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GENERAL SCIENCE
Science has two branches:
Physical Sciences study of non-living things
Astronomy study of celestial objects
Geology study of physical matter that constitutes Earth
Meteorology study of weather processes and forecasting
Pedology study of soils
Biological Sciences study of living things
Biology study of life
Botany study of plants
Zoology study of animals
Sub-branches of Zoology:
Anatomy study of the structure and parts of the body
Cytology study of living cells
Entomology study of insects
Genetics study of heredity
Ichthyology study of fishes
Microbiology study of bacteria and viruses
Physiology study of the functions and activities of the parts of the body
The Scientific Method has at least five steps:
1.) Observation and Statement of the Problem
2.) Gathering of Information
3.) Formulation of Hypothesis
4.) Experimentation
5.) Statement of Conclusion
Certain instruments are used to measure specific quantities, such as:
Spring Balance used to measure weight
Barometer used to measure air pressure
Graduated Cylinder used to measure liquid volume
Upper Meniscus Mercury
Lower Meniscus - Water
Machines are devices that are designed to ease work. There are two types of machines;
Simple Machines uses a single applied force to do work
The Six Simple Machines:
1.) Lever
a. Fulcrum point of support
b. Resistance force the lever work against
c. Effort force exerted on lever
2.) Inclined Plane sloped object to assist movement along different
elevations
3.) Wedge two inclined planes put together to cut things (e.g. knife)
4.) Wheel and Axle grooves wheel with a rigidity attached
5.) Pulley the wheel spins freely on its axle
6.) Screw inclined plane wrapped around a circle or cone to fix things
together
Compound Machines two or more simple machines put together
e.g. airplane, typewriter
Proton positively
charged
Neutron no
charge
The nucleus is the central body of the atom where the protons and the neutron are
located. The electron spins around the nucleus in certain energy levels. In a neutral atom,
the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The number of protons defines
the atomic number, and the sum of the number of protons and neutrons gives the atomic
mass. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons.
Molecules are the smallest particle of matter.
Motion of Molecules:
Diffusion spreading of molecules through a medium
Brownian Movement also known as random movement
Attraction of Molecules:
Adhesion attraction between different kinds of molecules
Cohesion attraction between same kinds of molecules
Brownian Capillarity rising of liquids within fine tubes
Surface Tension tendency of water molecules to stretch out in water
surfaces
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. There are two basic forms of energy, the
potential energy (energy at rest) and the kinetic energy (energy in motion).
Forms of Energy:
Mechanical potential and kinetic energy
Chemical matter changes from one form to another
Thermal causes change in temperature
Electromagnetic given off by the sun and appears in the form of
electromagnetic waves (radio, gamma, UV)
Electrical flow of electrons in conductor
Nuclear results from the nucleus of an atom
Sound produced by vibrating objects
EARTH SCIENCE
The earth is basically composed of four parts: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
biosphere.
Lithosphere part of the earth which is composed of rocks and soil.
Composition of Rocks and Soil:
Geothermal Energy heat obtained from beneath the ground
Petroleum fossil fuels, pumped out as crude oil
Minerals naturally-formed solid elements and compounds with molecules
arranged in definitive shape
Metals- metallic minerals that are subjected to smelting
Kinds of Rocks:
Characteristics of Soil:
Soil Texture:
Sandy no water
Clay fine; poor drainage and aeration
Loam mixture of sand and clay; best for farming
Soil Color:
Black rich in organic matter
Red rich in iron
Gray not fertile
Cross-section of the Earth:
The ozone layer is designed to screen the earth from ultraviolet rays emitted by the
sun. However, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosols destroy this ozone layer.
Weather refers to the general condition of the atmosphere over a particular place
on a day-to-day basis. Climate refers to the condition of the atmosphere during a long
period of time over a particular place.
Low Pressure Area created when warm air rises leaving partially empty space
behind where there are few air molecules
Convection Current movement of cold air to low-pressure area
Coriolis Effect curved path of winds caused by Earths rotation
Sea Breeze motion of air from sea to land during the day
Land Breeze motion of air form land to sea during the night
Amihan northeast
Habagat southwest
Matter Cycles:
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle:
Nitrogen Cycle:
ASTRONOMY
The Solar System:
Solid Planets
Asteroid Belt
Gas Giants
Stars:
Hottest Star: Blue>White>
Yellow>Orange>Red
Galaxy group of stars
Nebula gas, dust, and
debris from star explosions
Pulsar rotating neutron
stars that emit
electromagnetic waves
Eclipse an event where one celestial body moves into the shadow of another:
Types of Eclipse:
Solar - occurs the moon passes between Sun and Earth
Lunar - occurs when the moon passes behind the Earth