CH 27

27
Magnetic Field and

Magnetic Forces
27
Fundamental nature
of Magnetism
Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Force and Torque on a Current Loop
Interaction of moving
electric charges
Magnetic forces arise in two stages:

1. Moving charge or a collection of moving charges
produces a magnetic field.
2. Current or moving charge responds to this
magnetic field and so experiences a magnetic
force.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Objective
1. Describe the interaction between poles of magnets
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic phenomena
1st observed at least 2500 years ago in fragments of magnetized
iron ores in Magnesia
Magnetized iron ores
Permanent magnets
N: North pole
S: South pole
Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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S: South pole
N: North pole
Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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S: South pole
N: North pole
Either pole of a bar magnet attracts an

unmagnetized object that contains iron.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

may seem
analogous to
But this is misleading!

1. There is no such thing as magnetic monopole.
2. Poles always appear in pairs.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge
Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Example:
Consider various configurations of a bar magnet (shown here with its

polarity labeled N and S), an iron bar with ends labeled (U and D), and an
unknown magnet with its magnetic field lines (X and Y). Which of the
following configurations shown is stable?
X
U
D
U
D
D
U
D
U
N
S
S
N
N
S
S
N
A.
B.
C.
D.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Seatwork (0.5 pt):

Three bar magnets are arranged in a stable configuration as shown in A.
The polarities V, W, X, and Y are unknown. N (S) indicates North
(South). Which among configurations I to III is/are stable?
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Objectives
1. Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic interactions
2. Determine the net force on a moving point charge in the
presence of both magnetic and electric fields
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Electric Interactions
1. A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field
in the surrounding space.
2. The electric field exerts a force
that is present in the field.
on any other charge q
Magnetic Interactions
1. A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space (in addition to its electric field).
2. The magnetic field exerts a force
on any other moving
charge or current that is present in the field.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Magnetic Field
1. It is a vector quantity.
2. It is represented by
3. Its direction is defined as the direction in which the north pole of

a compass needle tends to point.
SI Unit of B:
1 (N s)/(C m) = 1 T (Tesla)
1 T = 1 N/(A m)
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges
4 key characteristics of magnetic force on moving charges

1. Magnitude is proportional to magnitude of charge.
2. Magnitude is proportional to strength of field.
3. Magnetic force depends on particles velocity
4. Magnetic force does not have same direction as
always perpendicular to both
and
. It is
.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
1. Magnitude of magnetic force
2. Direction of magnetic force

Use right hand rule.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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For positive moving charge:
Magnetism
Magnetic Field
For negative moving charge:
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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When a charged particle moves through a region of space

where both electric and magnetic fields are present, both
fields exert forces on the particle.
Magnetic force
Electric force
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Seatwork (0.5 pt):
A proton is placed in a region of uniform electric (-i) and

magnetic fields (+j) as shown in the figure. What are the
components of the net force acting on the proton when it
is at rest?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
+i, +k
+i, -k
-i, -k
-i
-k
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
The figure shows a uniform magnetic field directed into the
plane of the paper (shown by the blue X's). If a particle with a
negative charge moves in the plane. Which of the three
paths-I, 2, or 3-does the particle follow?
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Objectives
1. Given the magnetic field lines, deduce the magnetic field
vector and the magnetic force on a moving charged particle
2. Argue why the magnetic flux on a closed surface is zero
3. Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surface
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Magnetic field lines
Magnetism
Magnetic Field
represent any magnetic field.
The direction of the

magnetic field at each
point is unique.

never intersect.
have no ends.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
Which of the following figures may illustrate magnetic field
lines?
Answer: I and II
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
The figure shows the magnetic field lines produced by a
moving charge Y . A positive charge X is moving into the
page. What is the direction of the magnetic force felt by X at
the instant it is beside Y?
Hint:
Answer: to the left

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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux
number of magnetic field lines crossing a surface
SI unit of magnetic flux:
1 T m2 = 1 Wb (Weber)
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface
If
is uniform, then
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface
If
is not uniform, then
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
A square with side of length 2m is perpendicular to a magnetic
field of strength 10T. If the square is rotated such that the area
vector A makes an angle of 60 with the magnetic field B,
what is the change in magnetic flux through the square?
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

Since there is no magnetic monopole,
(Gausss Law for Magnetism)
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface
spherical Gaussian
surface
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Example:
The magnetic flux through one face of a cube is +0.120 Wb.

What must the total magnetic flux through the other five
faces of the cube be?
Hint:
Answer: - 0.120 Wb
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Seatwork (0.5 pt):
The magnetic flux through all the triangular faces of a

pyramid due to a wire carrying a current I is 4aB where a is
the area of one triangular face. What is the magnetic flux
through the square base?
Hint:
Answer: - 4aB
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Example:
Which of the following is TRUE about the magnetic flux

through the imaginary closed surfaces whose cross-sections
are shown in the figure?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A>B>C
B>A>C
A=B=C
A=B<C
A=B>C
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Objective
1. Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field
in terms of its speed, acceleration, cyclotron radius,
cyclotron frequency, and kinetic energy
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Motion of a charged particle under the

action of a magnetic field alone is
always motion with constant speed.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Angular speed
Cyclotron frequency f
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Angular speed
Cyclotron frequency f
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
A positive charge q with mass m enters a uniform magnetic
field
with a velocity
. Find the following
properties of the charges resulting trajectory.
a) Magnitude of magnetic force F
b) Cyclotron radius R
c) Cyclotron angular speed
d) Cyclotron period T
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
An electron with initial velocity v = v0 j enters a region with uniform
electric and magnetic fields given by E = E0k and B = B0k,
respectively. Which of the following best describes the approximate
trajectory of the electron? Note: v0, E0, and B0 > 0.
A. A helix going to the positive z-direction
B. A helix going to the negative z-direction
C. Circular and counterclockwise as viewed from the positive zdirection
D. Circular and clockwise as viewed from the positive z-direction
E. Parabola opening to the positive z-direction
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
Three particles of identical speeds and charges, immersed in
a uniform magnetic field that is directed out of the page,
follow the paths shown. Which of the following particles is/are

negative?
Answer: a, c
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
An electron at point A has a speed vo of
1.41x106 m/s. Find
a) the magnitude and direction of the

magnetic field that will cause the
electron to follow the semicircular
path from A to B, and
b) the time required for the electron to

move from A to B.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Velocity Selector
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Velocity Selector
For the charged particle to
be undeflected:
Only particles with speeds equal to v can pass

through without being deflected by the fields.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Objective
1. Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire segment
placed in a uniform magnetic field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
What is the force experienced by the wire?
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Force on a Straight Wire Segment
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnitude of Magnetic Force
Direction of Magnetic Force
Use RHR.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
Answer: downward
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
Answer: A
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
Consider a wire bent as shown. The
vertical segments are 1m long while
the horizontal segment is 0.5m long.
Current I = 2A flows in the direction
indicated by the arrows. If the wire is
immersed in a uniform magnetic field
B = 1.0 T pointing to the right, what is
the magnitude and direction of the net
magnetic force experienced by the
whole wire?
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Seatwork (0.5 pt):
A 4-m long wire with negligible thickness is bent as shown

(the horizontal is 2m and the verticals are 1m each. If the
wire carries a current equal to 1A in a uniform external
magnetic field of magnitude 1T directed out of the page,
what is the magnitude of the force acting on the wire?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
zero
1N
2N
3N
4N
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
What if the wire is not straight?
What is the magnetic force

experienced by this segment?
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic force on an infinitesimal wire section
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetic force on an infinitesimal wire section
Use RHR.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Objective
1. Discuss the motion of a magnetic dipole in a uniform
magnetic field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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A current loop with area A and current I in a

uniform magnetic field experiences no net
magnetic force.
a
R
b
I
A = ab
A = R2
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
But it does experience a magnetic torque of

magnitude
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Define:
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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I
a
R
b
I
A = ab
A = R2
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Torque
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Note:
A current loop, or any other body that

experiences a magnetic torque is also
called a magnetic dipole.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Define:
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
For N planar loops close together:
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Example:
For the next two questions, consider 5 identical current
carrying rectangular loops placed in a region of uniform
magnetic field directed in the negative z-axis. The wires are
oriented as shown in the figure.
1. Which of the orientations is the
torque maximum? A
2. Which orientation will give the

minimum potential energy? E
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Example:
For the next two questions, consider a circular loop of wire

carries a current I flowing in the clockwise direction. This loop
is immersed in a uniform magnetic field directed to the left.
1. What is the direction of the total magnetic force
experienced by the loop?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Into the page

Out of the page
In the +y-direction
In the +x-direction
Total magnetic force is zero.
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
27
Example:
For the next two questions, consider a circular loop of wire

carries a current I flowing in the clockwise direction. This loop
is immersed in a uniform magnetic field directed to the left.
2. The circular loop is hinged and is free to rotate about point
P, what is the direction of the torque at point A?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
+x-direction
+y-direction
Into the page
Out of the page
counterclockwise
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Magnetism
Magnetic Field
Seatwork (0.5 pt):

Consider the two loops shown which carry equal currents I in
the direction indicated. If each loop is in a uniform magnetic
field in the +y-direction, which of the following statements
is/are TRUE about the loops?
I.
Loop A is in a stable
position.
II. Loop A experiences no
torque.
III. Loop B experiences a
torque that is maximum.
82

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27

Magnetic Field and

Magnetic forces arise in two stages:

Magnetized iron ores

Either pole of a bar magnet attracts an

Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

But this is misleading!

Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

Consider various configurations of a bar magnet (shown here with its

Seatwork (0.5 pt):

(South). Which among configurations I to III is/are stable?

on any other charge q

3. Its direction is defined as the direction in which the north pole of

Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges

4 key characteristics of magnetic force on moving charges

4. Magnetic force does not have same direction as

always perpendicular to both

1. Magnitude of magnetic force

2. Direction of magnetic force

For negative moving charge:

When a charged particle moves through a region of space

A proton is placed in a region of uniform electric (-i) and

represent any magnetic field.

The direction of the

Magnetic field lines

Answer: to the left

Magnetic Flux thru an open surface

Magnetic Flux thru an open surface

is not uniform, then

Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

(Gausss Law for Magnetism)

Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

The magnetic flux through one face of a cube is +0.120 Wb.

The magnetic flux through all the triangular faces of a

Which of the following is TRUE about the magnetic flux

Motion of a charged particle under the

Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field

Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field

follow the paths shown. Which of the following particles is/are

a) the magnitude and direction of the

b) the time required for the electron to

Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Only particles with speeds equal to v can pass

What is the force experienced by the wire?

Magnetic Force on a Straight Wire Segment

Magnetic Force on a Straight Wire Segment

Magnetic Force on a Straight Wire Segment

Magnitude of Magnetic Force

Direction of Magnetic Force

Direction of Magnetic Force

A 4-m long wire with negligible thickness is bent as shown

What if the wire is not straight?

What is the magnetic force

Magnetic force on an infinitesimal wire section

Magnetic force on an infinitesimal wire section

Magnitude of Magnetic Force

Direction of Magnetic Force

Magnitude of Magnetic Force

Direction of Magnetic Force

A current loop with area A and current I in a

But it does experience a magnetic torque of

A current loop, or any other body that