..............................................................................................................

i
........................................................................................................iv
.........................................................................................................v
............................................................................................................ix

...........................................................................................1

1.1

...........................................................................................1

1.2

...................................................................................2

1.3

...................................................................................2

1.4

...................................................................................2

...................................................5

2.1

SRC ............................................................................5
2.1.1

AISC ........................................................5

2.1.2

ACI 318 ..................................................5

2.1.3

(AIJ) SRC ................................6

2.2

(SRC) .................6

2.3

...............................................................6

2.4

.........................................................................12
i

2.5

.....................................................13

SRC..........................................................19

3.1

.................................................................................19

3.2

.................................................................................19

3.3

.................................................................................25

3.4

.................................................................................27

3.5

.................................................................................30

3.6

.................................................................................38

.....................................................................41

4.1

.................................................................................41

4.2

4.1.1

SRC ...............................................................41

4.1.2

RC..................................................................47

- ............................................................50
4.2.1

...................................................................50

4.2.2

-..................................................51

4.3

.....................................61

4.4

.................................................................63

4.5

.........................................................73

.............................................................................75

ii

5.1

.........................................................................................75

5.2

.........................................................................................76

..................................................................................................77
A .........................................................................81
B ..................................................................93

iii

3.1 ......................................................................................21
3.2 ..............................................25
3.3 ..................................................26
3.4 ......................................................................27
4.1 ..........................................................53
4.2 ......................................74

iv

2.1 (Wang and Salmon, 1992) ..............................................7

2.2 (a); (b)(ACI 318-95) .................9
2.3 (ACI 318-95) ........................................................10
3.1 ...........................................................................................20
3.2 ..................................................................................22
3.3 ..................................................................................28
3.4 ..........................................................................29
3.5 ..............................................................................30
3.6 t1 ..............................32
3.7 t2 ..............................33
3.8 t3 ..............................34
3.9 S1 ..................................................35
3.10 S2 ................................................36
3.11 ................................................................37
3.12 ( Gauge) ....................................................37
3.13 (Tiltmeter) ...................................................38
4.1 SRC- ......................................................42
v

4.2 SRC ............................................43

4.3 S1-RCt2l2 45 .................................................44
4.4 S1-RCt3l1 45 .....................................44
4.5 S1-RCt2l2 10 mm ............................................45
4.6 S1-RCt3l1 ....................................45
4.7 S1-RCt3l1 ....................................46
4.8 S2-RCt2l1 45 .........................................46
4.9 RC- .........................................................47
4.10 RC ............................................48
4.11 RCt2l1 45.....................................................49
4.12 RCt2l1 45 ............................49
4.13 RCt2l1 .......................................50
4.14 S1-RCt1l1 ......................................54
4.15 S1-RCt2l1 ......................................54
4.16 S1-RCt3l1 ......................................55
4.17 S1-RCt1l2 ......................................55
4.18 S1-RCt2l2 ......................................56
4.19 S1-RCt3l2 ......................................56
4.20 S2-RCt1l1 ......................................57
vi

4.21 S2-RCt2l1 ......................................57

4.22 S2-RCt3l1 ......................................58
4.23 S2-RCt1l2 ......................................58
4.24 S2-RCt2l2 ......................................59
4.25 S2-RCt3l2 ......................................59
4.26 RCt2l1 ............................................60
4.27 RCt2l2 ............................................60
4.28 S1 S2 -..................................................61
4.29 S1-RCt1 - ........................64
4.30 S1-RCt2 - ........................64
4.31 S1-RCt3 - ........................65
4.32 S2-RCt1 - ........................65
4.33 S2-RCt2 - ........................66
4.34 S2-RCt3 - ........................66
4.35 RCt2 - .............................67
4.36 S1-RCl1 -........................68
4.37 S1-RCl2 -........................68
4.38 S2-RCl1 -........................69
4.39 S2-RCl2 -........................69
vii

4.40 RCt1l1 - ..........................70

4.41 RCt2l1 - ..........................70
4.42 RCt3l1 - ..........................71
4.43 RCt1l2 - ..........................71
4.44 RCt2l2 - ..........................72
4.45 RCt3l2 - ..........................72

viii

(Steel Reinforced Concrete,

SRC) SRC
16 SRC
SRC H
SRC RC
SRC - RC SRC

SRC
#3@10 cm
#3@10 cm
SRC
SRC
SRC
SRC H
RC H

ix

Torsional Strength and Behavior of Steel Reinforced Concrete

(SRC) Members
Abstract
Keywords: steel reinforced concrete (SRC) member, torsional strength, closed stirrup
This study experimentally investigates the strength, behavior and calculation of
torsional strength of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) members subjected to pure
torsion. Sixteen beam specimens were designed to include design parameters of
structural steel, closed stirrup, and longitudinal reinforcement. Test results indicate
that the SRC beams, enclosed the H-shaped structural steel, reached slightly higher
torsional strength than reinforced concrete beams did due to the low torsional
resistance of the H-shaped structural steel. However, the torque-twist curves for SRC
specimens were different from those for RC specimens. The torsional strength of the
SRC specimens gradually decreased and possessed better toughness after reached the
peak strength as indicated in the torque-twist curves. Increasing the amount of closed
stirrups can enhance the torsional strength of the SRC specimens. Specimens with No.
3@10 cm closed stirrups can develop higher torsional strength than calculated
strength followed the code, while specimens with 2-No. 3@10 cm closed stirrups can
not even attain the strength calculated by the code. Specimens enclosed different size
of the structural steel did not achieve consistent test results. In addition, increasing the
amount of longitudinal reinforcement can increase the torsional strength. Nevertheless,
the effect becomes little for specimens with higher amount of closed stirrups. The
structural steel did not yield while the SRC specimens reached the ultimate torsional
strength. Because the negligible contribution to the torsional strength compared with
RC beam, the H-shaped structural steel can be conservatively neglected to calculate
the torsional strength of SRC beam in practical design.

1.1
(Steel Reinforced Concrete, SRC)
SRC (Steel, S)
(Reinforced Concrete, RC)

SRC
SRC

SRC
AIJ
AISC ACI SRC
SRC SRC
SRC

1.2
SRC

SRC
SRC
SRC
SRCSRC

1.3
SRC

SRC
SRC

1.4
SRC
RC SRC

2.1 SRC
SRC AISC (American
Institute of Steel Construction) ACI 318
(American Concrete Institute) AIJ
(Architectural Institute of Japan) SRC

2.1.1

AISC

AISC (Composite Construction)

SRC RC

SRC

2.1.2

ACI 318

ACI 318 AISC

SRC

0.003

AISC

2.1.3

(AIJ) SRC

AIJ SRC
(Simple
Superposed Method, SSM) (Generalize Superposed
Method, GSM) RC

RC

2.2 (SRC)
2004
AIJ ACI
SRC

2.3
ACI (Skew
Bending) 2.1 (Space Truss Analogy)

2.1 (Wang and Salmon, 1992)

1971~1989 ACI

Tn = Tc + Ts

( 2.1 )

Tc Ts
:

Tc =

0.067 f c x 2 y

Ts =

0.4Vu
1 +
Ct Tu

At t x1 y1 f y
s

( 2.2 )

( 2.3 )

x =
x1 =
y =
y1 =
f c = (MPa)
Vu =
Ct =

Ct =

bw d
50bw s
2
A

t
fy
x2 y

f y =
s =

t = 0.66 + 0.33( y1 / x1 ) 1.5

At =
1995 ACI (Thin-Walled Tube)
2.2 2.3

t T
q :

q = t =

T
2 Ao

( 2.4 )

Ao 0.85 Aoh
:
Tn =

2 Ao At f yv

cot

( 2.5 )

Aoh

f yv

= 30~ 60 45

2.2 (a); (b)(ACI 318-95)

2.3 (ACI 318-95)

ACI 318-95 Hsu

(1990)
t d

Ao 2
td =
po sin 2 cos 2

( 2.6 )

Ao = Ac

td
2
pc + t d
2

Po = Pc 4 t d

( 2.7 )
( 2.8 )

p0 pc
1 /4
10

Al f ly At f ty

+
p
s
= o
0.80 f ct d

( 2.9 )

Al f ly

p
o
cos 2 =
Al f ly At f ty

+
p
o s

( 2.10 )

ACI 318-95
:

Al =

At f yv 2
cot
ph
f
s
y
l

( 2.11 )

p h f yl
:

( Av + 2 At ) = 1 bw s
3 f yv

Al,min =

0.083 5 f c Acp
f yl

A f yv
t ph
s f yl

( 2.12 )

( 2.13 )

:
11

Av

= s

Al,min =
Acp
bw

=
=

2.4

SRC H
Saint-Venant (Pure Torsion)(Warping Torsion)Boresi
(1993) H
(Fully Plastic Torque)
2
t f tw2
t
2

T p = y t f b f +
d + w t f tw
3 2
3

y =
b f = H
d = H
t f =
t w =

12

( 2.14)

2.5
(1)

Pi Trahair (1994) I
(Finite-Element Method) I

Pi Trahair (1995) I
I I

Trahair Pi (1997) I

(2) RC
RC RC
Hsu (1990, 1991)Rahal Collins (1995, 1996)Bhatti

13

Almughrabi (1996)Wang Hsu (1997)Leu Lee (2000)Phatak

Dhonde (2003)Tavio Teng (2004) RC
RC Hsu (1990)
Bhatti Almughrabi

(1996) ACI 318-89

RC Wang Hsu (1997)
RC

Ashour (1999)
20

(1999)

30
ACI 318-95
T
ACI 318-95

Rasmussen Baker (1995)Wafa (1995)Koutchoukali

14

Belarbi (2001)Fang Shiau (2004)(High-Strength

Concrete, HSC) RC (Normal-Strength Concrete,
NSC) RC RC
RC RC
HSC

NSC (Ductile Behavior)HSC

(Peak)
HSC NSC HSC
NSC 2 1.4 NSC
HSC HSC

Nanni (1990)Wafa (1992)EI-Niema (1993)Rao Seshu

(2003) RC (SFRC)

(1999)

ACI 318-95 ACI 318-89

ACI 318-95 ACI 318-89
15

(2001)
RC

(3) SRC
SRC
(1996)
H H 45
RC
SRC
(2000)

(2001)
ACI318-95
16

(2004)

17

18

 SRC

SRC

3.1
16 12 SRC 2 RC
2 12 SRC
2 RC
2 SRC
SRC
2 RC 2 SRC

3.2

SRC
SRC SRC
3.1
1800 mm

3200 mm
12 SRC 2 RC
350 550 mm 40 mm

19

550 mm

350 mm

40 mm ()

3.1
3.1 3.2

27.6 MPa (4000 psi)

20

 SRC

3.1
Specimen

Steel

Transverse
reinforcement

Longitudinal
reinforcement

S1-RCt1l1

H 250140914

#3@15 cm

6-#4

S1-RCt2l1

H 250140914

#3@10 cm

8-#4

S1-RCt3l1

H 250140914

2-#3@10 cm

10-#5

S1-RCt1l2

H 250140914

#3@15 cm

6-#5

S1-RCt2l2

H 250140914

#3@10 cm

8-#5

S1-RCt3l2

H 250140914

2-#3@10 cm

10-#6

S2-RCt1l1

H 450140914

#3@15 cm

6-#4

S2-RCt2l1

H 450140914

#3@10 cm

8-#4

S2-RCt3l1

H 450140914

2-#3@10 cm

10-#5

S2-RCt1l2

H 450140914

#3@15 cm

6-#5

S2-RCt2l2

H 450140914

#3@10 cm

8-#5

S2-RCt3l2

2-#3@10 cm

10-#6

RCt2l1

H 450140914

#3@10 cm

8-#4

RCt2l2

S1

H 250140914

#3@10 cm

8-#5

S2

H 450140914

21

S1-RCt1

S2-RCt1

S1-RCt2

S2-RCt2

3.2

22

S1-RCt3

S2-RCt3

 SRC

SRC

S1 H250 140 9 14
H250 250 9 14 S2 H450 140 9 14

H450 200 9 14 ASTM A36 S1

SRC 3.1%S2 SRC 4.0%

SRC RC
#3 Gr. 40
#3@15 cm (t1 )#3@10 cm (t2 )

#3@10 cm (t3 )t1 RC

( Tcr )(11 cm)
t2 Tcr t3
#3@10 cm
SRC
RC
l1
RC ( 2.11
2.13) l2

23

3.2
RC = 45o
l1
l2 Hsu (1990)

( 2.6 2.10)
3.2 ACI 318-89 ACI

318-95 RC Hsu (1990)

RC
S1-RCt2l1
S1-RCt2l2 B

24

 SRC

3.2
RC
specimen

ACI 318-89

Steel

ACI 318-95

Hsu

=45

Tn (kN-m)

Tn (kN-m)

Tn (kN-m)

Tp (kN-m)

S1-RCt1l1

43.17

26.62

45.12

26.51

5.10

S1-RCt2l1

52.91

39.93

46.46

37.94

5.10

S1-RCt3l1

82.11

79.85

45.92

77.33

5.10

S1-RCt1l2

43.17

26.62

38.63

33.31

5.10

S1-RCt2l2

52.91

39.93

39.90

47.75

5.10

S1-RCt3l2

82.11

79.85

34.14

117.78

5.10

S2-RCt1l1

43.17

26.62

45.12

26.51

6.26

S2-RCt2l1

52.91

39.93

46.46

37.94

6.26

S2-RCt3l1

82.11

79.85

45.92

77.33

6.26

S2-RCt1l2

43.17

26.62

38.63

33.31

6.26

S2-RCt2l2

52.91

39.93

39.90

47.75

6.26

S2-RCt3l2

82.11

79.85

34.14

117.78

RCt2l1

52.91

39.93

46.46

37.94

6.26

RCt2l2
S1

52.91

39.93

39.90

47.75

5.10

S2

6.26

3.3

1.
2.
3.
25

4.
5.
6.

3.3
3.4

3.3

(Mpa)

317

446

H 450140914

326

459

384

480

H 250200914

334

465

#6

514

630

#5

533

753

#4

425

640

#3

404

570

26

(MPa)

 SRC

3.4
Specimen

fc' (MPa)

S1-RCt1l1

28.73

S1-RCt2l1

30.69

S1-RCt3l1

30.11

S1-RCt1l2

27.75

S1-RCt2l2

30.69

S1-RCt3l2

30.11

S2-RCt1l1

26.48

S2-RCt2l1

30.20

S2-RCt3l1

30.69

S2-RCt1l2

27.26

S2-RCt2l2

29.13

S2-RCt3l2

28.24

RCt2l1

31.19

RCt2l2

25.60

3.4
3.3 3.4

SRC

(Load Cell)

3.5
27

3.3

28

 SRC

3.4

29

3.5

3.5
SRC H
SRC

3.6 3.10
(Tiltmeter)

30

 SRC

045 135
3.11 3.12 3.13

31

3.6 t1

32

 SRC

3.7 t2

33

3.8 t3

34

 SRC

3.9 S1

35

3.10 S2

36

 SRC

( Gauge)

(Tiltmeter)

3.11

3.12 ( Gauge)

37

3.13 (Tiltmeter)

3.6

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

MTS (Displacement

Control)
38

 SRC

6.

70%

39

40

4.1

10 cm10 cm

4.1.1

SRC

SRC -
4.1A B C
D AB
B
B 45

BC
45 C
mm

CD CD

41

10 mm
CD

20 mm
45
4.2 SRC 4.3 4.8

C
D
Torque

A
Angle of twist per unit length

4.1 SRC-

42

4.2 SRC

43

4.3 S1-RCt2l2 45

4.4 S1-RCt3l1 45

44

4.5 S1-RCt2l2 10 mm

4.6 S1-RCt3l1

45

4.7 S1-RCt3l1

4.8 S2-RCt2l1 45

46

4.1.2

RC

RC - 4.9
RC AB SRC AB
BC SRC
BC 45

RC CD SRC
RC

CD -
4.10 RC 4.11 4.13

C
D

Torque

A
Angle of twist per unit length

4.9 RC-

47

4.10 RC

48

4.11 RCt2l1 45

4.12 RCt2l1 45

49

4.13 RCt2l1

4.2 -
4.2.1

(1 2 )
L

180

12 =
L =

50

( 4.1 )

= ( rad/m )

4.2.2

4.1
( cr ) 0.002

rad/m( Tu )
( u )( cr ) 10
( Tcr )
( 4.14 4.27) SRC RC
SRC
RC
SRC SRC
SRC
SRC
4.28 S1 S2 -
H

( Tu )RC
-

51

t3
t1t2
l2
l1

52

S1-RCt1l1
S1-RCt2l1
S1-RCt3l1
S1-RCt1l2
S1-RCt2l2
S1-RCt3l2
S2-RCt1l1
S2-RCt2l1
S2-RCt3l1
S2-RCt1l2
S2-RCt2l2
S2-RCt3l2
RCt2l1
RCt2l2

Specimen

Tu (kN-m)
64.99
68.17
91.18
56.61
82.34
93.04
55.48
68.37
77.38
66.8
72.49
72.75
65.04
69.83

Tcr (kN-m)
35.08
43.18
43.51
30.28
35.54
30.28
29.51
36.05
36.25
39.14
38.8
27.13
41.28
40.01

0.0023
0.0040
0.0026
0.0011
0.0018
0.0013
0.0017
0.0022
0.0016
0.0026
0.0024
0.0013
0.0028
0.0018

0.0446
0.0370
0.0347
0.0282
0.0309
0.0250
0.0183
0.0232
0.0300
0.0227
0.0273
0.0328
0.0259
0.0239

cr (rad/m)
u (rad/m)

4.1

53

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.14 S1-RCt1l1
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.15 S1-RCt2l1

54

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.16 S1-RCt3l1
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.17 S1-RCt1l2

55

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.18 S1-RCt2l2
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.19 S1-RCt3l2

56

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.20 S2-RCt1l1
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.21 S2-RCt2l1

57

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.22 S2-RCt3l1
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.23 S2-RCt1l2

58

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.24 S2-RCt2l2
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.25 S2-RCt3l2

59

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.26 RCt2l1
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.27 RCt2l2

60

S1
S2

Torque (kN-m)

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.1

4.28 S1 S2 -

4.3
(Al)
4.29 4.35
l2
l1
At/s t1

61

l2 l1 1.2 t2
1.06 At/s t3
4.31

S2-RCt3l1 S2-RCt3l2 S1-RCt1l1

S1-RCt1l2

(At/s)
- 4.36

4.39 4.37
4.38 t3 ( 2-#3 @10 cm)
t2 (#3 @10 cm)
t1 (#3 @15 cm)
(S)
4.40 4.45 -

S1-RCt1l2 S2-RCt1l2 S2 () SRC

S1 SRC
S1 SRC
S2 SRC
S1 SRC
62

4.4
S1-RCt2l1 S1-RCt2l2
S1-RCt2l1
S1-RCt2l2

63

100

S1-RCt1l1
S1-RCt1l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.29 S1-RCt1 -
100

S1-RCt2l1
S1-RCt2l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.30 S1-RCt2 -

64

100

S1-RCt3l1
S1-RCt3l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.31 S1-RCt3 -
100

S2-RCt1l1
S2-RCt1l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.32 S2-RCt1 -

65

100

S2-RCt2l1
S2-RCt2l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.33 S2-RCt2 -
100

S2-RCt3l1
S2-RCt3l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.34 S2-RCt3 -

66

100

RCt2l1
RCt2l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.35 RCt2 -

67

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

S1-RCt1l1
S1-RCt2l1
S1-RCt3l1

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.36 S1-RCl1 -
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

S1-RCt1l2
S1-RCt2l2
S1-RCt3l2

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.37 S1-RCl2 -

68

100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

S2-RCt1l1
S2-RCt2l1
S2-RCt3l1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.38 S2-RCl1 -
100

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

S2-RCt1l2
S2-RCt2l2
S2-RCt3l2
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.39 S2-RCl2 -

69

100

S1-RCt1l1
S2-RCt1l1

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.40 RCt1l1 -
100

S1-RCt2l1
S2-RCt2l1
RCt2l1

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.41 RCt2l1 -

70

100

S1-RCt3l1
S2-RCt3l1

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.42 RCt3l1 -
100

S1-RCt1l2
S2-RCt1l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.43 RCt1l2 -

71

100

S1-RCt2l2
S2-RCt2l2
RCt2l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.44 RCt2l2 -
100

S1-RCt3l2
S2-RCt3l2

Torque (kN-m)

80

60

40

20

0.02

0.04

0.06

Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

0.08

4.45 RCt3l2 -

72

4.5
SRC AIJ RC
S1 S2
( 2.14) 6.80 kN-m 8.84 kN-m

SRC u ( 4.1)
u
4.28 4.2
t1 t3
t3 #3

@10 cm
4.2 ACI 318-95 H
RC

73

74

S1-RCt1l1
S1-RCt2l1
S1-RCt3l1
S1-RCt1l2
S1-RCt2l2
S1-RCt3l2
S2-RCt1l1
S2-RCt2l1
S2-RCt3l1
S2-RCt1l2
S2-RCt2l2
S2-RCt3l2
RCt2l1
RCt2l2

Specimen

(MPa)
28.73
30.69
30.11
27.75
30.69
30.11
26.48
30.20
30.69
27.26
29.13
28.24
31.19
25.60

fc'

(kN-m)
64.99
68.17
91.18
56.61
82.34
93.04
55.48
68.37
77.38
66.80
72.49
72.75
65.04
69.83

Tu(test)

Test

RC
ACI 318-95
(kN-m)
39.00
58.50
117.00
39.00
58.50
117.00
39.00
58.50
117.00
39.00
58.50
117.00
58.50
58.50

RC
ACI 318-89
(kN-m)
52.72
67.80
110.34
52.31
67.80
110.34
51.75
67.60
110.58
52.09
67.15
109.56
68.00
65.62

Tn(calc)
Hsu
(kN-m)
40.36
57.79
134.88
57.70
82.72
161.72
40.50
57.84
134.63
57.76
83.05
163.05
57.75
83.91

RC

Superposition of RC and steel

(kN-m)
1.67
1.57
1.45
1.26
1.36
1.15
1.34
1.58
1.98
1.56
1.83
2.14

Steel

1.19
0.98
0.82
1.06
1.19
0.83
1.04
0.99
0.69
1.24
1.05
0.65
0.96
1.06

ACI 318-89

4.2

1.60
1.13
0.77
1.41
1.38
0.79
1.38
1.14
0.65
1.65
1.20
0.61
1.11
1.19

ACI 318-95

Tu(test) / Tn(calc)

1.55
1.15
0.67
0.96
0.98
0.57
1.33
1.15
0.57
1.13
0.85
0.44
1.13
0.83

Hsu

5.1
(SRC)
16
SRC

1. SRC - RC SRC

2. SRC H SRC
RC
3. SRC
#3@10 cm
#3 @10 cm

4. SRC

5. SRC
SRC

75

5.2
1. SRC H
H
RC H

2. SRC #3 @10 cm

76

American Concrete Institute. (2005) Building Code Requirements for

structural concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05).
Detroit..
American Institute of Steel Construction. (2005) Seismic Provisions for
structural steel buildings. Chicago (IL).
American Institute of Steel Construction. (2005) Specification for
structural steel buildings. Chicago (IL).
Ashour, S. A., Samman, T. A., and Radain, T. A., (1999) Torsional
Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Deep Beams. ACI Structural
Journal, Vol. 96, No. 6, November-December 1999, pp. 1049-1058.
Bhatti, M. A., and Almughrabi, A., (1996) Reined Model to Estimate
Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams. ACI Structural
Journal, Vol. 93, No. 5, September-October 1996, pp. 614-622.
Boresi, A. P., Schmidt, R. J., and Sidebottom, O. M., (1993) Advanced
Mechanics of Materials.
El-Niema, E. I., (1993) Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams under Torsion.
ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 90, No. 5, September-October 1993, pp.
489-495.
Fang, I.-K., and Shiau, J.-K., (2004) Torsional Behavior of Normal- and
High-Strength Concrete Beams. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 101, No.
3, May-June 2004, pp. 304-313.
Hsu, H.-L., and Wang, C.-L., (2000) Flexural-Torsional Behaviour of
Steel Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Repeated Loading.
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 29, pp.
667-682.

77

Hsu, T. T. C., (1990) Shear Flow zone in torsion of reinforced concrete.

Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 11, pp.
3206-3226.
Hsu, T. T. C., (1991) Nonlinear Analysis of Concrete Torsional
Members.

ACI

Structural

Journal,

Vol.

88,

No.

6,

November-December 1991, pp. 674-682.

Koutchoukali, N.-E., and Belarbi, A., (2001) Torsion of High-Strength
Reinforced

Concrete

Beams

and

Minimum

Reinforcement

Requirement. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 98, No. 4, July-August

2001, pp. 462-469.
Leu, L.-J., and Lee, Y.-S., (2000) Torsion Design for Reinforced
Concrete Rectangular Members. Journal of Structural Engineering,
Vol. 126, No. 2, February 2000, pp. 210-218.
Nanni, A., (1990) Design for Torsion Using Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete.

ACI

Structural

Journal,

Vol.

87,

No.

6,

November-December 1990, pp. 556-564.

Phatak, D. R., and Dhonde, H.B., (2003) Dimensional Analysis of
Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Pure Torsion. Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 11, November 2003, pp.
1559-1563.
Pi, Y.-L., and Trahair, N. S., (1994) Inelastic Bending and Torsion of
Steel I-Beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 12,
December 1994, pp. 3397-3417.
Pi, Y.-L., and Trahair, N. S., (1995) Inelastic Torsion of Steel I-Beams.
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 4, April 1995, pp.
609-620.
Rahal, K. N., and Collins, M. P., (1995) Analysis of Sections Subjected
to Combined Shear and Torsion A Theoretical Model.

ACI

Structural Journal, Vol. 92, No. 4, July-August 1995, pp. 459-469.

78

Rahal, K. N., and Collins, M. P., (1996) Simple Model for Predicting
Torsional Strength of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Sections.
ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 6, November-December 1996,
pp. 658-666.
Rao, T. D. G., and Seshu, D. R., (2003) Torsion of Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete Member. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.
33, pp. 1783-1788. 2877-2895.
Rasmussen, L. J., and Baker, G., (1995) Torsion in Reinforced Normal
and High-Strength Concrete Beams Part 1: Experimental Test
Series. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 92, No. 1, January-February 1995,
pp. 56-62.
Rasmussen, L. J., and Baker, G., (1995) Torsion in Reinforced Normal
and High-Strength Concrete BeamsPart 2: Theory and Design. ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 92, No. 2, March-April 1995, pp. 149-156.
Tavio, and Teng, S., (2004) Effective Torsional Rigidity of Reinforced
Concrete Members. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 101, No. 2,
March-April 2004, pp. 252-260.
Trahair, N. S., and Pi, Y.-L. (1997) Torsion, Bending and Buckling of
Steel Beams. Engineering Structural. Vol.19, No.5, pp. 372-377.
Wafa, F. F., Hasnat, A., and Tarabolsi, O. F., (1992) Prestressed Fiber
Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Torsion. ACI Structural
Journal, Vol. 89, No. 3, May-June 1992, pp. 272-283.
Wafa, F. F., Shihata, S. A., Ashour, S. A., and Akhtaruzzaman, A. A.,
(1995) Prestressed High-Strength Concrete Beams Under Torsion.
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 9, September 1995,
pp. 1280-1286.
Wang, C.-K. and Salmon, C. G. (1992) Reinforce Concrete Design.
Harper Collins Publishers.

79

Wang, W., and Hsu, C.-T. T., (1997) Limit Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Beams Subjected to Pure Torsion. Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 1, January 1997, pp. 86-94.
(2001)
(2004)
(1999)

493-501

(1996)

(1999)

(2000)

(2001)

(2001)

(2004)

80

97 3 14

1. RC ()
SRC

2. 1 S f c

S
1

4000 psi

1.
()

81

1.
warping H normal stress

SRC

2. H

1. f c 3000 psi 5000 psi

4000 psi

4000 psi
SRC

2.

82

1. SRC

2. 12 SRC

SRC
SRC

3. 12 f c 3000 psi 5000 psi f c =4000

psi f c

4000 psi

4. 1 F1-5 #3@5 cm

#3@5 cm 2 #3@10 cm

83

1.

2. (3000 psi 5000 psi )

f y ()

1. SRC

SRC

2. SRC RC
ACI-318-02 AISC-05 SRC

() ()

84

3. 1 1 2
1 2

4. 1
10 #3@5

cm 2-#3@10 cm F2-5 2-#3@10 cm

#3@5 cm 2 #3@10 cm

85

97 7 18

1. SRC
S

2. Fang, I. K.(2004)

1. H

SRC H

2. H warping
RC

86

RCt2l1 RCt2l2 RC
SRC

1. web buckling strain gauge

RC

RC SRC

1. SRC

2. SRC
ft/FT0.15

SRC SRC

87

97 12 2

1. ACI 318-05
Tn=Tc+Ts Tc=Tu Ph/(1.7Aoh)(

Tu=1.06 f c ' (Acp2/Pcp)) 3.2 ACI 318-05 Hsu

Tc
ACI 318-05 Tn Tc Hsu

Tn 3.2 Tc

2. S1S2 RC 4.12-4.17 4.1

Tn ACI-318 Tn=Tu/
=0.75( 1.33) 75%
(Tn0.75Tn)( n 0.75n )

(Tn-0.75Tn)/( n - 0.75n ) S1S2 RC

SRC
0.75n

3. Al
,

88

ACI 318-05 ( 2.11 )

ACIHsu
l1
ACI l2

1.
S1-RCt3l1

S1 SRC 3.1%S2 SRC

4.0%t3 t2 t2

2. ACI

4.2 4.5

1.
4.2

Tn(exp)/Tu(calc)

89

2.

1. Al
,

Al
S1 Al ACI

318-95
4.4

2. SRC RC T-

SRC SRC
SRC
SRC

1.
SRC

90

2.

1. SRC
4.2
ACI-318-89 RC Steel

SRC 4.5

2. ACI 318-89ACI 318-95

t3 (#3 @10 cm)

91

92

B
3.2 S1-RCt2l1 S1-RCt2l2
RC ACI 318-89ACI 318-95
Hsu (1990)

B.1 S1-RCt2l1
() ACI 318-89
0.067 f c x 2 y
2
= 0.067 (350 ) 550 27.58 = 23.71 kN - m
Tc =
2
0.4Vu

1 +
C
T
t u
Ts =

At t x1 y1 f y
s

460.48
0
.
66
0
.
33
+
260.48 460.48 71 275.79

260
.
48

= 29.2 kN - m
=
100
Tn = Ts + Tc = 52.91 kN - m
() ACI 318-95
Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 0.85 460.48 260.48 = 101953.96 mm 2
2 A0 At f yv
2 101953.96 71 275.79
Tn =
cot =
1 = 39.93 kN - m
s
100
() Hsu (1990)
td=50 mm
p0 = pc 4 t d = 2(350 + 550 ) 4 1 50 = 1600 mm
td
50
2
2
pc + t d = 550 350 1800 + (50 ) = 150000 mm 2
2
2
Al f ly 1032 275.79
=
= 177.88
p0
1600

A0 = Ac

93

At f ty

71 275.79
= 195.81
s
100
Al f ly

p
177.88
0
cos 2 =
=
= 0.48
Al f ly At f ty 177.88 + 195.81

p
s
0

2
sin = 0.52 (=46.15)
Al f ly At f ty

p
s
= 177.88 + 195.81 = 0.34
= 0
0.80 f ct d
0.8 27.58 50
=

2
A0 2
150000 (0.34 )
td =
=
= 43.42 mm
N.G.
p0 sin 2 cos 2 1600 0.48 0.52
td =47.62 mm
td = 47.615 mm 47.62 mm
O.K.
cot=0.95 (=46.47)
2 A0 At f yv
2 101953.96 71 275.79
0.95 = 37.94 kN - m
Tn =
cot =
100
s
()

2
t f tw 2
tw
2
T p = y t f b f +
d + t f tw
3 2
3

14 (9 )
9
2
2
= (0.577 248.21)(14 ) 140 +
250 + 14 (9 ) = 5.10 kN - m
3
2
3

B.2 S1-RCt2l2
() ACI 318-89 S1-RCt2l1
Tn = 54.6 kN - m
() ACI 318-05 S1-RCt2l1
Tn = 39.93 kN - m
() Hsu (1990)
td = 70 mm
p0 = pc 4 t d = 2(350 + 550 ) 4 1 70 = 1520 mm

94

td
70
2
2
pc + t d = 550 350 1800 + (70) = 134400 mm 2
2
2
Al f ly 1600 275.79
=
= 290.31
1520
p0
At f ty 71 275.79
=
= 195.81
s
100
Al f ly

p
290.31
0
cos 2 =
=
= 0.60
Al f ly At f ty 290.31 + 195.81

p0 s
A0 = Ac

sin 2 = 0.40 (=39.23)

Al f ly At f ty

p0 s 290.31 + 195.81

=
=
= 0.31
0.8 27.58 70
0.80 f c't d

2
A0 2
134400 (0.31)
= 36.42 mm
N.G.
td =
=
p0 sin 2 cos 2 1520 0.4 0.6
td = 56.15 mm
td = 56.14 mm 56.15 mm
O.K.
cot =1.20 (=39.81)
2 A0 At f yv
2 101953.96 71 275.79
Tn =
cot =
1.20 = 47.75 kN - m
s
100

() S1-RCt2l1 T p = 5.10 kN - m

95

96

(08) 8912 7890

200 13
http://www.abri.gov.tw

97 12
()

GPN
ISBN978-986-01-6904-1

97