4 > Z0.05=1.645 H1
6. =0.05
94
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
=0.05
1-=10.05=0.95
0.1
-4
-3
-2
-1
180
0
( H0)
H0: =180 0 ( 180)
230
4
(H1)
H1: >180
1.645
3
180mg/ml 50mg/ml
16 150mg/ml
5%(=0.05)
[]
1. H0( 180)
2. H1( <180)
3. =0.05Z0.05=1.645
4. Z
Z =
X 0
/ n
150 180
50 / 16
= 2.4 = 2.4
5. |Z| = 2.4 > Z0.05=1.645 H1

6.=0.05
95
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
=0.05
1-=10.05=0.95
-4
150
-3
-2
-1
180
0
( H0)
H0:=180 ( 180)
(H1)
H1:<180
-2.4 -1.645
() t
t (t-Test)
()t
Two-tailed testing
One-tailed testing
1. H0 0
2. H1 0
3. t/2n-1
tn-1
4.
t =
X 0
s/ n
5. |t| t () H0 H1
H0 H0
6.
96
tn-1
1
180mg/ml 16
200mg/ml 50mg/ml( = 50 )
5%( =0.05)
[]
1. H0 ( = 180 )
2. H1 ( 180 )
3. =0.05t0.05/2,16-1=2.131
4. t
t=
X 0
s/ n
200 180
50 / 16
= 1.6
5. t=1.6 < t0.025,15=2.131 H0

6. =0.05
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
/2=
0.025
0.1
/2=
0.025
1-=10.05=0.95
-4
-3
(H1)
H1:180
-2
-1
180
0
200
2
(H1)
H1:180
( H0)
H0:=180
1.6
97
2.131
t0.025,15
21 25 24 =6
=0.1
[]
1. H0( 21)
2. H1( >21)
3. =0.1t0.1, 25-1=1.318
4. t
t=
X 0
s/ n
24 21
6 / 25
= 2.5
5. t =2.5 > t0.1, 24=1.318 H1

6. =0.1
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
=0.1
1-=10.1=0.9
0.1
-4
-3
-2
-1
21
0
( H0)
H0: =21( 21)
1.318
t0.1,24
98
24
4
(H1)
H1: >21
2.5
3
pH (
pH=7) pH 6.5
7.2
6.9
6.5
6.8
7.0
6.0
5.9
7.0 =0.05
[]
=6.44=0.4558
1. H0 ( 7)
2. H1 ( <7)
3. =0.05t0.05, 9-1= 1.86
4. t
t =
X 0
6.44 7
s/ n
0.4558 / 9
= 2.37 = 2.37
5. t=2.3709 > t0.05, 8= 1.86 H1

6.=0.05
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
=0.05
1-=10.05=0.95
-4
6.44
-3
-2
-1
( H0)
H0:=7 ( 7)
(H1)
H1:<7
-2.37 -1.86
-t0.05, 8= -1.86
99
two-tailed testing
one-tailed testing
1. H0PP0
P P0
P P0
2. H1PP0
PP0
PP0
3. Z / 2
4.
Z =
P P0
P0 (1 P0 ) / n
5. |Z|Z () H0( H1) H0(

H0)
6.
1
( 50%
50%) 225
58%(=0.01)
[]
1. H0( 50%p = 0.5)
2. H1( 50%p0.5)
3. =0.01Z0.01/2=2.576
100
4. Z
P P0
Z=
P0 (1 P0 ) / n
0.58 0.5
0.5 (1 0.5) / 225
= 2.4
5. Z = 2.4 < Z0.005= 2.576 H0

6. =0.01
0.05 Z0.025=1.96 Z = 2.40 > Z0.05/2= 1.96
H1!
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
/2=
0.005
0.1
/2=
0.005
1-=10.01=0.99
-4
-3
(H1)
H1:p0.5
-2
-1
0.5
0
( H0)
H0:p=0.5
0.58
(H1)
H1:p0.5
2.4 2.576
2
500 370
0.7
(=0.01)
101
[]
=370/500=0.74
1. H0(p 0.7)
2. H1(p > 0.7)
3. =0.01Z0.01=2.326
4. Z
Z=
P P0
P0 (1 P0 ) / n
0.74 0.7
0.7 (1 0.7 ) / 500
= 1.95
5. Z = 1.95 < Z0.01= 2.326 H0

6. =0.01
0.05 Z0.05=1.645 Z = 1.95 > Z0.05= 1.645
H1
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
=0.01
1-=10.01=0.99
0.1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0.7
0
( H0)
H0: p=0.7 (p 0.7)
0.74
2
1.95 2.326
102
(H1)
H1:p>0.7
Z
3
3 90% 150
3 126
=0.05
[]
1. H0(p 0.9)
2. H1(p < 0.9)
3. =0.05Z0.05= 1.645
4. Z
Z=
P P0
P0 (1 P0 ) / n
0.84 0.9
0.9 (1 0.9 ) / 150
= 2.45
5. Z=2.45 < Z0.05=1.645|Z| = 2.45 > Z0.05=1.645 H1

6. =0.05
()
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
=0.05
1-=10.05=0.95
-4
0.84
-3
-2
-1
0.9
0
( H0)
H0:=0.9 ( 0.9)
(H1)
H1:<0.9
-2.45 -1.645
103
1. (type I error) H0
= P(type I error) = P( H0 | H0 )
2. (type II error) H0
= P(type II error) = P( H0 | H0 )
(1-)(power of test)
H0
H0
H0
(1-)
H0
type I error ()
type II error ()
(1-)
65
( H0 H1) 65
( H0 ) (type I
error)( H0)
65 ( H1 H0 )
(type II error)
104
1. 180mg/ml 16
200mg/ml 50mg/ml
95%
[]
X =200s=50,
X t
n=1695%C.I. t =t0.025,15=2.131 95%C.I.
s
0.025 , 15
= 200 2.131
n
50
= 200 26.64 = ( 173.36 , 226.64
16
95% 173.36 226.64

180( 180)
2. 180mg/ml 25
160mg/ml 25mg/ml
95%
105
[]:
X =160s =25n=2595%C.I. t = t0.025,24=2.064 95%C.I.
X t
s
0.025.24
=160 2.064
n
25
=160 10.32 = ( 149.68 , 170.32
25
95% 149.681 170.32

180( 180)
3. ( 50%
50%) 225
58% 99% 95%
[]
p =0.58n=22599%C.I. Z =Z0.005=2.576 99%C.I.

p z
pq
0.58 0.42
= 0.58 2.576
= 0.58 0.085 = (0.495,0.665)
n
225
0.5=0.01
95%C.I. Z =Z0.025=1.9695%C.I.
p z
pq
0.58 0.42
= 0.58 1.96
= 0.58 0.645 = (0.5155,0.6445)
n
225
0.5=0.05
106
1. 500
45 432
( 28 (
=0.05)
[]
X
n =45 X =532 = 28 =0.05
600 600
1. H0 600 ( 600 )
2. H1 600 ( < 600 )
3. =0.05 Z0.05= 1.645
4.
Z =
X 0
432 500
28
45
68
4.17
=16.29
5. |Z| =16.29 > Z0.05= 1.645 H0

6.
=0.05 600
107
2. 2
40 0.508
0.02 =0.01
0.50
[]
n=40 X =0.558 =0.02 ()=0.01
0.50
1. H0 0.50 ( = 0.50 )
2. H1 0.50 ( 0.50 )
3. =0.01 Z0.005=2.576
4.
Z=
X 0
0.508 0.50 0.008

=
= 2.53
0.02
0.00316
40
5. Z=2.53 < Z0.005=2.576,

6.
=0.01 0.50
0.50
3 30
9.832 0.977
9.8 (
=0.05)
108
[]
n =30 X =9.832 s = 0.977 =0.05
9.8
1. H0( 9.8)
2. H1( >9.8)
3. =0.05 t0.05, 29=1.699
4.
t=
X 0
s
n
9.832 9.8
= 0.179
0.977
30
5. t=0.179 < t0.05, 29=1.699 H0

6.
=0.05 9.8
4
20
16
16 2 (
)(=0.05)
[]
n =16 X = 16 s = 2 = 0.05
( )
109
1. H0( 15 )
2. H1( 15 )
3. =0.05 t0.05, 15 = 1.753
4.
t =
X 0
s
n
16 20
4
=
=8
2
0 .5
16
5. |t|=8 > t0.05, 15 = 1.753

6.
=0.05
5.16, 5.08, 5.17, 5.29, 5.01, 5.21, 5.39, 5.09, 5.21, 5.32, 5.47, 5.04, 5.25
5.25
(1) 0.05
(2) 95%
(5.25)
[]
(1) t n=13 X =5.2069s = 0.1367
0.05
110
1. H0 = 5.25
2. H1 5.25 ()
3. 0.05 t/2, n-1 = t0.025, 12 = 2.179
4. t =
5.2069 5.25
= 1.136
0.1367
13
5. |t| = 1.136 < t0.025, 12 = 2.179 H0

6. 0.05
(2) t
X t/2, n1
n=13
s
n
X =5.2069
s = 0.1367 95% C.I. 1-= 0.95 0.05
t/2, n-1 = t0.025, 12 = 2.179 (or Excel TINV(0.05,12)=2.1788)

5.2069 2.179
0.1367
13 = 5.2069 0.0826 = (5.12435.2895)
5.25 5.25
1. 2000
2. 2003()
3. 2001()
111
112
(independent samples)
(dependent samples) (paired
samples)
A() A(
) 20 10 10
10 6
10
()
()
113
1. (null hypothesis) H0
121 1 2 2
2. (alternative hypothesis) H1
(1) 1 2
(2) 12 1 2
(3) 12 1 2
3.
4.
5. H0
6.
()
t
1. (or ) Z
2. (or ) t
3. (or ) t
- F
()
( X 1 X 2 ) Z / 2
12
n1
22
n2
114
( X 1 X
) t / 2 ,df
s 2p
n1
s 2p
n2
s =
2
P
( n 1 1 ) s 12 + ( n 2 1 ) s 22
n1 +n 2 2
( X 1 X
) t / 2 ,df
s 12
n1
s 22
n2
( 12 = 22 )
D t / 2 ,df
sD
nD
D Xi-Xj
()
0
0 ()
115
12
10
0.05 ( t )t
2 t0.025,14=2.145
0.05
22.1451 = (-0.145, 4.145)

(-0.145)
(4.145)( 0
)
( X1 Y1 X 2 Y2 ,)
Di=Xi-Yi i =1,2,3,,n Xi~N( 1 , 1 )Yi ~N( 2 , 2 ) Di
2
~N( D , D )i=1,2,3,,n
2
D =(Di) D
D 2 =(Di) sD2
n D = n (Di)
D ~ N( D ,
D2
nD
116
D
D t / 2 ,( n D 1 )
sD
nD
(two-tailed testing
(one-tailed testing
1.
H0 D = 0
D 0
D 0
2.
H1 D 0
D < 0
D > 0
t, nD1
t, nD1
3. t/2, nD1
4.
T =
D
SD / n D
5. T t () H0 H1
H0 H1
7.
15 (X) 6
(Y)
D(=X-Y) 1 2
117
1 2 95%
10
11
12
13
14
15
(X)
70
80
72
76
76
76
72
78
82
64
74
92
74
68
84
(Y)
68
72
62
70
58
66
68
52
64
72
74
60
74
72
74
10
18
10
26
18
-8
32
-4
10
D(=X-Y) 2
[]
D=
15
= 8.80, s D =
(D
D) 2
nD 1
=10.98
1 2 95%
D t / 2 ,( n
D 1)
SD
10.98
= 8.80 2.145
= (2.72 , 14.88)
nD
15
95% 2.72 14.88
1
( = 0.05 )
[]
1. H0( D 0 )
2. H1( D > 0 )
3. t, nD1= t 0.05,151=1.761
4.
T=
D
SD / n D
8 .8
10.98 / 15
= 3 .1
118
5. 3.1>1.761 H1
6. 0.05 ,
2
12 (
1. 95%
2. 0.05
10
11
12
75
65
68
72
84
59
64
69
72
62
68
75
64
56
72
75
72
60
68
72
65
64
71
72
D(=X-Y)
11
-4
-3
12
-4
-4
-3
-2
-3
[] D =1.8333
sD = 6.2353
nD =12
1. 95%
s
D t / 2 ,( nD 1) D
nD
1.8333 2.201(6.2353/ 12 )= 1.8333 3.962 = (-2.129, 5.795)
(-2.129, 5.795) 0
0
2. 0.05
[] D =1.8333
sD = 6.2353
nD =12
119
1. H0( D = 0 = )
2. H1( D 0 )
3. 0.05 t 0.025 , 12-1 = 2.201
4. t =
D
sD / nD
= 1.02
5. t =1.02 < 2.201 H0

6. 0.05
X 1 ~ N ( 1 ,
12
n1
); X 2 ~ N( 2 ,
22
n2
X 1 X 2 ~ N ( 1 2 ,
12
n1
22
n2
( X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
12
n1
22
~ N(0,1)
n2
( X 1 X 2 ) Z / 2
12
n1
22
n2
120
Z
Two-tailed testing
One-tailed testing
1. H0 1 2 = D
1 2 D
1 2 D
2. H1 1 2 D
1 2 < D
1 2 > D
3. Z/2
4.
Z=
(X1 X 2 ) d
12
n1
22
n2
5. Z > Z () H0( H1)

H0( H1)
6.
n1=25 n2=36
=80=75
1 = 5 2 = 3
( 1 2 ) 95%CI
[]
X1 = 80 X 2 = 75 1 = 5 2 = 3 n1=25n2=36
95%CI Z Z/2=Z 0.025 =1.96

( 1 2 ) 95%CI
121
12
(X 1 X 2 ) Z / 2
n1
22
n2
5 2 32
= (80 75) 1.96
+
= (2.8,7.2)
25 36
=0.05
[]:
1. H0( 1 2 1 2=0 )
2. H1( 1 2 1 20 )
3. = 0.05 Z/2 = Z 0.025 =1.96
4. X1 = 80 X 2 = 75 1 = 5 2 = 3 n1=25n2=36
Z=
(X1 X 2 ) d
12
n1
22
80 75
n2
5 2 32
+
25 36
= 4.47
5. Z = 4.47 > 1.96 H0

6. = 0.05
()
( )(S)
( 1 = 2 = 3 ) s1 s2 sp () sp
122
1 2
s P2 =
(n1 1) s12 + (n2 1) s 22

n1 + n2 2
( X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
s P2 s P2
+
n1 n2
~ t df = n 1 + n 2 2
( 1 2 )
( X 1 X 2 ) t / 2,( n1 + n2 2)
s 2p
n1
s 2p
n2
t
Two-tailed testing
One-tailed testing
1. H0 1 2 = D
1 2 D
1 2 D
2. H1 1 2 D
1 2 < D
1 2 > D
t, (n1+n2-2)
t, (n1+n2-2)
3. t/2, (n1+n2-2)
4.
T =
( X1 X 2 ) d
s 2p
n1
s 2p
n2
5. T > t () H0 H1 H0
H1
5.
123
25
12 13
()
: 44 44 56 46 47 38 58 53 49 35 46 30 41
: 35 47 55 29 40 39 32 41 42 57 51 39
1 2
( 1 2 ) 95%
[]:
n1=13 X 1 =45.15 s12 =63.97
n2=12 X 2 =42.25 s 22 =76.39
s P2 =
(13 1)63.97 + (12 1)76.39

= 69.9
13 + 12 2
95%CI, df=13+12-2=23 t t 0.025, 23 =2.069

( 1 2 ) 95%CI
(45.15 42.25) 2.069
69.9 69.9
+
= 2.90 6.92(-4.02,9.82)
13
12
= 0.05
124
[]:
n1=13 X 1 =45.15 s12 =63.97
n2=12 X 2 =42.25 s 22 =76.39
S P2 =
( 13 1 )63.97 + ( 12 1 )76.39
= 69.9
13 + 12 2
1. H0( 1 2 1 2=0 )
2. H1( 1 2 1 20)
3. = 0.05 t / 2 , 23 =2.069
4.
T =
( X1 X 2 ) d
s 2p
n1
s 2p
45.15 42.25
n2
69.9 69.9
+
13
12
= 0.866
5. t = 0.866 < 2.069 H0

6. = 0.05
()
( ) Sp ()
(S)( ) s1 1 s2 2
( X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
s12 s 22
+
n1 n2
s12 s 22 2
+ )
n1 n2
df = 2
s1 2
s 22 2
( )
( )
n1
n
+ 2
n1 1 n 2 1
(
~ t ,
125
( 1 2 )
( X 1 X 2 ) t / 2,df
s12 s 22
+
n1 n2
t
Two-tailed testing
One-tailed testing
1. H0 1 2 = D
1 2 D
1 2 D
2. H1 1 2 D
1 2 < D
1 2 > D
3. t / 2 , df
t ,df
t ,df
4.
T =
s12 s 22 2
+ )
n1 n2
df = 2
s
s2
( 1 )2 ( 2 )2
n1
n
+ 2
n1 1 n 2 1
(
( X1 X 2 ) d
s P2 s P2
+
n1 n2
5. T > t () H0 H1 H0
H1
6.
( 1 2 ) 95%()
8.2
10.7
7.5
14.6
6.3
9.2
11.9
5.6
4.7
6.3
5.2
6.8
5.6
4.2
6.0
7.4
126
12.8
4.9
[]:
n1=10 X 1 =9.17 s12 =10.6
n2=8 X 2 =5.775 s 22 =1.145
95%CI , t 0.025,df =11= 2.201

s12 s 22 2
10.6 1.145 2
( + )
(
)
+
n1 n2
10
8
df = 2
=
= 11.33 11
10.6 2
1.145 2
s1 2
s 22 2
)
(
)
(
( )
( )
10
8
n1
n2
+
+
10 1
8 1
n1 1 n2 1
( 1 2 ) 95%CI= (9.17 5.775) 2.201
10.6 1.145
+
= (0.98,5.81)
10
8
=0.05
[]:
n1=10 X 1 =9.17 s12 =10.6
n2=8 X 2 =5.775 s 22 =1.145
1. H0( 1 2 1 2 0 )
2. H1( 1 > 2 1 2>0 )
3. = 0.05 t ,df = t 0.05,11 = 1.796 (df )
4.
T =
(X1 X 2 ) d
s12 s 22
+
n1 n 2
9.17 5.775
10.6 1.145
+
10
8
= 3.0952
127
5. t =3.0952 > 1.796 H0

6. = 0.05
()
t-test
t-test F
(F-test)
1. H0 12 = 22
2. H1 12 22 ( 12 < 22 )
3. F,df1,df2 df1=(n1-1), df2=(n2-1)
s12
s 22
4. F = 2 (F = 2 , )
s2
s1
5. F< F,df1,df2 () H0
F> F,df1,df2 () H1
1
25
12 13
()
128
: 44 44 56 46 47 38 58 53 49 35 46 30 41
: 35 47 55 29 40 39 32 41 42 57 51 39
()
[]: s12 =63.97 s 22 =76.39

1. H0 12 = 22
2. H1 12 < 22
3. F,df1,df2 = F0.05,12-1,13-1 =2.72
4. F=76.39/63.97=1.19
5. F=1.19 < F,df1,df2 =2.72
()
8.2
10.7
7.5
14.6
6.3
9.2
11.9
5.6
4.7
6.3
5.2
6.8
5.6
4.2
6.0
7.4
[]:
s12 =10.6 s 22 =1.145
1. H0 12 22
2. H1 12 > 22
3. F,df1,df2 = F0.05,10-1,8-1 =3.68
4. F= 10.6/1.145 = 9.26
5. F=9.26 > F,df1,df2 =3.68
129
12.8
4.9
()
1
5 30
X1
X2
D=X1-X2
75
65
10
82
68
14
65
57
62
57
77
62
15
(1) ( = 0.05 )
(2) = 0.05
[]
(1) D D D
4 D
D=
D = 52 = 10.4, s
n
( D ) 2 / n
n 1
610 (52) 2 / 5
= 4.159
5 1
= 0.05 /2=0.025 4 t0.025, 4=2.776 (or Excel TINV(0.05,

4)=2.77645)95%
130
D t / 2,n 1
sD
nD
= 10.4 2.776
4.159
5
= 10.4 2.776 1.86 = 10.4 5.163 = (5.237,15.563)

95% 5.237~15.563
(2)
1. H0 D 0 ()
2. H1 D > 0 ()
3.
= 0.05 t0.05, 4=2.132
(or Excel TINV(0.1, 4)=2.1318)
4.
D
10.4
t=
=
= 5.59
sD
4.159
n
5. 5.59 > 2.132 H1

6. = 0.05
5
= 0.01 (
)
131
Di
X1i
X2i
l0.3
11.2
-0.9
9.5
11.6
-2.1
9.7
11.2
-1.5
9.2
9.9
-0.7
10.8
11.4
-0.6
[]
D
D
i D
D = 5.8 = 1.16,
D=
n
sD =
( D ) 2 / n
n 1
8.32 (5.8) 2 / 5
= 0.631
5 1
1. H0 D 0 1 2 = 0
2. H1 D < 0 1 2 < 0
3. = 0.01 dfn-l5-14 t
t0.01, 4=3.747 (or Excel TINV(0.02, 4)=3.7469)
4.
t=
D D
sD
n
11.6 0
= 4.111 = 4.111
0.631
5
5. 4.111 > 3.747 H0

6. = 0.01
132
3
100
3.23 64 3.37
0.15 0.10
95%
[]
1 2
1 n1=100 x1 = 3.23 1 =0.15
2 n2=64 x 2 = 3.37 , 2 =0.10
x 1 x 2 :
x x
1
12
2
n1
22
n2
(0.15) 2 (0.10) 2
+
= 0.0195
100
64
( x 1 x 2 ) z / 2 X1 X 2 = (5.23 5.37) 1.96(0.0195)

= 0.14 0.038 = (0.178,0.102)
95% 1 2 -0.102 -0178
4
A B
A 100 8 B 150
8.5 1 =2.5 2 =3.5
= 0.01 A
133
[]
1 A 2 B
:
nl=100 x1 = 8 1 =2.5n2=150 x 2 = 8.5 2 =3.5

1. H0 1 2 0 ()
2. H1 1 2 < 0 (A B )
3. = 0.01 Z0.01=2.326 (or Excel NORMSINV(0.01)=-2.32635,
)
4. Z
Z=
( X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
12
n1
22
n2
(10 10.5) 0
2 .5 2 3 .5 2
+
100 150
0 .5
= 1.3168
0.3797
5. Z=1.3168 < Z0.01=2.326 H0

6. = 0.01 A
B A
36
97 3 49
89 3.5
(a) 95%
(b) = 0.01
134
[]:
(a) 1 2
:
nl=36 x 1 =97 s1=3

n2=49 x 2 =89 s2=3.5
95% ( 1 2 )
s P2
(n1 1) s12 + (n2 1) s 22 (36 1)(3 2 ) + (49 1)(3.5 2 )

s =
=
= 10.88
n1 + n 2 2
36 + 49 2
2
P
= 0.05 /2=0.025 t/2,
36+49-2
= t0.025,
831.99
(or Excel TINV(0.05,
83)=1.98896)( 1 2 ) :
( X 1 X 2 ) t 0.025,83
s 2p
n1
s 2p
n2
= (95 87) 1.99 0.7239 = (6.56,9.44)
(b)
1. H0 1 2 ()
2. H1 1 > 2 ()
3. = 0.01 t0.01, 832.372 (or Excel TINV(0.02, 83)=2.37211)
4. t
t=
( X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
s P2 s P2
+
n1 n2
(95 87) 0
10.88 10.88
+
36
49
135
8
= 11.0
0.7239
5.
t=11.05 > t0.01, 832.372 H1
6. = 0.01
6
1
25 A
5.7 7.8 6.6 6.2 5.9 4.8 6.6 5.0 6.5 7.1 7.8 6.4 7.1 6.2 6.1 4.5
7.5 6.2 6.0 5.0 7.3 7.0 6.4 5.9 4.4
2 25 A
5.8 7.6 6.0 6.4 5.3 6.0 7.9 4.8 7.0 6.5 4.5 5.8 7.1 5.6 4.4 7.0
4.5 6.7 6.1 5.9 5.3 5.2 6.7 6.9 4.9
1 2 ( = 0.05 )
[]
1 1 2 2
s
(s)
(s2)
25
6.24
0.9954
0.9908
25
5.996
0.9951
0.9904
s12 =0.9908 s 22 =0.9904 ( F

)
[]
s P2 =
(n1 1) s12 + (n2 1) s 22

= 0.9906
n1 + n2 2
136
( n1=n2 s 2p =
s12 + s 22
)
2
1. H0 1 2 0 ( 1 2 )
2. H1 1 2 > 0 ( 1 2 )
3. = 0.05 t0.05, 48=1.677 (or Excel TINV(0.1, 48)=1.67722)
4. t
( X 1 X 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t=
s P2 s P2
+
n1 n2
(6.24 5.996) 0
0.9906 0.9906
+
25
25
0.244
= 0.867
0.28151
5. t=0.867 < t0.05, 48=1.677 H0

6. = 0.05 1 2
19, 22, 25, 37, 16
45, 35, 38, 26, 45, 31, 24, 38
( = 0.05 )
[]
1 2
(S)
(S2)
23.5
8.04
64.7
35.25
7.85
61.64
137
1. H0 1 = 2 ()
2. H1 1 2 ()
3. = 0.05 t0.025, df= t0.025, 8 =2.306 (or Excel TINV(0.05, 8)=2.306)
s12 s 22 2
8.04 2 7.85 2 2
( + )
(
+
)
n1 n2
5
8
=
= 8.46 8
df = 2
8.04 2 2
7.85 2 2
s 22 2
s1 2
(
)
(
)
( )
( )
5
8
n2
n1
+
+
5 1
8 1
n1 1 n2 1
4. t
t =
X1 X 2
2
1
2
2
s
s
+
n1 n2
23.8 35.25
2
8.04
7.85
+
5
8
11.45
= 2.522
4.54
5. t=2.522 > t0.025, 8=2.306 H1

6. = 0.05
8
GM Ford (EPS, earning per share)21
GMs l =5.195
Fords 2=7.973
Ford EPS GM ( =0.05)
[] 1 GM EPS 2 Ford EPS :

2
nl=21s 15.195n2=21s 2=7.973

1. H0 12 2 2 EPS
138
2. H1 12 2 2 (Ford EPS )
3. = 0.05 F0.05, 20,202.12 (or Excel FINV(0.05, 20, 20)=2.124145)
4.
F=
s12 (7.973) 2 63.57

=
=
= 2.355
s 22 (5.195) 2 26.99
5. 2.355 > 2.12 H1

6. = 0.05 Ford EPS ()
EPS Ford GM
1. 2000
2. 2001()
3. Pagano, M. and K. Gauvreau. 2000. Principles of Biostatistics (2nd ed.).
Duxbury.
139
140
(categorical data)
(frequency data)
()
(proportion)
(Chi-square test)
()
(observed frequency)(O)(level)
(expected frequency)
(E)
Ei = npi
141
n pi i
i (Oi)(Ei)(residual) i
(Oi-Ei)
(Oi-Ei)2
(Oi-Ei)2 Ei
(Pearson Chi-square distribution)
(O i E i ) 2
i=1,2,,k
Ei
i =1
k
2 =
( 10-1 10-1)
142
10-1
()
(df)
99%
95%
90%
50%
10%
5%
1%
0.1%
0.000
0.004
0.016
0.455
2.706
3.841
6.635
10.827
0.020
0.103
0.211
1.386
4.605
5.991
9.210
13.815
0.115
0.352
0.584
2.366
6.251
7.815
11.345
16.266
0.297
0.711
1.064
3.357
7.779
9.488
13.277
18.466
0.554
1.145
1.610
4.351
9.236
11.070
15.086
20.515
0.872
1.635
2.204
5.348
10.645
12.592
16.812
22.457
1.239
2.167
2.833
6.346
12.017
14.067
18.475
24.321
1.647
2.733
3.490
7.344
13.362
15.507
20.090
26.124
2.088
3.325
4.168
8.343
14.684
16.919
21.666
27.877
10
2.558
3.940
4.865
9.342
15.987
18.307
23.209
29.588
11
3.053
4.575
5.578
10.341
17.275
19.675
24.725
31.264
12
3.571
5.226
6.304
11.340
18.549
21.026
26.217
32.909
13
4.107
5.892
7.041
12.340
19.812
22.362
27.688
34.527
14
4.660
6.571
7.790
13.339
21.064
23.685
29.141
36.124
15
5.229
7.261
8.547
14.339
22.307
24.996
30.578
37.698
20
8.260
10.851
12.443
19.337
28.412
31.410
37.566
45.314
30
14.953
18.493
20.599
29.336
40.256
43.773
50.892
59.702
40
22.164
26.509
29.051
39.335
51.805
55.758
63.691
73.403
50
29.707
34.764
37.689
49.335
63.167
67.505
76.154
86.660
60
37.485
43.188
46.459
59.335
74.397
79.082
88.379
99.608
143
0.3
df=1
f(2)
df=4
0.2
df=6
=5%
0.1
0
3.84
9.49
12.59

10-1 (=5%)
()
( )
5%=1
3.84=4 9.49=6 12.59( 10-1)

6
1. H0
2. H1
3. df
4. df
144
5. (Chi-square statistic)
6.
10-2
1 2 3
1
2
()
3
4
10-2
145
()
(goodness of
fit test)
(Oi) (how good) (Ei)

(fit) (pattern of distribution)
10-2
((Oi- Ei) 2/ Ei) n ( Ei 5)(Oi- Ei) 2/ Ei
2k-1 (k-1) k ()
2 =
i =1
(Oi Ei ) 2
~ k21m
Ei
Oi Ei H 0 (
) H 0 (
)
146
10-2
O1
O2
Ok
q1= O1/n
q 2= O2/n
q k= Ok/n
p1
p2
pk
E1=np1
E2=np2
Ek=npk
(O1- E1)
(O2- E2)
(Ok- Ek)
(O1- E1)2
(O2- E2) 2
(Ok- Ek) 2
(Oi- Ei) 2
(O1 E1 ) 2
E1
(O 2 E 2 ) 2
E2
(O k E k ) 2
Ek
(O
Ei )
Ei
i
1. H0Oi=Ei qi=pi
2. H1H0 [ OiEi qipi]
3. df
4. df () 2 > k 1,
2
H 0 2
k21, H 0 ( 10-3)
5.
6.
147
2 k-1,
f( )
10-3
1
300
( 0.01)
33
61
49
65
55
37
[] 300/6=50
33
61
49
65
55
37
50
50
50
50
50
50
148
1. H0
2. H1
3. =0.01 k=6 df=6-1-0=5
4. 26-1, 0.01=15.086 ( 10-1 Excel CHIINV(0.01,5))
2 >15.086 H 0 2 15.086 H 0
5.
2 = (Oi Ei ) 2 Ei = (30 50) 2 50 + ... + (37 50) 2 50 = 16.6

16.6 > 15.086 H0 H1 =0.01
f(2)
15.086
16.6
10-4
149
2
315 108 101 32
(Mendel) 9331 =0.05
[] 315+108+101+32=556 9331
312.75104.25104.2534.75
315
108
101
32
312.75
104.25
104.25
34.75
1. H0
2. H1
3. =0.05k=4 df=4-1=3
4. 26-1, 0.05=7.815 ( 10-1 Excel CHIINV(0.05,3))
2 >7.815 H 0 2 7.815 H 0
5.
2 = (Oi Ei ) 2 Ei = (315 312.75) 2 312.75 + ... + (32 34.75) 2 34.75 = 0.47

0.47<7.815 H0
6. =0.05
150
f(2)
0.47
7.815
10-5
()
()
(contingency table)
151
10-3
r
=
2
i =1
(Oij Eij ) 2
j =1
Eij
rc Oij Eij
(Eij=RiCj/n)(r-1) (c-1) Oij Eij 2 H 0

(post hoc
comparison) (standardized
residual) 1.96 -1.96 ( =5%) Oij
Eij 2 H 0
152
10-3
()
O11
O12
O1c
R1
O21
O22
O2c
R2
Or1
Or2
Orc
Rr
C1
C2
Cc
E11=(R1C1)/n
E12=(R1C2)/n
E 1c= (R1Cc)/n
R1
E21=(R2C1)/n
E 22= (R2C2)/n
E 2c= (R2Cc)/n
R2
E r1= (RrC1)/n
E r2= (RrC2)/n
E rc= (RrCc)/n
Rr
C1
C2
Cc
2 =
i =1
j =1
(Oij Eij )
Eij
2
=
i =1
j =1
(Oij
Ri C j
n
)2
Ri C j
n
153
1. H0(Oij=Eij)
2. H1H0 ( OijEij)
3. df
4. df () 2 > (2c 1 )( r 1 ),
H 0 2 (2c 1 )( r 1 ), H 0
5.
6.
3
300
250
158
105
37
119
94
37
0.05
[](cell)
()
()
()
158
(300277/550=151.1)
(300199/550=108.5)
119
(250277/550=125.9)
105
94
(250199/550=90.5)
277
199
154
37
300
(30074/550=40.4)
37
250
(25074/550=33.6)
74
550
1. H0
2. H1
3. =0.05 c=3, r=2 df=(3-1)(2-1)=2
4. 2(3-1)(2-1), 0.05=5.991 ( 10-1 Excel
CHIINV(0.05,2)) 2 >5.991 H 0 2 5.991 H 0
()
r
=
2
i =1
(Oij Eij ) 2
j =1
Eij
(158 151.1) 2
(37 33.6) 2
=
++
=1.57
151.1
33.6
5. 1.57<5.991 H0
6. =0.05
f(2)
1.57
5.991
10-6
155
750 600 ( =0.05)
100
100
200
150
150
300
300
200
500
200
150
350
750
600
1,350
[]
:
1. H0
2. H1
3. =0.05 c=4, r=2 df=(4-1)(2-1)=3
4. 2(2-1)(4-1),
0.05=7.815
( 10-1 Excel
CHIINV(0.05,3)) 2 >7.815 H 0 2 7.815 H 0

()
r
2 =
i =1
j =1
(Oij
Ri C j
n
Ri C j
n
)2
200 750 2
350 600 2
)
(150
)
1350
1350
++
200 750
350 600
1350
1350
(100
=
=10.61
5. 10.61>7.815 H0
156
6. =0.05
f(2)
7.815
2
10.61
10-7
()
()
(interaction)
()()
(cross table)
(row) (column)
157
10-4
r
=
2
i =1
(Oij Eij ) 2
j =1
Eij
r c Oij Eij
(Eij=RiCj/n)(r-1) (c-1) Oij Eij 2
H 0 Oij Eij 2 H 0
1. H0A B (Oij=Eij)
2. H1H0 ( OijEij)
3. df
4. df () 2 > (2c1)( r 1),
H 0 2 (2c 1)( r 1), H 0
5.
6.
158
10-4
O11
O12
O1c
R1
O21
O22
O2c
R2
Or1
Or2
Orc
Rr
C1
C2
Cc
E11= (R1C1)/n
E 12= (R1C2)/n
E 1c= (R1Cc)/n
R1
E 21= (R2C1)/n
E 22= (R2C2)/n
E 2c= (R2Cc)/n
R2
E r1= (RrC1)/n
E r2= (RrC2)/n
E rc= (RrCc)/n
Rr
C1
C2
Cc
=
2
i =1
j =1
(Oij Eij ) 2
Eij
2 =
i =1
j =1
(Oij
Ri C j
n
)2
Ri C j
n
159
2 (association)
(dichotomous) ()
(phi coefficient) Cramers V
(contingency coefficient)
(McNemars Chi-square test)
5
100
( =0.05)
44
16
60
16
24
40
60
40
100
[]
:
1. H0
2. H1
3. =0.05 c=2, r=2 df=(2-1)(2-1)=1
4. 2(2-1)(2-1),
0.05=3.841
( 10-1 Excel
CHIINV(0.05,1)) 2 >3.841 H 0 2 3.841 H 0

160
()
r
2 =
i =1
(Oij
j =1
Ri C j
n
Ri C j
60 60 2
40 40 2
)
( 24
)
100
100
++
=11.1
40 40
60 60
100
100
( 44
)2
5. 11.1>3.841 H0
6. =0.05
f(2)
3.841
2
11.1
10-8
95
170
18
135
9
161
0.1
[]
()
()
()
95
(89.9)
(6.1)
(4.0)
170
18
(175.3)
(11.8)
(7.9)
135
(134.8)
(9.1)
(6.1)
400
27
18
100
195
150
445
1. H0 ()
2. H1 ()
3. =0.05 c=3, r=3 df=(3-1)(3-1)=4
4. 2(3-1)(3-1), 0.1=7.779 ( 10-1 Excel CHIINV(0.1,4))
2 >7.779 H 0 2 7.779 H 0
=
2
i =1
(Oij Eij ) 2
j =1
Eij
(9 6.1) 2
(95 89.9) 2
=
++
=8.825
89.9
6 .1
5. 8.825>7.779 H0
162
6. =0.1
!
f(2)
7.779
8.825
10-9
(cell)
1 20% 5
1(2*2 ) 20% (cell) <5

(Yates Correction for Continuity)
1(2*2 )(n<20)
163
(Fishers exact test)

100 500
(5 ) 2 5
2 2 H 0 2
H 1 2
1. 1999 743
2. ()1999(J. W. Kuzma )
410
3. 2006()
4. Lee, S.-H., B. Spark. 2007. Cultural influences on travel lifestyle: A comparison

of Korean Australians and Koreans in Korea. Tourism Management 28:505-518.
5. Mason, R. D., D. A. Lind, W. G. Marchal. 1991. Statistics: An Introduction.
Harcort Brace Jovanovich, Inc., Orlando, Florida. 707pp.
164
F (F-Distribution)
(z t )
( 12 ) ( 22 )
12 / 22 1 F F 12 / 22
n1 n2 s12 / s 22
F s12 / s 22
F (F1) N1n1/N2n2
F F F ()
F ( )(df1 df2)
df1 df1 F
165
F 0
(skew to the right) (0)
0.05 0.01 F F
(1) Ho 12 22
(2) H1 12 22 or ( 12 22 )
(3) 0.05 or 0.01
(4) ( s12 12 s 22 22 )
F s12 / s 22
(5) F Fdf1df
(6) FFdf1df
FFdf1df
1. 38,36,42,38,36,39,41,41,39,40
2. 36,32,41,37,39,44,38,32,34,35
s12 4.2222
F3.5158
s 22 14.8444
0.05
F 0.05,9,92.4403
FF 0.05,9,9
166
F-
t-F
(ANOVAAnalysis of Variance)
F
Z
t-
( x ij x..) i
j =1 i =1
j X ..
(
n
) ( x ij x i .) ( xi. )
j =1 i =1
()
m
n ( x i . x..)
i =1
(ANOVA)(F )
H0 1= 2=.. m H1
167
H0 H1
x1.
x ..
x 2.
x 3.
11-1 H0 1= 2= 3
168
x 1.
x 2.
x ..
x 3.
11-2 H1
( 11-1) H0( x1 . vs x 3. )
( 11-2) H1
()
n ( x x )2
i.
..
i =1
169
2
(MSt Mean Square of
x
)
i
.
ij
( x
j =1 i =1
Treatment) (MSEMean Square of Error)(F)( 0.05 0.01)F

[(ANOVA Table]
n , n
1
X11
X21
Xn
X12
X22
Xn
X1n
X2n
Xnm
X1 .
X2.
Xm.
x =
ni
I =1
j =1
ij
n
i=1
170
ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance) ANOVA
Sources of
Sum of
Degree of
Mean Square
variation
Squares
freedom
treatment
SSt
m-1(df1)
Error
SSE
(df 2)
Total
SST
n m
i
MSt=SSt / df1
MSt / MSE
MSE=SSE / df2
ni 1
SSt= ( x i x) 2 SST= ( xij x) 2 SSE=SST-SSt
()
1. H0: 1= 2== m (m )
2. H1: i j (k )
3. F,df1,df2
4. F=MSt/MSE
5. F >F,df1,df2 H0 H1
6.
ANOVA
ABC
( =0.05)
171
[]
1. A =16, B =17
C =21, =18
17
19
20
18
18
23
15
16
21
14
15
20
2. SSTSStSSE
3
SST= ( xij x ) 2 = ( 17 18 ) 2 + ( 18 18 ) 2 ...... + ( 20 18 ) 2 = 82

i =1 j =1
3
SSt=
( xi x )2 = 4 ( 16 18 )2 + 4 ( 17 18 )2 + 4 ( 21 18 )2 = 56
i =1 j =1
SSE=SST-SSt=82-56=26
3. ANOVA
SS
MS
56
28
9.692308
26
2.888889
82
11
172
4. MSt, MSE, F
MSt=SSt/df1=56/2=28
MSE=SSE/df2=26/9=2.888889
F=MSt/MSE=28/2.888889=9.6923
5.
F=9.6923 > F0.05, 2, 9 = 4.26, H0, =0.05
1. ANOVA
2.
(Least
Significant Difference, LSD)
LSD = t /2,dfE MSE( 1
ni
+ 1 )
nj
, dfE , MSE Mean Square of Error, ni nj i j
3. LSD
173
ANOVA LSD
=0.05t0.025,9=2.262n1= n2 = n3 = 4(=4):
LSD = t /2,dfE MSE( 1
= t 0.025,9
ni
+ 1
nj
2 2.888889
2MSE
= 2.262
= 2.72
4
4
ANOVA
1
ANOVA
( =0.05)
SS
MS
0.003053
df1
MSt
SSE
df2
MSE
0.0213
11
[]
(SSE)=(SST)-
(SSt)=0.0213-0.003053=0.018247
(df1)=3-1=2
(df2)=11-2=9
(MSt) = SSt/df1 = 0.003053/2 = 0.001527
(MSE) = SSE/df2 = 0.018247/9 = 0.002027
174
F = MSt/MSE = 0.001527/0.002027 = 0.753
SS
MS
0.003053
0.001527
0.753
0.018247
0.002027
0.0213
11
1. H0 ( 1= 2= 3)
2. H1 ( i j)
3. =0.05 F0.05, 2,9=4.2565
4. F =0.753
5. 0.753 < 4.2565 H0
6. =0.05
2
ABCD 16
4 ()
( =0.05)
47
50
57
54
52
54
53
65
62
67
69
74
51
57
57
59
175
[]
Excel anova
SS
MS
208
69.33333
646
12
53.83333
854
15
F
1.287926
1. H0 ( 1= 2= 3= 4)
2. H1 ( i j)
3. =0.05 F0.05, 3,12=3.4903
4. F =1.2879
5. 1.2879 < 3.4903 H0
6. =0.05
3
3
(:)
LSD
( =0.1)
176
10.3
11.2
13.5
10.2
12.3
12.6
9.7
11.2
10.8
8.5
11.1
12.2
10.6
10.5
13.3
9.2
9.9
11.2
[]
Excel anova
SS
MS
18.56652
9.283262
10.91423
12.75848
15
0.850565
31.325
17
1. H0 (1=2=3)
2. H1(ij)
3. =0.1 F0.1,2,15=2.6952
4. F =10.91423
5. 10.91423 > 2.6952 H0
6. =0.1
177
LSD
LSD = t /2, dfE MSE( 1
ni
+ 1 )
nj
t0.05, 15=1.753
MSE=0.850565
n()=7n()=6n()=5
10.3
11.2
13.5
10.2
12.3
12.6
9.7
11.2
10.8
8.5
11.1
12.2
10.6
10.5
13.3
9.2
9.9
11.2
9.96
11.03
vs.
1.07
> LSD = 0.899488
vs.
1.45
> LSD = 0.979003
vs.
2.52
> LSD = 0.946684
178
12.48
1. 2002
2. 1999
3. 2001 ()
179
180
(simple linear regression) (simple linear
correlation)(regression) Francis Galton
Galton
(regression toward the mean)
y
x
181
simple linear regression
(regression
function)(regression analysis)
(response variable) y
(independent variable) x
(response variable)(dependent variable)
(explanatory variable)
(multiple regression)
()
(x)(y)
x y y (yi)
(linear regression model)
182
yi01 xii
( 12-1)
yi
xi
0intercept
1slope
irandom error
0 1 (regression parameters)1
(regression coefficient)
(random
error)
i
0 2 i ~ IID0 2
(statistical model)
(deterministic
model)
(12-1)(x1y1)(x2y2)(xn
yn) x y
y101 x11
y201 x22
yn01 xnn
183
[ 12-1] (y)(x) 10
y
x
10
48
51
50
51
55
51
53
54
51
52
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.6
12-1(10 )
4802.411
5102.612
5002.513
5202.6110
(12-2)
()
(12-2)(0 1)
()(b0 b1)
(0 1)(estimation of paratmeters)(b0 b1)
(0 1)(estimators)(0 1)
(least squares method)(b0 b1)
(estimated regression line)/(line of best
y i = b0 + b1 x i
fit/fitted or estimated line)
(predicted linear regression equation)
(yi) y i
yi (predicted value) (error)
(residual)
184
i = ei = yi y i = y i (b0 + b1 xi ) i =1, 2,, n

0 1
2
i
= ei2 = ( y i y i )
2
2
Q= ( y i y i ) = ( y i b0 b1 xi )
(12-3)
Q(12-3) b0 b1 (partial derivatives)

0 b0 b1
Q [ ( yi b0 b1 xi ) 2 ]
=
= 2 ( yi b0 b1 xi ) = 0
b0
b0
Q [ ( yi b0 b1 xi ) 2 ]
=
= 2 ( yi b0 b1 xi ) xi = 0
b1
b1
(12-4)
(12-4) (least squares
normal equations)
nb0 + b1 xi = yi
(12-5)
b0 xi + b1 xi2 = xi yi
(12-5) b0 b1
b1 = 1 =
(x x )(y y ) = S
S
(x x )
i
x y ( x y )/ n
x ( x ) / n
i
xy
b0 = 0 = y b1 x
185
xx
(12-6)
(12-4)(12-6) b0 b1
(second derivatives) Q
y = b 0 + b1 x
(12-7)
[ 12-2] [ 12-1] x y (Sxx Syy)(Sxy)

S xx = ( xi x) 2 = x 2 ( xi ) 2 / n
i
= (2.4) + (2.6) + L + (2.6) 2 (25.3) 2 /10

= 64.19 64.009 = 0.181
2
S yy = ( yi y ) 2 = y 2 ( yi ) 2 / n
i
= (48) + (51) + L + (52) 2 (516) 2 /10

= 26662 26625.6 = 36.4
2
S xy = ( xi x)( yi y ) = xi yi ( xi )( yi ) / n
= (2.4)(48) + (2.6)(51) + L + (2.6)(52) (25.3)(516) /10
= 1307.4 1305.48 = 1.92
=(2.4)(48)+(2.6)(51)++(2.6)(52)-(25.3)(516)/10
=1307.4-1305.48=1.92
=(48)2+(51)2++(52)2-(516)2/10
b1 = 1 =
S xy
S xx
1.92
= 10.608
0.181
b0 = 0 = y b1 x = 51.6 (10.608)(2.53) = 24.762
186
y = 24.762 + 10.608 x
(12-8)
(12-8)(2.3 2.8 ) 1
10.608 b024.762
0 b0
y
[ 12-3] [ 12-1](12-7) 10
yi( y i )(ei)
48
51
50
51
55
51
53
54
51
52
yi
ei
50.2 52.3 51.3 49.2 54.5 50.2 52.3 52.3 51.3 52.3
-2.2
e = 0
y i
y = 516
-1.3
-1.3
1.8
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.7
-0.3
( ei ) 12-1
187
-0.3
= 516
y = 24.762 + 10.608 x
(kg)
55
e5
e8
e7
53
e4
51
e6
49
e9
e3
e10
e2
e1
47
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
(kg)
2.7
2.8
12-1
()
= b 0 + b1 x
y
1. b0 b1 0 1 E(b0)0 E(b1)1
2. b0 b1
2
1 x
V (b0 ) = ( + )
n S xx
2
V (b1 ) =
2
S xx
(12-9)
2 (residual mean squares, 2 )

(residual sum of squares, SSE)(n2)
2 = MSE = SSE / (n 2) = ei2 / (n 2) = ( y i y i )2 / (n 2)

=
[( y
(
2
i
n y b1 S xy /( n 2)
= S yy b1 S xy / (n 2)
(12-10)
188
(standard error of regression)(yi)
3.
(1) = ei = ( y i y i ) = ( y i b0 b1 xi )
= y i b0 b1 xi = y i nb0 b1 xi
=0
(12-5)
(2) = ei2 =
(12-3)
(3) = xi ei = y i ei = 0
(12-4)
4. 0
e = (y
i
y i ) = y i y i = 0 y i = y i
5. ( x y )
6. (y)(x)
(interpolation) x
(extrapolation)
()
x y
10i ~ NIID (0 2)
189
1. 1
*
*
H
0 1 = 1
vs. H
1 1*
= 0.05
1
11-11)
((12-11)
(1) 2 (12-9) Z
(1) 211-9 Z
Z =
1
b1 1*
b *
= 1 2 1 : N (0 1)
V (b1 )
S xx ~N(01)
H
H00
HH0
Z > Z1 / 2
0
1
(1
(1-)%
1 1
)%
b1 Z1 / 2 V (b1 ) = b1 Z1 / 2 2 S xx
b1 Z1 / 2 2 S xx 1 b1 + Z1 / 2 2 S xx
(2) 2 12-10 2 (=MSE) t
t 1 =
b1 0
=
V (b )
1
b1
MSE / S xx
~ t v=n 2
(12-12)
t 1 > t / 2,n 2 H0 H0
1 (1-)
b1 t / 2,n 2 V (b1 ) = b1 t / 2,n 2 MSE / S xx

b1 t / 2,n2 MSE / S xx 1 b1 + t / 2,n2 MSE / S xx
190
2. 0
*
*
H
0 0 = 0
vs. H
0 0*
= 0.05
1
(1) 2 (12-9) Z
(1) 211-9 Z
Z =
0
b0 0*
=
V (b0 )
b0 0*
2
1
n
2( +
1)1)
: ~NN(0(0
x
)
S xx
HH0
H0H 0
Z > Z1 / 2
0
0
00
(1-(1)%
)%
b0 Z1 / 2 V (b0 ) = b0 Z1 / 2
1 x
( + )
n S xx
2
b0 Z1 / 2
1 x
1 x
( + ) 0 b0 + Z1 / 2 2 ( + )
n S xx
n S xx
2
(2) 2 (12-10) 2 (=MSE) t

t 0 =
b0 0
=
V (b )
0
b1 0
1
n
2 ( +
~ t v =n 2
x
)
S xx
t 0 > t / 2 , n 2 H0 H0
0 (1- )
2
b0 t / 2,n2
1 x
V (b0 ) = b0 t / 2,n2 2 ( +
)
n S xx
191
b0 t / 2,n2
1 x
1 x
( +
) 0 b0 + t / 2,n2 2 ( +
)
n S xx
n S xx
2
1 = 0 (12-11) H
0 1 = 0
vs. H
1 0
1
x y 0
1
*
y i y = ( y i y ) + ( y i y i )
( y i y ) 2 = ( y i y ) + ( y i y i )
(y
y ) 2 = ( y i y ) + ( y i y i )
= ( y i y ) 2 + ( y i y i ) 2 + 2 ( y i y )( y i y i )
0
(y
y ) 2 = ( y i y ) 2 + ( y i y i ) 2
SST=SSR+SSE
(12-13)
S yy = b1 S xy + SSE
n-1=1+(n-2)
H01=0 vs. H110 F
F=
SSR / 1
MSR
=
~ F1,n 2
SSE /( n 2) MSE
SST = (total sum of squares)

SSR = (sum of squares due to regression)
SSE = (residual sum of squares)
MSR = (regression mean square)
MSE = (residual mean square)
192
E(MSE) =
2
2
E(MSR) = 2 + 1 Sxx
SSRb1Sxy
MSR
MSR/MSE
n-2
SSE
MSE
n-1
SSTSyy
F F,
1, n-2
( F ) H0 H110
H010
[ 12-4] [ 12-1] t
H010 vs. H110

(1) t [ 12-2] (12-10)
MSE = ( S yy b1S xy ) /(n 2) = (36.4 10.608 1.92) /8 = 2.00408
11-12
(12-12)
t0.025,8 = 2.306 < t =
10.608
= 3.1879 < t0.005,8 = 3.355
2.00408/ 0.181
0.01 H01=0
0.05 H01=0 H010
(2) [ 12-2] Syy36.4Sxx0.181Sxy1.92

(12-13) SSRb1Sxy20.367 SSESyySSR16.033
193
12-1
12-1
20.367
20.367
10.163
16.033
2.004
F, 1, 8
0.05
0.01
5.318
11.259
F0.05,1,85.3178 F 10.163 F0.01, 1, 811.259

0.01 H010
0.05 H0 H110
b110.6080
( 2.3 2.8 )
t
() (Coefficient of determination)
(x)(y)y ( y Syy)
x(SSR)(R2)
R2
SSR b1S xy
SSE
=
= 1
S yy
S yy
S yy
194
12-14
SSR Syy 0
SSR
1 0 R2 1 R2 1 (y)
S yy
(x)
SSR Syy
SSE Syy
R2 (n)n R2
n R2 F
[ 12-5] [ 12-4]
SSTSyy36.4SSR20.367 SSE16.03
R2SSR/SST20.367/36.40.560
56%
simple linear correlation
()
(x )(y )
(scatter diagrams)
195
(association)
10 (x)(y) 12-2
10 10 10
12-2 12-2
12-2 10
xcm ykg
58
49
53
42
62
59
59
50
57
49
60
60
63
61
55
50
56
46
10
52
44
196
65
kg
60
55
50
45
40
50
55
60
65
cm
12-2 10
()
(x y) N x y
( rho)
(scalar)
x x
y y
= Cov(
1 N x x yi y
)(
)] = i =1
= [( i
N i =1
x
y
y y
[( xi x )( yi y ) / N ]
xy =x y
2
x x
x = x y = y
197
x y
xy
x y
-1 +1
1 x y
r (K. Pearson)
(Pearsons product-moment correlation)
( x
1 y1 ) ( x
2 y2 ) L ( x
n yn )
n
i =1
S xy = ( xi x )( yi y ) = xi yi
i =1
( xi )( yi )
i =1
i =1
( xi ) 2
i =1
i =1
( yi ) 2
i =1
i =1
(
) S xx = ( xi x )2 = xi2
( x x)
i =1
( y y)
(
)S yy = ( yi y )2 = yi2
i =1
( x x )( y y )
1 r =
i =1
( xi x )
i =1
( yi y )
=
2
S xy
S xx S yy
(12-15)
i =1
()
1.
2. (r)1 1
1 r 1
3. r 1 r
0
198
4. r1 r1 r0
5. r
(n)
n3 r0.90
n200 r0.25
6. r0.60
r0.20
7.
()
(r )(n)
n r n r
t
0(x1y1)(x2y2)(xn
199
yn) n x y x y
1. H00
vs.
H10
2. 0.05( 0.01)
3. r
4. t F
1 r2
(r)(SE)
n2
(1) t
r 0
(1 r ) /(n 2)
2
=r
n2
1 r2
|t|t/2, (n2) H00 H10
(2) F
r2
(1 r 2 ) /(n 2)
F F, 1, (n2) H00 H10
[ 12-6] 10 (xcm)(ykg) 12-2
H00
vs.
H10
0.05( 0.01)
n10xi575yi510
Sxx5825225752/103318133062.5118.5
Syy4924425102/102642026010410
Sxy(58)(49)(52)(44)(575)(510)/10201
200
r=
S xy
S xx S yy
201
= 0.9119
(118.5)(410)
t 0.9119
10 2
6.284t0.025, 8
1 0.91192
|t|6.284t0.005, 83.355t0.025, 82.306

0.05 0.01 H00 H10
S xy
(12-15) r =
S yy
S xx
S yy
S xx
S xx S yy
S yy
S xy
S xx
S xx S yy
S xy
S xx
= b1
(12-16)
(12-16)(r)(b1) 0
10 y x r b1 r y x
b1 x y (12-16)
r2
S yy
S xx
= b12
201
r 2 = b12
S xx
S yy
(12-17)
(12-16)(12-14)(12-17)
r 2 = b12
S xy
S xx
S
S S xy
= b1 xx b1 = b1 xx
= b1
= R2
S yy
S yy
S yy S xx
S yy
(R2)
1. 2001
pp. 317-395
2. 1995
pp. 367-390
3. 1998
pp. 78-80
4. 2005
5. Kaps, M. and W. Lamberson. 2004. Biostatistics for animal science,pp.109-153.

CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8DE, UK.
6. Porkess, R. 1992. HarperCollins dictionary of statistics. HarperCollins
Publishers Limited, UK (
202
203
204
205
206
(Appendix)
1
207
1.
Appendix 1. Probabilities for binomial distribution.
208
209
210
211
212
213
2.
Appendix 2. Cumulative probabilities for Poisson distribution.

(c--)
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.905
.819
.741
.670
.607
.549
.497
.449
.407
.368
.995
.982
.963
.938
.910
.878
.844
.809
.772
.736
1.000
.999
.996
.992
.986
.977
.966
.953
.937
.920
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.998
.997
.994
.991
.987
.981
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.998
.996
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
c 1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.333
.301
.273
.247
.223
.202
.183
.165
.150
.135
.699
.663
.627
.592
.558
.525
.493
.463
.434
.406
.900
.879
.857
.833
.809
.783
.757
.731
.704
.677
.974
.966
.957
.946
.934
.921
.907
.891
.875
.857
.995
.992
.989
.986
.981
.976
.970
.964
.956
.947
.999
.998
.998
.997
.996
.994
.992
.990
.987
.983
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.999
.998
.997
.997
.995
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
214
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
.122
.111
.100
.091
.082
.074
.067
.061
.055
.050
.380
.355
.331
.308
.287
.267
.249
.231
.215
.199
.650
.623
.596
.570
.544
.518
.494
.469
.446
.423
.839
.819
.799
.779
.758
.736
.714
.692
.670
.647
.938
.928
.916
.904
.891
.877
.863
.848
.832
.815
.980
.975
.970
.964
.958
.951
.943
.935
.926
.916
.994
.993
.991
.988
.986
.983
.979
.976
.971
.966
.999
.998
.997
.997
.996
.995
.993
.992
.990
.988
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.999
.999
.998
.998
.997
.996
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.999
.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
7
8
9
10
11
12
215
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
0 .045
.041
.037
.033
.030
.027
.025
.022
.020
.018
1 .185
.171
.159
.147
.136
.126
.116
.107
.099
.092
2 .401
.380
.359
.340
.321
.303
.285
.269
.253
.238
3 .625
.603
.580
.558
.537
.515
.494
.473
.453
.433
4 .798
.781
.763
.744
.725
.706
.687
.668
.648
.629
5 .906
.895
.883
.871
.858
.844
.830
.816
.801
.785
6 .961
.955
.949
.942
.935
.927
.918
.909
.899
.889
7 .986
.983
.980
.977
.973
.969
.965
.960
.955
.949
8 .995
.994
.993
.992
.990
.988
.986
.984
.981
.979
9 .999
.998
.998
.997
.997
.996
.995
.994
.993
.992
10 1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.999
.999
.998
.998
.998
.997
11 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.999
12 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
13 1.000
14 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
216
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
.011
.007
.004
.002
.002
.001
.001
.000
.000
.000
.061
.040
.027
.017
.011
.007
.005
.003
.002
.001
.174
.125
.088
.062
.043
.030
.020
.014
.009
.006
.342
.265
.202
.151
.112
.082
.059
.042
.030
.021
.532
.440
.358
.285
.224
.173
.132
.100
.074
.055
.703
.616
.529
.446
.369
.301
.241
.191
.150
.116
.831
.762
.686
.606
.527
.450
.378
.313
.256
.207
.913
.867
.809
.744
.673
.599
.525
.453
.386
.324
.960
.932
.894
.847
.792
.729
.662
.593
.523
.456
.983
.968
.946
.916
.877
.830
.776
.717
.653
.587
10 .993
.986
.975
.957
.933
.901
.862
.816
.763
.706
11 .998
.995
.989
.980
.966
.947
.921
.888
.849
.803
12 .999
.998
.996
.991
.984
.973
.957
.936
.909
.876
13 1.000
14 1.000
.999
.998
.996
.993
.987
.978
.966
.949
.926
1.000
.999
.999
.997
.994
.990
.983
.973
.959
15 1.000
16 1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.998
.995
.992
.986
.978
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.998
.996
.993
.989
17 1.000
18 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.998
.997
.995
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
.998
19 1.000
20 1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
.999
.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
21 1.000
22 1.000
217
3.(Z-)
Appendix 3. Probability of standard normal distribution at different Z-value.

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
-4.0
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-3.9
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-3.8
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
-3.7
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
-3.6
0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
-3.5
0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
-3.4
0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3
0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2
0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1
0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0
0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9
0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8
0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7
0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6
0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5
0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4
0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3
0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2
0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1
0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0
0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9
0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8
0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7
0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6
0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5
0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
218
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
-1.4
0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3
0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2
0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1
0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0
0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9
0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8
0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7
0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6
0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5
0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4
0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3
0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2
0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1
0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.0
0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1
0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2
0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3
0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4
0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5
0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6
0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7
0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8
0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9
0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0
0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1
0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2
0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3
0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4
0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
219
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1.5
0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6
0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7
0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8
0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9
0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0
0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1
0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2
0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3
0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4
0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5
0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6
0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7
0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8
0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9
0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0
0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1
0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2
0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3
0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4
0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5
0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998
3.6
0.9998 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.7
0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.8
0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.9
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4.0
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
220
4. t Appendix 4. Students t-value at different propability levels.
d.f.
=0.10
=0.05
=0.025
=0.01
=0.005
3.078
6.314
12.706
31.821
63.657
1.886
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
1.638
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
1.533
2.132
2.776
3.747
4.604
1.476
2.015
2.571
3.365
4.032
1.440
1.943
2.447
3.143
3.707
1.415
1.895
2.365
2.998
3.499
1.397
1.860
2.306
2.896
3.355
1.383
1.833
2.262
2.821
3.250
10
1.372
1.812
2.228
2.764
3.169
11
1.363
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
12
1.356
1.782
2.179
2.681
3.055
13
1.350
1.771
2.160
2.650
3.012
14
1.345
1.761
2.145
2.624
2.977
15
1.341
1.753
2.131
2.602
2.947
16
1.337
1.746
2.120
2.583
2.921
17
1.333
1.740
2.110
2.567
2.898
18
1.330
1.734
2.101
2.552
2.878
19
1.328
1.729
2.093
2.539
2.861
20
1.325
1.725
2.086
2.528
2.845
21
1.323
1.721
2.080
2.518
2.831
22
1.321
1.717
2.074
2.508
2.819
23
1.319
1.714
2.069
2.500
2.807
24
1.318
1.711
2.064
2.492
2.797
25
1.316
1.708
2.060
2.485
2.787
26
1.315
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
27
1.314
1.703
2.052
2.473
2.771
221
d.f.
=0.10
=0.05
=0.025
=0.01
=0.005
28
1.313
1.701
2.048
2.467
2.763
29
1.311
1.699
2.045
2.462
2.756
30
1.310
1.697
2.042
2.457
2.750
31
1.309
1.696
2.040
2.453
2.744
32
1.309
1.694
2.037
2.449
2.738
33
1.308
1.692
2.035
2.445
2.733
34
1.307
1.691
2.032
2.441
2.728
35
1.306
1.690
2.030
2.438
2.724
36
1.306
1.688
2.028
2.434
2.719
37
1.305
1.687
2.026
2.431
2.715
38
1.304
1.686
2.024
2.429
2.712
39
1.304
1.685
2.023
2.426
2.708
40
1.303
1.684
2.021
2.423
2.704
41
1.303
1.683
2.020
2.421
2.701
42
1.302
1.682
2.018
2.418
2.698
43
1.302
1.681
2.017
2.416
2.695
44
1.301
1.680
2.015
2.414
2.692
45
1.301
1.679
2.014
2.412
2.690
46
1.300
1.679
2.013
2.410
2.687
47
1.300
1.678
2.012
2.408
2.685
48
1.299
1.677
2.011
2.407
2.682
49
1.299
1.677
2.010
2.405
2.680
50
1.299
1.676
2.009
2.403
2.678
51
1.298
1.675
2.008
2.402
2.676
52
1.298
1.675
2.007
2.400
2.674
53
1.298
1.674
2.006
2.399
2.672
54
1.297
1.674
2.005
2.397
2.670
55
1.297
1.673
2.004
2.396
2.668
222
d.f.
=0.10
=0.05
=0.025
=0.01
=0.005
56
1.297
1.673
2.003
2.395
2.667
57
1.297
1.672
2.002
2.394
2.665
58
1.296
1.672
2.002
2.392
2.663
59
1.296
1.671
2.001
2.391
2.662
60
1.296
1.671
2.000
2.390
2.660
80
1.292
1.664
1.990
2.374
2.639
100
1.290
1.660
1.984
2.364
2.626
120
1.289
1.658
1.980
2.358
2.617
150
1.287
1.655
1.976
2.351
2.609
200
1.286
1.653
1.972
2.345
2.601
300
1.284
1.650
1.968
2.339
2.592
1.282
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
223
5.
Appendix 5. Chi-square value at different propability levels.
Probability
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.001
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
10.828
4.605
5.991
7.378
9.210
13.816
6.251
7.815
9.348
11.345
16.266
7.779
9.488
11.143
13.277
18.467
9.236
11.070
12.833
15.086
20.515
10.645
12.592
14.449
16.812
22.458
12.017
14.067
16.013
18.475
24.322
13.362
15.507
17.535
20.090
26.125
14.684
16.919
19.023
21.666
27.877
10
15.987
18.307
20.483
23.209
29.588
11
17.275
19.675
21.920
24.725
31.264
12
18.549
21.026
23.337
26.217
32.910
13
19.812
22.362
24.736
27.688
34.528
14
21.064
23.685
26.119
29.141
36.123
15
22.307
24.996
27.488
30.578
37.697
16
23.542
26.296
28.845
32.000
39.252
17
24.769
27.587
30.191
33.409
40.790
18
25.989
28.869
31.526
34.805
42.312
224
Probability
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.001
19
27.204
30.144
32.852
36.191
43.820
20
28.412
31.410
34.170
37.566
45.315
21
29.615
32.671
35.479
38.932
46.797
22
30.813
33.924
36.781
40.289
48.268
23
32.007
35.172
38.076
41.638
49.728
24
33.196
36.415
39.364
42.980
51.179
25
34.382
37.652
40.646
44.314
52.620
26
35.563
38.885
41.923
45.642
54.052
27
36.741
40.113
43.195
46.963
55.476
28
37.916
41.337
44.461
48.278
56.892
29
39.087
42.557
45.722
49.588
58.301
30
40.256
43.773
46.979
50.892
59.703
31
41.422
44.985
48.232
52.191
61.098
32
42.585
46.194
49.480
53.486
62.487
33
43.745
47.400
50.725
54.776
63.870
34
44.903
48.602
51.966
56.061
65.247
35
46.059
49.802
53.203
57.342
66.619
36
47.212
50.998
54.437
58.619
67.985
37
48.363
52.192
55.668
59.893
69.347
38
49.513
53.384
56.896
61.162
70.703
39
50.660
54.572
58.120
62.428
72.055
225
Probability
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.001
40
51.805
55.758
59.342
63.691
73.402
41
52.949
56.942
60.561
64.950
74.745
42
54.090
58.124
61.777
66.206
76.084
43
55.230
59.304
62.990
67.459
77.419
44
56.369
60.481
64.201
68.710
78.750
45
57.505
61.656
65.410
69.957
80.077
46
58.641
62.830
66.617
71.201
81.400
47
59.774
64.001
67.821
72.443
82.720
48
60.907
65.171
69.023
73.683
84.037
49
62.038
66.339
70.222
74.919
85.351
50
63.167
67.505
71.420
76.154
86.661
51
64.295
68.669
72.616
77.386
87.968
52
65.422
69.832
73.810
78.616
89.272
53
66.548
70.993
75.002
79.843
90.573
54
67.673
72.153
76.192
81.069
91.872
55
68.796
73.311
77.380
82.292
93.168
56
69.919
74.468
78.567
83.513
94.461
57
71.040
75.624
79.752
84.733
95.751
58
72.160
76.778
80.936
85.950
97.039
59
73.279
77.931
82.117
87.166
98.324
60
74.397
79.082
83.298
88.379
99.607
226
Probability
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.001
61
75.514
80.232
84.476
89.591
100.888
62
76.630
81.381
85.654
90.802
102.166
63
77.745
82.529
86.830
92.010
103.442
64
78.860
83.675
88.004
93.217
104.716
65
79.973
84.821
89.177
94.422
105.988
66
81.085
85.965
90.349
95.626
107.258
67
82.197
87.108
91.519
96.828
108.526
68
83.308
88.250
92.689
98.028
109.791
69
84.418
89.391
93.856
99.228
111.055
70
85.527
90.531
95.023
100.425
112.317
71
86.635
91.670
96.189
101.621
113.577
72
87.743
92.808
97.353
102.816
114.835
73
88.850
93.945
98.516
104.010
116.092
74
89.956
95.081
99.678
105.202
117.346
75
91.061
96.217
100.839
106.393
118.599
76
92.166
97.351
101.999
107.583
119.850
77
93.270
98.484
103.158
108.771
121.100
78
94.374
99.617
104.316
109.958
122.348
79
95.476
100.749
105.473
111.144
123.594
80
96.578
101.879
106.629
112.329
124.839
81
97.680
103.010
107.783
113.512
126.083
227
Probability
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.001
82
98.780
104.139
108.937
114.695
127.324
83
99.880
105.267
110.090
115.876
128.565
84
100.980
106.395
111.242
117.057
129.804
85
102.079
107.522
112.393
118.236
131.041
86
103.177
108.648
113.544
119.414
132.277
87
104.275
109.773
114.693
120.591
133.512
88
105.372
110.898
115.841
121.767
134.746
89
106.469
112.022
116.989
122.942
135.978
90
107.565
113.145
118.136
124.116
137.208
91
108.661
114.268
119.282
125.289
138.438
92
109.756
115.390
120.427
126.462
139.666
93
110.850
116.511
121.571
127.633
140.893
94
111.944
117.632
122.715
128.803
142.119
95
113.038
118.752
123.858
129.973
143.344
96
114.131
119.871
125.000
131.141
144.567
97
115.223
120.990
126.141
132.309
145.789
98
116.315
122.108
127.282
133.476
147.010
99
117.407
123.225
128.422
134.642
148.230
100
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
149.449
228
Probability
0.90
0.95
0.975
0.99
0.999
1.
016
.004
.001
.000
.000
2.
211
.103
.051
.020
.002
3.
584
.352
.216
.115
.024
4.
1.064
711
.484
.297
.091
5.
1.610
1.145
.831
.554
.210
6.
2.204
1.635
1.237
.872
.381
7.
2.833
2.167
1.690
1.239
.598
8.
3.490
2.733
2.180
1.646
.857
9.
4.168
3.325
2.700
2.088
1.152
10.
4.865
3.940
3.247
2.558
1.479
11.
5.578
4.575
3.816
3.053
1.834
12.
6.304
5.226
4.404
3.571
2.214
13.
7.042
5.892
5.009
4.107
2.617
14.
7.790
6.571
5.629
4.660
3.041
15.
8.547
7.261
6.262
5.229
3.483
16.
9.312
7.962
6.908
5.812
3.942
17.
10.085
8.672
7.564
6.408
4.416
18.
10.865
9.390
8.231
7.015
4.905
19.
11.651
10.117
8.907
7.633
5.407
20.
12.443
10.851
9.591
8.260
5.921
229
Probability
0.90
0.95
0.975
0.99
0.999
21.
13.240
11.591
10.283
8.897
6.447
22.
14.041
12.338
10.982
9.542
6.983
23.
14.848
13.091
11.689
10.196
7.529
24.
15.659
13.848
12.401
10.856
8.085
25.
16.473
14.611
13.120
11.524
8.649
26.
17.292
15.379
13.844
12.198
9.222
27.
18.114
16.151
14.573
12.879
9.803
28.
18.939
16.928
15.308
13.565
10.391
29.
19.768
17.708
16.047
14.256
10.986
30.
20.599
18.493
16.791
14.953
11.588
31.
21.434
19.281
17.539
15.655
12.196
32.
22.271
20.072
18.291
16.362
12.811
33.
23.110
20.867
19.047
17.074
13.431
34.
23.952
21.664
19.806
17.789
14.057
35.
24.797
22.465
20.569
18.509
14.688
36.
25.643
23.269
21.336
19.233
15.324
37.
26.492
24.075
22.106
19.960
15.965
38.
27.343
24.884
22.878
20.691
16.611
39.
28.196
25.695
23.654
21.426
17.262
40.
29.051
26.509
24.433
22.164
17.916
41.
29.907
27.326
25.215
22.906
18.575
230
Probability
0.90
0.95
0.975
0.99
0.999
42.
30.765
28.144
25.999
23.650
19.239
43.
31.625
28.965
26.785
24.398
19.906
44.
32.487
29.787
27.575
25.148
20.576
45.
33.350
30.612
28.366
25.901
21.251
46.
34.215
31.439
29.160
26.657
21.929
47.
35.081
32.268
29.956
27.416
22.610
48.
35.949
33.098
30.755
28.177
23.295
49.
36.818
33.930
31.555
28.941
23.983
50.
37.689
34.764
32.357
29.707
24.674
51.
38.560
35.600
33.162
30.475
25.368
52.
39.433
36.437
33.968
31.246
26.065
53.
40.308
37.276
34.776
32.018
26.765
54.
41.183
38.116
35.586
32.793
27.468
55.
42.060
38.958
36.398
33.570
28.173
56.
42.937
39.801
37.212
34.350
28.881
57.
43.816
40.646
38.027
35.131
29.592
58.
44.696
41.492
38.844
35.913
30.305
59.
45.577
42.339
39.662
36.698
31.020
60.
46.459
43.188
40.482
37.485
31.738
61.
47.342
44.038
41.303
38.273
32.459
62.
48.226
44.889
42.126
39.063
33.181
231
Probability
0.90
0.95
0.975
0.99
0.999
63.
49.111
45.741
42.950
39.855
33.906
64.
49.996
46.595
43.776
40.649
34.633
65.
50.883
47.450
44.603
41.444
35.362
66.
51.770
48.305
45.431
42.240
36.093
67.
52.659
49.162
46.261
43.038
36.826
68.
53.548
50.020
47.092
43.838
37.561
69.
54.438
50.879
47.924
44.639
38.298
70.
55.329
51.739
48.758
45.442
39.036
71.
56.221
52.600
49.592
46.246
39.777
72.
57.113
53.462
50.428
47.051
40.519
73.
58.006
54.325
51.265
47.858
41.264
74.
58.900
55.189
52.103
48.666
42.010
75.
59.795
56.054
52.942
49.475
42.757
76.
60.690
56.920
53.782
50.286
43.507
77.
61.586
57.786
54.623
51.097
44.258
78.
62.483
58.654
55.466
51.910
45.010
79.
63.380
59.522
56.309
52.725
45.764
80.
64.278
60.391
57.153
53.540
46.520
81.
65.176
61.261
57.998
54.357
47.277
82.
66.076
62.132
58.845
55.174
48.036
83.
66.976
63.004
59.692
55.993
48.796
232
Probability
0.90
0.95
0.975
0.99
0.999
84.
67.876
63.876
60.540
56.813
49.557
85.
68.777
64.749
61.389
57.634
50.320
86.
69.679
65.623
62.239
58.456
51.085
87.
70.581
66.498
63.089
59.279
51.850
88.
71.484
67.373
63.941
60.103
52.617
89.
72.387
68.249
64.793
60.928
53.386
90.
73.291
69.126
65.647
61.754
54.155
91.
74.196
70.003
66.501
62.581
54.926
92.
75.100
70.882
67.356
63.409
55.698
93.
76.006
71.760
68.211
64.238
56.472
94.
76.912
72.640
69.068
65.068
57.246
95.
77.818
73.520
69.925
65.898
58.022
96.
78.725
74.401
70.783
66.730
58.799
97.
79.633
75.282
71.642
67.562
59.577
98.
80.541
76.164
72.501
68.396
60.356
99.
81.449
77.046
73.361
69.230
61.137
100.
82.358
77.929
74.222
70.065
61.918
233
6. F
Appendix 6. F-value at different propability levels.( = 0.05 = 0.01 )

= 0 . 05
df2/
10
df1
1
161.4476 199.5000 215.7073
224.5832 230.1619
233.9860 236.7684
238.8827
240.543 241.881
3
19.3848 19.3959
18.5128
19.0000
19.1643
19.2468
19.2964
19.3295
19.3532
19.3710
10.1280
9.5521
9.2766
9.1172
9.0135
8.9406
8.8867
8.8452
8.8123
8.7855
7.7086
6.9443
6.5914
6.3882
6.2561
6.1631
6.0942
6.0410
5.9988
5.9644
6.6079
5.7861
5.4095
5.1922
5.0503
4.9503
4.8759
4.8183
4.7725
4.7351
5.9874
5.1433
4.7571
4.5337
4.3874
4.2839
4.2067
4.1468
4.0990
4.0600
5.5914
4.7374
4.3468
4.1203
3.9715
3.8660
3.7870
3.7257
3.6767
3.6365
5.3177
4.4590
4.0662
3.8379
3.6875
3.5806
3.5005
3.4381
3.3881
3.3472
5.1174
4.2565
3.8625
3.6331
3.4817
3.3738
3.2927
3.2296
3.1789
3.1373
10
4.9646
4.1028
3.7083
3.4780
3.3258
3.2172
3.1355
3.0717
3.0204
2.9782
11
4.8443
3.9823
3.5874
3.3567
3.2039
3.0946
3.0123
2.9480
2.8962
2.8536
12
4.7472
3.8853
3.4903
3.2592
3.1059
2.9961
2.9134
2.8486
2.7964
2.7534
13
4.6672
3.8056
3.4105
3.1791
3.0254
2.9153
2.8321
2.7669
2.7144
2.6710
14
4.6001
3.7389
3.3439
3.1122
2.9582
2.8477
2.7642
2.6987
2.6458
2.6022
15
4.5431
3.6823
3.2874
3.0556
2.9013
2.7905
2.7066
2.6408
2.5876
2.5437
16
4.4940
3.6337
3.2389
3.0069
2.8524
2.7413
2.6572
2.5911
2.5377
2.4935
17
4.4513
3.5915
3.1968
2.9647
2.8100
2.6987
2.6143
2.5480
2.4943
2.4499
18
4.4139
3.5546
3.1599
2.9277
2.7729
2.6613
2.5767
2.5102
2.4563
2.4117
19
4.3807
3.5219
3.1274
2.8951
2.7401
2.6283
2.5435
2.4768
2.4227
2.3779
20
4.3512
3.4928
3.0984
2.8661
2.7109
2.5990
2.5140
2.4471
2.3928
2.3479
21
4.3248
3.4668
3.0725
2.8401
2.6848
2.5727
2.4876
2.4205
2.3660
2.3210
22
4.3009
3.4434
3.0491
2.8167
2.6613
2.5491
2.4638
2.3965
2.3419
2.2967
23
4.2793
3.4221
3.0280
2.7955
2.6400
2.5277
2.4422
2.3748
2.3201
2.2747
234
df2/df1
1
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
243.9060 245.9499 248.0131 249.0518 250.0951 251.1432 252.1957 253.2529
INF
254.3144
19.4125
19.4291
19.4458
19.4541
19.4624
19.4707
19.4791
19.4874
19.4957
8.7446
8.7029
8.6602
8.6385
8.6166
8.5944
8.5720
8.5494
8.5264
5.9117
5.8578
5.8025
5.7744
5.7459
5.7170
5.6877
5.6581
5.6281
4.6777
4.6188
4.5581
4.5272
4.4957
4.4638
4.4314
4.3985
4.3650
3.9999
3.9381
3.8742
3.8415
3.8082
3.7743
3.7398
3.7047
3.6689
3.5747
3.5107
3.4445
3.4105
3.3758
3.3404
3.3043
3.2674
3.2298
3.2839
3.2184
3.1503
3.1152
3.0794
3.0428
3.0053
2.9669
2.9276
3.0729
3.0061
2.9365
2.9005
2.8637
2.8259
2.7872
2.7475
2.7067
10
2.9130
2.8450
2.7740
2.7372
2.6996
2.6609
2.6211
2.5801
2.5379
11
2.7876
2.7186
2.6464
2.6090
2.5705
2.5309
2.4901
2.4480
2.4045
12
2.6866
2.6169
2.5436
2.5055
2.4663
2.4259
2.3842
2.3410
2.2962
13
2.6037
2.5331
2.4589
2.4202
2.3803
2.3392
2.2966
2.2524
2.2064
14
2.5342
2.4630
2.3879
2.3487
2.3082
2.2664
2.2229
2.1778
2.1307
15
2.4753
2.4034
2.3275
2.2878
2.2468
2.2043
2.1601
2.1141
2.0658
16
2.4247
2.3522
2.2756
2.2354
2.1938
2.1507
2.1058
2.0589
2.0096
17
2.3807
2.3077
2.2304
2.1898
2.1477
2.1040
2.0584
2.0107
1.9604
18
2.3421
2.2686
2.1906
2.1497
2.1071
2.0629
2.0166
1.9681
1.9168
19
2.3080
2.2341
2.1555
2.1141
2.0712
2.0264
1.9795
1.9302
1.8780
20
2.2776
2.2033
2.1242
2.0825
2.0391
1.9938
1.9464
1.8963
1.8432
21
2.2504
2.1757
2.0960
2.0540
2.0102
1.9645
1.9165
1.8657
1.8117
22
2.2258
2.1508
2.0707
2.0283
1.9842
1.9380
1.8894
1.8380
1.7831
23
2.2036
2.1282
2.0476
2.0050
1.9605
1.9139
1.8648
1.8128
1.7570
235
df2/df1
10
24
4.2597
3.4028
3.0088
2.7763
2.6207
2.5082
2.4226
2.3551
2.3002
2.2547
25
4.2417
3.3852
2.9912
2.7587
2.6030
2.4904
2.4047
2.3371
2.2821
2.2365
26
4.2252
3.3690
2.9752
2.7426
2.5868
2.4741
2.3883
2.3205
2.2655
2.2197
27
4.2100
3.3541
2.9604
2.7278
2.5719
2.4591
2.3732
2.3053
2.2501
2.2043
28
4.1960
3.3404
2.9467
2.7141
2.5581
2.4453
2.3593
2.2913
2.2360
2.1900
29
4.1830
3.3277
2.9340
2.7014
2.5454
2.4324
2.3463
2.2783
2.2229
2.1768
30
4.1709
3.3158
2.9223
2.6896
2.5336
2.4205
2.3343
2.2662
2.2107
2.1646
40
2.83535
2.44037
2.22609
2.09095
1.99682
1.92688
1.87252
1.82886
1.79290
1.76269
60
2.79107
2.39325
2.17741
2.04099
1.94571
1.87472
1.81939
1.77483
1.73802
1.70701
120
2.74781
2.34734
2.12999
1.99230
1.89587
1.82381
1.76748
1.72196
1.68425
1.65238
Inf
2.70554
2.30259
2.08380
1.94486
1.84727
1.77411
1.71672
1.67020
1.63152
1.59872
236
df2/df1
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
INF
24
2.1834
2.1077
2.0267
1.9838
1.9390
1.8920
1.8424
1.7896
1.7330
25
2.1649
2.0889
2.0075
1.9643
1.9192
1.8718
1.8217
1.7684
1.7110
26
2.1479
2.0716
1.9898
1.9464
1.9010
1.8533
1.8027
1.7488
1.6906
27
2.1323
2.0558
1.9736
1.9299
1.8842
1.8361
1.7851
1.7306
1.6717
28
2.1179
2.0411
1.9586
1.9147
1.8687
1.8203
1.7689
1.7138
1.6541
29
2.1045
2.0275
1.9446
1.9005
1.8543
1.8055
1.7537
1.6981
1.6376
30
2.0921
2.0148
1.9317
1.8874
1.8409
1.7918
1.7396
1.6835
1.6223
40
2.0035
1.9245
1.8389
1.7929
1.7444
1.6928
1.6373
1.5766
1.5089
60
1.9174
1.8364
1.7480
1.7001
1.6491
1.5943
1.5343
1.4673
1.3893
120
1.8337
1.7505
1.6587
1.6084
1.5543
1.4952
1.4290
1.3519
1.2539
inf
1.7522
1.6664
1.5705
1.5173
1.4591
1.3940
1.3180
1.2214
1.0000
237
= 0 . 01
df2/
4052.181
4999.500
5403.3
5624.58
98.503
99.000
99.166
99.249
99.299
99.333
99.356
99.374
99.388
99.399
34.116
30.817
29.457
28.710
28.237
27.911
27.672
27.489
27.345
27.229
21.198
18.000
16.694
15.977
15.522
15.207
14.976
14.799
14.659
14.546
16.258
13.274
12.060
11.392
10.967
10.672
10.456
10.289
10.158
10.051
13.745
10.925
9.780
9.148
8.746
8.466
8.260
8.102
7.976
7.874
12.246
9.547
8.451
7.847
7.460
7.191
6.993
6.840
6.719
6.620
11.259
8.649
7.591
7.006
6.632
6.371
6.178
6.029
5.911
5.814
10.561
8.022
6.992
6.422
6.057
5.802
5.613
5.467
5.351
5.257
10
10.044
7.559
6.552
5.994
5.636
5.386
5.200
5.057
4.942
4.849
11
9.646
7.206
6.217
5.668
5.316
5.069
4.886
4.744
4.632
4.539
12
9.330
6.927
5.953
5.412
5.064
4.821
4.640
4.499
4.388
4.296
13
9.074
6.701
5.739
5.205
4.862
4.620
4.441
4.302
4.191
4.100
14
8.862
6.515
5.564
5.035
4.695
4.456
4.278
4.140
4.030
3.939
15
8.683
6.359
5.417
4.893
4.556
4.318
4.142
4.004
3.895
3.805
16
8.531
6.226
5.292
4.773
4.437
4.202
4.026
3.890
3.780
3.691
17
8.400
6.112
5.185
4.669
4.336
4.102
3.927
3.791
3.682
3.593
18
8.285
6.013
5.092
4.579
4.248
4.015
3.841
3.705
3.597
3.508
19
8.185
5.926
5.010
4.500
4.171
3.939
3.765
3.631
3.523
3.434
20
8.096
5.849
4.938
4.431
4.103
3.871
3.699
3.564
3.457
3.368
21
8.017
5.780
4.874
4.369
4.042
3.812
3.640
3.506
3.398
3.310
22
7.945
5.719
4.817
4.313
3.988
3.758
3.587
3.453
3.346
3.258
23
7.881
5.664
4.765
4.264
3.939
3.710
3.539
3.406
3.299
3.211
24
7.823
5.614
4.718
4.218
3.895
3.667
3.496
3.363
3.256
3.168
5763.6 5858.986
238
5928.35 5981.070
10
6022.47 6055.847
df2/df1
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
INF
6106.321
6157.285
6208.730
6234.631
6260.649
6286.782
6313.030
6339.391
6365.864
99.416
99.433
99.449
99.458
99.466
99.474
99.482
99.491
99.499
27.052
26.872
26.690
26.598
26.505
26.411
26.316
26.221
26.125
14.374
14.198
14.020
13.929
13.838
13.745
13.652
13.558
13.463
9.888
9.722
9.553
9.466
9.379
9.291
9.202
9.112
9.020
7.718
7.559
7.396
7.313
7.229
7.143
7.057
6.969
6.880
6.469
6.314
6.155
6.074
5.992
5.908
5.824
5.737
5.650
5.667
5.515
5.359
5.279
5.198
5.116
5.032
4.946
4.859
5.111
4.962
4.808
4.729
4.649
4.567
4.483
4.398
4.311
10
4.706
4.558
4.405
4.327
4.247
4.165
4.082
3.996
3.909
11
4.397
4.251
4.099
4.021
3.941
3.860
3.776
3.690
3.602
12
4.155
4.010
3.858
3.780
3.701
3.619
3.535
3.449
3.361
13
3.960
3.815
3.665
3.587
3.507
3.425
3.341
3.255
3.165
14
3.800
3.656
3.505
3.427
3.348
3.266
3.181
3.094
3.004
15
3.666
3.522
3.372
3.294
3.214
3.132
3.047
2.959
2.868
16
3.553
3.409
3.259
3.181
3.101
3.018
2.933
2.845
2.753
17
3.455
3.312
3.162
3.084
3.003
2.920
2.835
2.746
2.653
18
3.371
3.227
3.077
2.999
2.919
2.835
2.749
2.660
2.566
19
3.297
3.153
3.003
2.925
2.844
2.761
2.674
2.584
2.489
20
3.231
3.088
2.938
2.859
2.778
2.695
2.608
2.517
2.421
21
3.173
3.030
2.880
2.801
2.720
2.636
2.548
2.457
2.360
22
3.121
2.978
2.827
2.749
2.667
2.583
2.495
2.403
2.305
23
3.074
2.931
2.781
2.702
2.620
2.535
2.447
2.354
2.256
24
3.032
2.889
2.738
2.659
2.577
2.492
2.403
2.310
2.211
239
df2/df1
25
7.770
5.568
4.675
4.177
3.855
3.627
3.457
3.324
3.217
3.129
26
7.721
5.526
4.637
4.140
3.818
3.591
3.421
3.288
3.182
3.094
27
7.677
5.488
4.601
4.106
3.785
3.558
3.388
3.256
3.149
3.062
28
7.636
5.453
4.568
4.074
3.754
3.528
3.358
3.226
3.120
3.032
29
7.598
5.420
4.538
4.045
3.725
3.499
3.330
3.198
3.092
3.005
30
7.562
5.390
4.510
4.018
3.699
3.473
3.304
3.173
3.067
2.979
40
7.314
5.179
4.313
3.828
3.514
3.291
3.124
2.993
2.888
2.801
60
7.077
4.977
4.126
3.649
3.339
3.119
2.953
2.823
2.718
2.632
120
6.851
4.787
3.949
3.480
3.174
2.956
2.792
2.663
2.559
2.472
inf
6.635
4.605
3.782
3.319
3.017
2.802
2.639
2.511
2.407
2.321
240
10
df2/df1
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
25
2.993
2.850
2.699
2.620
2.538
2.453
2.364
2.270
2.169
26
2.958
2.815
2.664
2.585
2.503
2.417
2.327
2.233
2.131
27
2.926
2.783
2.632
2.552
2.470
2.384
2.294
2.198
2.097
28
2.896
2.753
2.602
2.522
2.440
2.354
2.263
2.167
2.064
29
2.868
2.726
2.574
2.495
2.412
2.325
2.234
2.138
2.034
30
2.843
2.700
2.549
2.469
2.386
2.299
2.208
2.111
2.006
40
2.665
2.522
2.369
2.288
2.203
2.114
2.019
1.917
1.805
60
2.496
2.352
2.198
2.115
2.028
1.936
1.836
1.726
1.601
120
2.336
2.192
2.035
1.950
1.860
1.763
1.656
1.533
1.381
inf
2.185
2.039
1.878
1.791
1.696
1.592
1.473
1.325
1.000
241
120
INF
242
A
alternative hypothesis
88113
Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)
116170
ANOVA Table
169
applied statistics
B
bar chart
28
bell-shaped distribution
66
binomial distribution experiment
51
biometry (or biostatistics)
box-whisker plot
30
C
category data
10
cell
153162
central limit theorem
74
central tendency
11
Chi-square statistic
144
Chi-square test
140
cluster sampling
8
243
coefficient of determination
193
coefficient of variation
11
column
156
combination
51
compound event
31
confidence interval
8283
confidence level
83
confidence limits
83
contingency coefficient
159
contingency table
150
continuous data
10
countable
10
Cramers V V
159
critical value
89
cross table
156
D
data
decile
11
degree of freedom
20
dependent samples
112
dependent variable
181
descriptive statistics
11
244
deterministic model
182
deviation
13
dfE(degree of freedom error)
172
dichotomous
159
discrete data
10
dispersion
11
E
economical statistics
educational statistics
error
170183
estimate
82
estimation of paratmeter
183
estimator
183
event
31
expected frequency
140
experiment
31
explanatory variable
181
extrapolation
188
F
F-distribution F
164
F-test
127
F
245
Fishers exact test
163
frequency data
140
frequency distribution table
25
G
gap
10
Gaussian
66
goodness of fit test
145
H
histogram
29
hypothesis testing
82
I
independent event
32
independent samples
112
independent variable
181
index
16
industrial statistics
inferential statistic
82
interaction
156
intercept
182
interpolation
188
246
11
interquartile range
L
least significant difference (LSD)
172
least squares method
183
least squares normal equaitons
184
linear regression model
181
M
mathematical statistics
maximum
18
McNemars Chi-square test
159
mean ()
1112
mean square of error (MSE)
169
mean square of treatment (MSt)
169
measurable
10
median
11
medical statistics
Mendel
149
mid point
26
minimum
18
mode
11
multi-stage sampling
8
247
32
mutually exclusive event
N
normal distribution
66
null hypothesis
8288113
O
observed frequency
140
one-tailed testing
919599116
P
paired samples
112
parameter
82
partial derivative
184
pattern of distribution
145
Pearson Chi-square distribution
141
Pearsons product-moment correlation
197
percentile
11
phi
159
pie chart
29
Poisson Probability Distribution
57
Poisson Distribution
57
point estimate
82
248
polygon
29
population
population data
power of test
103
population parameters
82
predicted linear regression equation
183
predicted value
183
probability
133
probability distribution
42
proportion
140
Q
qualitative data
10
quantitative data
10
quartile
11
R
random error
182
random experiment
31
random sampling
random variable
42
range
11
regression analysis
181
249
regression coefficient
182
regression mean square
191
regression parameter
182
residual
141183
residual mean square
187191
residual sum of square
187191
response variable
181
row
156
S
sample
sample data
sampling
sample space
31
sample point
31
sample statistics
74
scatter diagram
194
second derivative
185
significant difference
88
significant level
89
simple event
31
simple linear correlation
180194
250
simple linear regression
180
simple random sampling
skew to the right
165
slope
182
social statistics
statistics
82
Statistics
standard error
76
standard deviation
11
standard error of regression
188
standard normal distribution
6870
statistical model
182
stratified sampling
sum of square due to regression
191
sum of squares
1320
systematic sampling
T
test value
89
test of significance
88
two-tailed testing
919599116
type I error
103
type II error
103
251
V
1120
variance
Y
Yates correction for continuity
252
162

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(statistics)

7500 7500 ( 1 7500)

(discrete data) (continuous data)

(central tendency) (dispersion)

(range) (interquartile range) (variance) (standard

127, 126 2 122, 125, 136, 128

125,127, 126 2 240, 246, 268, 252

127, 126 119 1, 4, 15, 13, 7, -25, -26, 7, 9, -27, 1, 6, 8,

127, 126 119 1, 4, 15, .,7

127, 128, 134 14 7 8

3(1) median= 3 median = 4 3(2) i = 3

median= 3 4 median = (4+5)/2=4.5

3(3)(Q1) 50 (P50)120, 123, 134,

Q1 i = 0.2514 =3.5 4 Q1=120

median P50 i = 50/100 50 = 25

() (range) (interquartile range)

Q1 P25 i = 25/100 50 = 12.5

Q3 P75 i = 75/100 50 = 37.5

2= sum of squares / N =(Xi- )2/N =N=

A8, 9, 10, 11, 12

A 2 =(810)2 + (910)2 + (1010)2 + (1110)2 + (1210)2/5

B 2 =(410)2 + (710)2 + (1010)2 + (1310)2 + (1610)2/5

A8, 9, 10, 11, 12

sA 2 =(810)2 + (910)2 + (1010)2 + (1110)2 + (1210)2/(5-1)

= (4+1+0+1+4)/4 = 10/4 = 2.5

= (36+9+0+9+36)/4 = 90/4 = 22.5

sum of squares = 83.8875

10 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19 X = 13 s = 4.69s2 = 22

(Xi - X ) 2 = ( 6 )2 + ( 5)2 + ( 3)2 + 12 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 6 2 = 132

(2) 3 21, 24, 30, 42, 48, 51, 57 X = 39

(Xi - X ) 2 = ( 18)2 + ( 15)2 + ( 9 )2 + 3 2 + 9 2 + 12 2 + 18 2 = 1188

s = 198 =14.07 s (4.69) 3 = 4.693=14.07

coefficient of variation (CV) / 100%

() (frequency distribution table)

P(B|A)= P(AB) / P(A)0/(1/6)=0

(4) P(WA) = P(W) P(A)

(c) P(X 2) 0.2222+0.03740.2596

() (variance) (standard deviation)

X E(X) = =xf(x) =12/8 =1.5

= 02 1/8 + 11 3/8 + 22 3/8 + 32 1/8(1.5)2

E(X) =xi f(xi) =0+0.45+0.546+0.150+0.092+0.035+0.018=1.291

() (binomial distribution experiment)

p= 0.5 p= P()= 0.5 q= P()=1p

P(X = 2) = f(2) = P(X 2)P(X 1)

0.8x 0.2 15-x x = 0, 1, 2,.., 15

= f(0) + f(1) +...+ f(10)

f(7)= 0.9679-0.9133 = 0.0545

3. 5 P(X5)= f(x), x = 0,1,2,3,4,5

P(X=2)= f(2)= P(X 2)P(X 1)

P(X 7) =f(0)+f(1)+f(2)+ f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)+f(7)

(standard normal distribution)

( 2 < x < 1 ) 0.14

z (Standard Normal Distribution)

= 0.3413 + 0.4332 = 0.7745

(1) P( x < xa ) = 0.025) P ( x < xb ) = 0.975 xa xb

P ( x < 1.96) = 0.025

P ( x < 1.96) = 0.025

1.96 < x <= 1.96

P ( Z < 0.52) = 0.3015 P( Z < 0.53) = 0.2981

30 x = 506 + 81 (0.524) = 463.56

(Central Limit Therrem)

P(0.5 > Z > 0.5) = 0.5763

X 6 = 170 6 cm 164 176 cm