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BASIC ELECTRICAL
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Presently 3- AC system is very popular and being used worldwide for power
generation, power transmission, distribution and for electric motors.
Three phase system has the following advantages as compare to single phase
system:
1. Power to weight ratio of 3- alternator is high as compare to 1-
alternator. Means for generation for same amount of Electric Power, the
size of 3- alternator is small as compare to 1- Alternator. Hence, the
overall cost of alternator is reduced for generation of same amount of
power. Moreover, of due to reduction in weight, transportation and
BASIC ELECTRICAL
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3. Let us consider the power produced by single phase supply and 3-phase
supply at unity power factor. Wave form of power produce due 1-phase
supply at unity power factor is shown in figure (C) and Wave form of
power produced due to 3-phase supply is shown in figure (D) below.
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
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From power wave forms shown in figure (C) and (D) above it is clear that in 3phase system, the instantaneous power is always constant over the cycle results
in smooth and vibration free operation of machine. Whereas in 1- system the
instantaneous power is pulsating hence change over the cycle, which leads to
vibrations in machines.
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
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From above it clear the 3-phase system is more economical, efficient, reliable
and convenient as compare to 1- system.
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There are two types of system available in electric circuit, single phase and
three phase system. In single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e the
current will flow through only one wire and there will be one return path called
neutral line to complete the circuit. So in single phase minimum amount of
power can be transported. Here the generating station and load station will also
be single phase. This is an old system using from previous time. In 1882, new
invention has been done on polyphase system, that more than one phase can be
used for generating, transmitting and for load system. Three phase circuit is
the polyphase system where three phases are send together from the generator to
the load. Each phase are having a phase difference of 120, i.e 120 angle
electrically. So from the total of 360, three phases are equally divided into 120
each. The power in three phase system is continuous as all the three phases are
involved in generating the total power. The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system
is shown below4
BASIC ELECTRICAL
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The three phases can be used as single phase each. So if the load is single phase,
then one phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and the neutral can be
used as ground to complete the circuit.
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There are various reasons for this question because there are numbers of
advantages over single phase circuit. The three phase system can be used as
three single phase line so it can act as three single phase system. The three
phase generation and single phase generation is same in the generator except the
arrangement of coil in the generator to get 120 phase difference. The conductor
needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in single phase
circuit. And also the instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to
zero as in single phase we can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase
system the net power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load.
Till now we can say that there are three voltage source connected together to
form a three phase circuit. And actually it is inside the generator. The generator
is having three voltage source s which are acting together in 120 phase
difference. If we can arrange three single phase circuit with 120 phase
difference, then it will become a three phase circuit. So 120 phase difference is
must otherwise the circuit will not work, the three phase load will not be able to
get active and it may also cause damage to the system. The size or metal
quantity of three phase devices is not having much difference. Now if we
consider the transformer, it will be almost same size for both single phase and
three phase because transformer will make only the linkage of flux. So the three
phase system will have higher efficiency compared to single phase because for
the same or little difference in mass of transformer, three phase line will be out
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
whereas in single phase it will be only one. And losses will be minimum in
three phase circuit. So overall in conclusion the three phase system will have
better and higher efficiency compared to the single phase system. In three phase
circuit, connections can be given in two types:
1. Star connection
2. Delta connection
Star Connection
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In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is
neutral which is taken from the star point. Star connection is preferred for long
distance power transmission because it is having the neutral point. In this we
need to come to the concept of balanced and unbalanced current in power
system.
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When equal current will flow through all the three phases, then it is called as
balanced current. And when the current will not be equal in any of the phase,
then it is unbalanced current. In this case, during balanced condition there will
be no current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the
neutral terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three
phase circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current
through to the ground and protect the transformer. Unbalanced current affects
transformer and it may also cause damage to the transformer and for this star
connection is preferred for long distance transmission. The star connection is
shown below-
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
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In star connection, the line voltage is 3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is
the voltage between two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the
voltage between one phase to the neutral line. And the current is same for both
line and phase. It is shown as expression below
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
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= 2 x VPH x Cos 30
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Similarly,
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VYB = VY VB
= 3 VPH
= 3 VPH
And
VBR = VB VR
= 3 VPH
Hence, it is proved that VRY = VYB = VBR is line voltages VL in Star Connection,
Therefore, in Star Connection;
VL = 3 VPH or VL = 3 EPH
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
The angle between line currents and respective line voltages are
(30+), i.e. each line current is lagging (30+) from the corresponding
line voltage.
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Current in Line 1 = IR
Current in Line 2 = IY
Current in Line 3 = IB
Since, the flowing currents in all three lines are same, and the individual current
in each line is equal to the corresponding phase current, therefore;
IR = IY = IB = IPH . The phase current
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In simple words, the value of Line Current and Phase Current is same in Star
Connection.
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In a three phase AC circuit, the total True or Active power is the sum of the
three phase power. Or the sum of the all three phase powers is the Total Active
or True Power.
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.. Eq (1)
Good to Know: Where Cos = Power factor = the phase angle between Phase
Voltage and Phase Current and not between Line current and line voltage.
We know that the values of Phase Current and Phase Voltage in Star
Connection;
IL = IPH
VPH = VL /3 .. (From VL = 3 VPH)
Putting these values in power eq. (1)
P = 3 x (VL/3) x IL x Cos ..
(VPH = VL /3)
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BASIC ELECTRICAL
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Good to know: Reactive Power of Inductive coil is taken as Positive (+) and
that of a Capacitor as Negative (-).
Also, the total apparent power of the three phases
Total Apparent Power = S = 3 x VL x IL
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Delta Connection
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In delta connection, there is three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken.
Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of
unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta
connection. In the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required.
In this system of interconnection, the starting ends of the three phases or coils
are connected to the finishing ends of the coil. Or the starting end of the first
coil is connected to the finishing end of the second coil and so on (for all three
coils) and it looks like a closed mesh or circuit as shown in fig
In more clear words, all three coils are connected in series to form a close mesh
or circuit. Three wires are taken out from three junctions and the all outgoing
currents from junction assumed to be positive.
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Delta or Mesh Connection System is also called Three Phase Three Wire
System (3-Phase 3 Wire) and it is the best and suitable system for AC Power
Transmission.
In delta connection, the line voltage is same with that of phase voltage. And the
line current is 3 times of phase current. It is shown as expression below,
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It is seen from fig 2 that there is only one phase winding between two terminals
(i.e. there is one phase winding between two wires). Therefore, in Delta
Connection, the voltage between (any pair of) two lines is equal to the phase
voltage of the phase winding which is connected between two lines. Since the
phase sequence is R Y B, therefore, the direction of voltage from R phase
towards Y phase is positive (+), and the voltage of R phase is leading by
120from Y phase voltage. Likewise, the voltage of Y phase is leading by 120
from the phase voltage of B and its direction is positive from Y towards B.
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Then, we see that VRY leads VYB by 120 and VYB leads VBR by 120.
Lets suppose,
BASIC ELECTRICAL
It will be noted from the below (fig-2) that the total current of each Line is equal
to the vector difference between two phase currents flowing through that line.
i.e.;
Current in Line 1= I1 = IR IB
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{Vector Difference}
BASIC ELECTRICAL
= 2 x IPH x Cos 30
= 2 x IPH x (3/2) Since Cos 30 = 3/2
= 3 IPH
i.e. In Delta Connection, The Line current is 3 times of Phase Current
Similarly, we can find the reaming two Line currents as same as above. i.e.,
I2 = IY IR Vector Difference = 3 IPH
I3 = IB IY Vector difference = 3 IPH
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Hence
IL = 3 IPH
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I1 = I2 = I3 = IL
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Good to Know: Where Cos = Power factor = the phase angle between Phase
Voltage and Phase Current and not between Line current and line voltage.
Good to Remember:
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In both Star and Delta Connections, The total power on balanced load is same.
Good to know:
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All phase voltages are in phase by each other i.e. 360/3 = 120
All phase Currents are in phase by each other i.e. 360/3 = 120
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In three phase circuit, star and delta connection can be arranged in four different
ways1. Star-Star connection
2. Star-Delta connection
3. Delta-Star connection
4. Delta-Delta connection
GA
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But the power is independent of the circuit arrangement of the three phase
system. The net power in the circuit will be same in both star and delta
connection. The power in three phase circuit can be calculated from the
equation below,
Since, there is three phases,
so the multiple of 3 is made in the normal power equation and the PF is power
factor. Power factor is a very important factor in three phase system and some
times due to certain error, it is corrected by using capacitors.
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Delta () Connection
BASIC ELECTRICAL
Connection
Line Current is Equal to Phase Current. Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage.
i.e.
i.e.
Line Current = Phase Current
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
IL = IPH
VL = VPH
Line Voltage is 3 times of Phase Line Current is 3 times of Phase
Voltage. i.e.
Current. i.e.
VL = 3 VPH
IL = 3 IPH
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The Total Power of three phases could The Total Power of three phases could
be found by
be found by
P = 3 x VL x IL x Cos . Or
P = 3 x VL x IL x Cos or
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos
The speeds of Delta connected motors
The speeds of Star connected motors are
are high because each phase gets the
slow as they receive 1/3 voltage.
total of line voltage
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