Effect of 1110dified heat treatl11ent on

mechanical properties of 300M steel

Y. Tomita and T. Okawa
The effects of modified heat treatment (MHT) on the mechanical properties of 300M steel have been studied to assess MHT
steel for possible ultrahigh strength applications. The microstructure of MHT steel has variable amounts of martensite, carbide
free upper bainite, and retained austenite. This is produced by partial isothermal transformation at 593, 623, or 673 Kfor the
required times, followed by oil quenching and subsequent tempering at 473 K after 1173 K austenitisation. The optimum
combination of plane strain fracture toughness with other relevant mechanical properties was obtained when 50 vol.-% bainite
was associated with tempered martensite and retained austenite for MHT at 593 and 623 K. The MHT steel transformed at
593 K showed improved plane strain fracture toughness over conventional quenched and tempered steel at a similar tensile
strength level, with little change of percentage elongation and Charpy 2 mm V-notch impact energy. Compared with conventional
quenched and tempered steel, the MHT steel transformed at 593 K had a dramatically improved plane strain fracture toughness
owing to an increase in percentage elongation and Charpy V-notch impact energy, while the strength decreased somewhat.
MST/1999

1995 The Institute of Materials. Manuscript received 27 September 1993; infinalform

17 November 1993. The authors are
in the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, College of Engineering, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

Introduction
The commercial
ultrahigh
strength
low alloy steel
AISI300M, the mechanical properties of which have been
modified by the addition of silicon and vanadium alloying
elements to AISI 4340 steel, has been extensively employed
in critical structural components for aircraft and aerospace
vehicles. 1 The 300M steel has a slightly higher carbon
content than 4340 steel and has high silicon content and a
small amount of vanadium. The silicon addition allows the
steel to be hardened at a tempering temperature
well
outside the brittle temper region. The vanadium addition
serves to restrict austenite grain growth during austenitising
treatment. These alloy modifications, together with vacuum
induction melting and vacuum arc remelting, give the steel
higher strength than 4340 steel. Therefore, if strength were
the only criterion, the steel could be used in preference to
other ultrahigh strength steels. Unfortunately,
the fracture
toughness of the steels is not improved compared with
4340 steel. In addition, the steel is highly susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement
and stress corrosion cracking.2
For this reason, manufacturers and designers have focused
on the further improvement
of fracture toughness and
environmental properties for an equivalent tensile strength
level or tolerable loss of strength.
One potential approach to developing the mechanical
properties of the steel is the use of a beneficial property of
the mixed structure in which separate constituents
are
responsible for the different property requirements.
The
obvious choice of constituent for improving the mechanical
properties is austenite, which results in improved toughness
and good environmental
properties.3-s Fortunately,
previous investigations9-12
have shown that for a low alloy
steel having a high silicon content such as 300M steel,
isothermal
transformation
in the bainitic temperature
region (593-673 K) encouraged the retention of a large
amount of carbon enriched austenite in conjunction with
carbon free upper bainite ferrite. This is because silicon
severely retards the precipitation
of cementite from the
residual austenite during bainitic transformation.
In a
previous paper,!3 the present authors investigated the effect
of the microstructure
on the mechanical
properties
of
isothermally
bainite transformed
300M steel having a
mixed structure of bainite and retained austenite. The
results show that compared with conventional
quenched

and tempered (CQT) steel, isothermal transformation

of
the steels at 623 K and below improved the plane strain
fracture toughness KIc moderately,
owing to increased
Charpy impact energy. However, a significant reduction in
strength was observed. The results also show that as a
result of the isothermal transformation
of the steel at 643 K
and above, there is a strongly detrimental effect on strength
and toughness. This requires modification
of the heat
treatment.
With the aim of achieving such a modification, a modified
heat treatment (MHT) has been suggested for which an
excellent combination
of fracture toughness
with the
relevant mechanical properties can be produced. The MHT
steel consists of various amounts of martensite, carbide free
upper bainite, and retained austenite. The microstructure
is produced by partial isothermal transformation
for the
required time at 593, 623, or 673 K (designated 593 K-MHT,
623 K-MHT, and 673 K-MHT, respectively), followed by
oil quenching or subsequently tempering at 473 K (after
conventional 1173 K austenitisation).
The present paper describes the effect of the MHT on
the room temperature mechanical properties of 300M steel.

Experimental procedure
A commercial aircraft quality 300M steel, vacuum induction
melted and vacuum arc remelted, was used in this
investigation. The steel was obtained in the form of hot
rolled bars 130 mm in diameter. The chemical composition
(wt-%) of the steel was Fe-0'42C-1'70Si-0'80Mn-0'80Cr0'41Mo-1'76Ni-0'08V
and the martensite start temperature
Ms (measured by dilatometry) was 558 K. Test specimens
with their longitudinal axes parallel to the rolling direction
were machined from the bar. Each specimen was fully
annealed.
The heat treatment schedules used in this investigation
are given in Table 1. All the specimens were austenitised in
an argon atmosphere furnace, and isothermal. transformation was carried out in a Pb-Sn bath'that
had sufficient
thermal capacity to avoid appreciable temperature change
during operation. Tempering was carried out in an oil bath.
The tensile properties were determined at room temperature (293 K) using an Instron machine, at a constant
strain rate of 670 x 10- 4 S - 1 and tensile specimens had a

Materials Science and Technology

March 1995

Vol. 11

245

246

Tomita an'd Okawa

Effect of heat treatment

on mechanical

gauge length of 125mm and a cross-section of 15 x 40 mm.

The value of K1c was determined using procedures conforming to ASTM E399 : 72 specifications.14 Standard compact tension (CT) specimens (ASTM) 254 mm in thickness
were used for the fracture toughness tests. Fatigue precracking was performed using a closed loop Instron system at
30 Hz. The fracture toughness testing was carried out at a
crosshead speed of 0008 mm s-1 using an Instron machine
at 293 K. All the specimens examined met the geometric
cracking and testing requirements outlined by ASTM
specifications; hence, all KIc values obtained were valid
with respect to this specification. The standard full size
Charpy 2 mm V-notch specimens were broken at 293 K in
a Charpy impact machine with a hammer velocity of
35 m S-l (for dynamic values) calibrated to 49 J capacity.
The microstructure was categorised using optical microscopy. The bainitic structure was delineated by etching in a
5 wt-% picric alcohol solution. The volume fraction of
bainite was determined using point counting,15,16in which
the specimen is viewed directly on the stage of the optical
microscope. Between 3840 and 4480 random points were
counted to determine the volume fraction of bainite. The
errors were 2'50/0. The retained austenite content was
determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Miller's
technique17 of rotating and tilting the sample surface about
an incident beam of Mo Krx (using a zirconium filter).
The sample surface was electropolished in a mixed solution of phosphoric and chromic acids. A scanning speed
of 0003 deg s-1 was used and the combination of peaks
selected for the analysis was (200)17.' (211)17.' (200)y, (220)y,
and (311)y. The mechanical stability of the retained
austenite was examined using tensile specimens with a
gauge length of 125 mm and a cross-section of 15 x 10 mm.
The mechanical stability was evaluated from the ratio (%)
of the retained austenite content of the gauge length and
that of the head of tensile specimens after 3% uniaxial
plastic deformation.
Fractography was performed on the fresh surface of
the CT specimens using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM).

properties

of 300M steel

100

l!Jil

(a)

S
80
:>
.-:"

.-

ffi 60

=-i=

~o 40
(.)

5 20
2

o (DQ)

500

1000

1500

TRANSFORMATION TIME, S
100
(b)
l:Jil

S
80
:>

.-:"

60

40

fi

20

.-

=i=

o
(.)
o

o (DQ)

500

1000

TRANSFORMATION TIME, S
100

(c)

l:Jil

S
80
:>

Results and discussion

.-:"

MICROCONSTITUENTS AND MICROSTRUCTURE

Figure 1a-c, shows the transformation time dependence of
the proportion of the various microconstituents observed
after isothermal transformation at 593, 623, and 673 K,
respectively. Each figure part presents three regions and
the origin of transformation time in each part shows direct
quenching. The B curve shows the volume percentage of
bainite formed as a function of transformation time at 593,
Table 1

Heat treatment

schedules

Heat treatment

593 K-MHT

Austenitise at 1173 K for 3'6 ks, transform isothermally at

593 K for 630-780 s, quench in oil, temper at 473 K for
72 ks
Austenitise at 1173 K for 3-6 ks, transform isothermally at
593 K for 1200 s, quench in oil
Austenitise at 1173 K for 36 ks, transform isothermally at
623 K for 560-750 s, quench in oil, temper at 473 K for
7'2 ks
Austenitise at 1173 K for 3'6 ks, transform isothermally at
623 K for 1000 s, quench in oil
Austenitise at 1173 K for 3'6 ks, transform isothermally at
673 K for 780-1380 s, quench in oil, temper at 473 K for
7-2 ks
Austenitise at 1173 K for 3-6 ks, transform isothermally at
673 K for 1800 s, quench in oil
Austenitise at 1173 K for 3'6 ks, quench in oil, temper at
573 K for 7'2 ks

623 K-MHT

623 K-IT
673 K-MHT

673 K-IT
COT

Materials Science and Technology

March 1995

=.-

o
(.)
o

40

c:::

(.)

ii

o (OQ)

500

1000

1500

2000

TRANSFORMATION TIME, S

Designation

593 K-IT

ffi 60

Vol. 11

Microconstituents
after
partial
isothermal
transformation at a 593, b 623, and c 673 K: curves 8,
M, and A show bainite, martensite, and retained
austenite, respectively; transformation
time origin
shows direct quench (DO)

623, and 673 K, as determined by the metallographic point

counting technique. The A curve shows, as a function of
transformation time at 593, 623, and 673 K, the volume
percentage of retained austenite determined by XRD. The
M curve shows the volume percentage of martensite. This
volume percentage is found by subtracting, from 100 vol._%,
the sum of the percentage given by the B and A curves.
The direct quenched steel consisted predominantly of a

Tomita and Okawa

Effect of heat treatment

on mechanical

properties

of 300M steel

247

ferrites partially appeared (Fig. 2a and b). Microscopy also

revealed that the 673 K-MHT steel consisted of a closely
spaced bainite-ferrite aggregate (Fig. 2c). In addition, it
was found that only a little appreciable 'blocky' type
austenite was present in the MHT steels, whereas the large
blocky type of austenite was found in IT steels.13
MECHANICAL

a 593 K-MHT (transformed for 750 s); b 623 K-MHT

for 710 s); c 673 K-MHT (transformed for 1020 s)
2

Microstructure

(transformed

of MHT steels (optical)

martensitic structure. The MHT steels which were produced

by partial isothermal transformation consisted of various
amounts of martensite, bainite, and retained austenite. For
593 K-MHT, the volume percentages of bainite and
retained austenite increased from 25 to 75 vol.-% and from
5 to 8 vol.-%, respectively, with an increase in transformation time from 630 to 780 s. There was a corresponding
decrease in martensite from 70 to 17 vol.-% as the time
increased from 630 to 780 s. Isothermal transformation at
593 K (593 K-IT) for 1200 s resulted in a microstructure
comprising a mixture of bainite and 12 vol._A,retained
austenite. For 623 K-MHT, the volume percentages of the
bainite and retained austenite increased from 25 to
75 vol.-% and from 8 to 11 vol.-o/o, respectively, with an
increase in the time from 580 to 750 s. In contrast,
martensite decreased from 67 to 14 vol.-o/ofor an increase
in time from 580 to 750 s. The 623 K-IT (1000 s) treatment
produced a dispersion of 18 vol.-% of retained austenite in
a bainite matrix. For 673 K-MHT, bainite and retained
austenite increased from 25 to 75 vol.-/0 and from 9 to
15 vol.-o/o,respectively, with an increase in time from 780
to 1380 s. Martensite decreased from 66 to 10 vol._A,with
an increase in time from 780 to 1380 s. The 673 K-IT
(1800 s) treatment produced 25 vol.-o/oof retained austenite
in a bainite matrix. Optical microscopy revealed that each
bainitic ferrite region appeared separately and partitioned
martensite appeared very finely for the 593 K-MHT,
whereas for 623 K-MHT steel, closely spaced bainitic

TESTS

Figures 3-5 show the effect of the CQT (origins), MHT,

and IT on the mechanical properties of steels, plotted as a
function of transformation time. As can be seen from Fig. 3,
the 593 K-MHT steel exhibited an improved KIc over CQT
steel at the 1950-2000 MN m -2 ultimate tensile strength
(UTS) level, with similar elongation and Charpy impact
energy, while 0.2/0 yield stress (YS) decreased with
increasing bainite content. The 593 K-MHT steels also
showed significantly improved KIc compared with the
593 K-IT steel. The 623 K-MHT dramatically increased
KIc at 1650-1800 MN m-z UTS, owing to an increase in
percentage elongation and Charpy impact energy (Fig. 4).
This resulted in the improved KIc compared with that of
623 K-IT steel. An optimum combination of the mechanical
properties for the 593 K and 623 K-MHT was obtained
when 50 vol.-o/o bainite appeared in association with
tempered martensite and retained austenite. As a result of
the MHT at 673 K, KIc improved somewhat owing to an
increase in percentage elongation and Charpy V-notch
impact energy, compared with the CQT steel, and this,
compared with the 673 K-IT, dramatically improved the
mechanical properties (Fig. 5). However, the 673 K-MHT
produced a significant decrease in KIc compared with that
of 623 K-MHT with a similar UTS level. A summary of
the improved KIc as a result of MHT and the balance
between UTS and KIc for the 593 K-MHT, 623 K-MHT,
673 K-MHT, and CQT steels is shown in Fig. 6. An
important result obtained from this figure is that KIc for
the 593 K-MHT steel, compared with that for the CQT
steel, increases by about 20 MN m -3/2, with an increased
or similar UTS level. When the 623 K-MHT is applied
to the steel, KIc is dramatically improved at 16501700 MN m - 2 UTS levels. As a result of MHT at 673 K,
KIc improved somewhat while the UTS decreased compared
with that of the CQT steel.
FRACTOGRAPHY

It is well known that the fracture process and valuable

evidence concerning the cause of failure can be obtained
using fractography: hence, fracture surfaces from fractured
CT specimens were investigated. Values of KIc are based
on the first stage of extension of sharp fatigue precracking.
Therefore, particular attention was paid to the area up to
(1/2n)(KIc/O"ys)2 m (where O"yS is the yield stress) ahead of
the fatigue precrack in the fracture CT specimens where
the process zone would have developed.18 Thus, fracture
surfaces of MHT and CQT steels were observed carefully.
Representative results are shown in Fig. 7. Scanning
electron microscopy revealed that for the process zone of
the 593 K-MHT and 623 K-MHT steels, a dimple pattern
and steep swells, which were probably formed by the crack
arresting effect of the austenite, were frequently observed
(Fig.7b and c), whereas for the IT steel, the process zone
consisted of quasicleavage facets which were rather large
compared with the bainite packet size (Fig. 7d). In contrast,
for the CQT steel, the process zone consisted mainly of
small quasicleavage facets (Fig.7a). Scanning electron
microscopy also revealed that for the process zone of the
673 K-MHT steel, fine dimples and also large brittle
fracture facets could be found (Fig.7e), whereas for the
process zone of the 673 K-IT steel, many large brittle facets
were found (Fig. 7f).

Materials Science and Technology

March 1995

Vol. 11

248

Tomita and Okawa

Effect of heat treatment

on mechanical

properties

2100
N

2100

(a)

1900

1900

1700

IE

~ 1500

cn'

~ 1300
t-

~E

1700

1500

623 K

(a)

cn'

0.2\YS

~a:: 1300
~ 1100

1100

en

of 300M steel

900
700 '

900
700
20

20
(b)

(b)

15

15

10

~4:

10

C'

z:

uj

o
o

110

100

(c)

593 K

110
(c)

100

90

..

90

10

80
70

70
60

60

50

50
30

30
(d)

>=

25

LU

20

C'

a::

:z

LU

I-

4:
~

:8

>~
a::

4:
:x:
o

25

20

15

15

10

10

0 (COT)

500

1000

TRANSFORMATION
3

1500

Effect of transformation
time on a 0"2% yield stress
(0"2%VS) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS), b uniform
elongation (UE) and total elongation (TE), c K,c' and
d Charpy impact energy of steels isothermally
transformed at 593 K: time origin shows conventional
quench and temper (COT)

Materials Science and Technology

TIME, S

March 1995

Vol. 11

o (COT)

500

1000

TRANSFORMATION TIME, S
4

Effect of transformation
time on a tensile stresses,
b elongation, c K,c' and d Charpy impact energy of
steels isothermally transformed at 623 K

Tomita and Okawa

Effect of heat treatment

on mechanical

100
(a)

UTS

1700
~ 1500
tfa: 1300
~

en

~
O.2%YS

673 K

80

-()-

593 K

"-

()

<.--

70

0,

~CQT

1100
60

900
700
20

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

UTS, MN m-2

(b)

15

o
110
673 K

Relationship between UTS and K,c obtained via MHT

and COT

MECHANICAL STABILITY OF RETAINED

AUSTENITE
Mechanical tests have shown that the optimum combination of K1c with other relevant mechanical properties
was obtained when 50 vol.-% bainite was associated with
tempered martensite and retained austenite. In addition,
fractography suggests that the improvement in the mechanical properties is related to the mechanical stability of the
retained austenite. Hence, the mechanical stability of the
retained austenite in the MHT steels was investigated by
XRD. The results are given in Table 2, in which the results
are also compared with those for IT steels. Analysis by
XRD revealed that although the mechanical stability of
austenite in the MHT steels is not generally greatly
dependent on the transformation temperature, the mechanical stability of the MHT steels was high, and significantly
improved in comparison with IT steels.

10

100

249

~K

90

:2

0---0

~E

e;,
I
E

of 300M steel

'.

110
2100
1900~673K

properties

(c)

90
80

Discussion

60

The most significant result obtained in this investigation is

that an excellent combination of KIc with other relevant
mechanical properties was obtained when 50 vol.-% bainite
was associated with tempered martensite and retained
austenite through 593 K and 623 K-MHT. From the above
data, the improvement of K1c and other relevant mechanical
properties can be interpreted in terms of the following
microstructural factors. First, the presence of mechanically
stable austenite, as can be seen from Table 2: the austenite
will perhaps be of the thin film type which appeared
between the bainite ferrites or martensite laths because
only a little blocky type austenite was found for the MHT

50
30
(d)

25
20~

15
10

Table 2

o (CQT) 500

1000

1500

2000

TRANSFORMATION TIME, S
5

Effect of transformation
time on a tensile stresses,
b elongation, c K,c' and d Charpy impact energy of
steels isothermally transformed at 673 K

Mechanical stability of retained austenite in

MHT and IT steels

Designation

Transformation
time, s

Bainite,
vol.-%

Retained
austenite,
vol.-%

593
593
623
623
673
673

750
1200
1020
1800
750
1200

50
88
50
82
50
75

7
12
10
18
13
25

K-MHT
K-IT
K-MHT
K-IT
K-MHT
K-IT

Mechanical
stability of
retained
austenite*, %
89'2
58'2
92'3
448
892
44'8

* Evaluated from ratio (%) of retained austenite content of gauge length

to that of head of tensile specimens after 3% uniaxial plastic deformation.

Materials Science and Technology

March 1995

Vol. 11

250

Tomita and Okawa

Effect of heat treatment

on mechanical

properties

of 300M steel

e
a COT steel; b 593 K-MHT steel (750 s); c 623 K-MHT steel (710 s); d 593 K-IT steel; e 673 K-MHT steel (1020 s); f 673 K-IT steel

Fractographs of compact tension specimens (SEM)

steel. Regarding improved KIc and Charpy impact energy,

it seems likely that the thin films arrest any embryonic
cleavage cracks or prevent crack propagation through the
structure. The reason for the beneficial effect on crack
initiation is possibly that the thin films produce a refinement
of the substructure, forming, for example, packets or blocks.
In addition, the thin films contributed to relaxation of the
high stress concentration and favourable effects of the thin
films on crack propagation result from austenite giving rise
to blunting of the crack tip or acting as a crack arrester.
This reasoning is supported by recent work1319-22which
has shown that the thin films of austenite are mechanically
stable and lead to a beneficial effect on ductility and
toughness. A second factor is the bainitic morphology
(type, size, shape, and distribution) in the MHT steel. The
improvement is due to the 593 K and 623 K-MHT steels
involving lower bainite.23 It is well established that a lower
bainitic microstructure in high silicon steels gives better

Materials Science and Technology

March 1995

Vol. 11

toughness at any given value of strength. This is because

the amount of bainitic ferrite that can form increases as
some of the carbon is bound as carbides in the ferrite. For
593 K and 623 K-MHT steels, the bainite appeared in
acicular form and partitioned martensite, as can be seen
from Fig. 2a and b. It is thought that the bainite which
appears in acicular form produces a refinement of matrix
martensite and is responsible for the crack arresting and
stress relieving effects just ahead of the existing crack.24-26
In addition, strength enhancement occurs through the
refinement of martensite by bainite, and then through the
enhanced strength of bainite as a result of higher plastic
constraint of the bainite by the martensite.25,26
Another noteworthy result in this investigation is that
673 K-MHT led to reduced strength and was not very
effective in improving KIc' Concerning mechanical behaviour, the following explanation is offered. Upper bainite,
which appeared during 673 K-MHT, has a detrimental

Tomita and Okawa

Effect of heat treatment

effect on strength and K1c because it appears in closely

spaced form in association with martensite. This is because
the bainite is not effective in partitioning the martensite
matrix and hence non-uniform strain occurs between two
phases of martensite and bainite during plastic deformation.
Consequently, a much higher stress concentration is
initiated in the vicinity of the two phases.25 However, it is
probable that for the 673 K-MHT steel, thin films of
austenite between bainitic ferrites or martensite laths will
have a beneficial effect on toughness for the above
mentioned reasons. It is difficult to determine how the two
effects interact. It is suggested that the reduced improvement
in KIc for the 673 K-MHT steel may result from the two
effects counteracting.

properties

of 300M steel

251

Acl<nowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Sumitomo Seimitsu
Co., Osaka, Japan for the preparation and donation of the
material used. The authors also wish to thank the referee
for helpful suggestions.

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Y. TOMITA: Mater. Sci. Techno!., 1991,7, (6), 481-489.

E. W. LEE, C. E. NED, and J. KOZOL: JOM, 1990,42, 11-14.
H. W. HAYDEN and s. FLOREEN: Trans. ASM, 1968,61,474-488.
S. FLOREEN and H. w. HAYDEN: Trans. ASM, 1968,61,489-499.
D. WEBSTER: Trans. ASM, 1968, 61, 816-828.

7.

W. BECK, J. O. M. BOCKRIS, C. A. GENSHAW, and P. K.

SUBRAMANYAN: Metall. Trans., 1971, 2, 883-888.
R. O. RITCHIE, M. H. C. CEDENO, v. F. ZAKAY, and E. R. PARKER:

8.

T.

Conclusions
1. A modified heat treatment (MHT) has been suggested
whereby the mechanical properties of 300M steel can be
improved. The MHT steel consisted of microstructures of
martensite, carbide free upper bainite, and retained austenite. This is produced by partial isothermal transformation
for the required time at 593, 623, or 673 K, followed by oil
quenching and subsequent 473 K tempering (after the
conventional 1173 K austenitisation).
2. An excellent combination of plane strain fracture
toughness K1c with other relevant mechanical properties
was obtained when 50 vol.-% bainite was associated with
tempered martensite and retained austenite for 593 K and
623K-MHT.
3. The 593 K-MHT steel showed improved K1c compared with CQT steel at a similar tensile strength level,
with little change of percentage elongation and Charpy
V-notch impact energy.
4. The 623 K-MHT, compared with the CQT, dramatically increased K1c, owing to an increase in percentage
elongation and Charpy V-notch impact energy, while the
strength decreased somewhat.
5. Compared with the CQT, the 673 K-MHT produced
some improvement in K1c, owing to an increase in
percentage elongation and Charpy V-notch impact energy,
but the treatment had no strength advantage.
6. The beneficial effects of 593 K and 623 K-MHT on
the mechanical properties can be attributed to the mechanically stabilised austenite and lower bainite appearing in
acicular form in association with martensite, which gives
better mechanical properties.

on mechanical

Metall. Trans., 1978, 9A, 35-40.

v. VENKATASUBRANANIAN and T. J. BAKER: Metall. Trans.,

1980, 11A, 200-203.
9. s. J. MATAS and R. F. HEHEMANN: Trans. AIME, 1961, 221,
179-183.
10. H. K. D. H. BHADESHIA and D. V. EDMONDS: Metall. Trans., 1979,
lOA, 895-907.
11. H. K. D. H. BHADESHIA and D. V. EDMONDS: Acta Metall., 1980,
28, 1265-1273.
12. B. P. J. SANDVIK: Metall. Trans., 1982, 13A, 777-787.
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Materials Science and Technology

March 1995

Vol. 11