App Cmc046 en Material Vod

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live
Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Presenters: Ronnie Moffitt, Dennis Stanke, John Murphy, Jeanne Harshaw (host)
Agenda

Presenters: Ronnie Moffitt, Dennis Stanke, John Murphy, Jeanne Harshaw (host)
With the increased focus on reducing energy use in buildings, more projects are considering the use of air-to-air energy recovery.
And energy codes are evolving to require energy recovery in more applications. This ENL will discuss the various technologies
used for airtoair energy recovery and the importance of properly controlling these devices in various systems types.
Viewer learning objectives
1. Summarize how to design and control exhaust-air energy recovery to maximize the energy-saving benefits
2. Understand the the various air-to-air energy recovery technologies
3. Understand the advantages and drawbacks of various air-to-air energy recovery technologies
3. Summarize how recent changes to energy codes impact the requirement for using exhaustair energy recovery in buildings
Agenda
Welcome, introduction
Why recover energy?
a) Reduce energy use (psychrometrics of EA energy recovery)
b) Comply with energy codes (ASHRAE Standard 90.1, IECC)
c) Review the definition of effectiveness
Discuss common technologies (advantages & drawbacks, typical performance)
a) Coil loop
b) Heat pipe
c) Fixed-plate heat exchanger
d) Fixed-membrane heat exchanger
e) Total-energy wheel
f) Comparison of technologies
Proper control and integration into HVAC systems
a) Show colorful psych chart with hourly weather data
b) Mild weather (turn device off when hOA < hEA or DBTOA < DBTEA)
c) Cold weather (modulate capacity to prevent over-heating)
d) Frost prevention during cold weather
e) Review operating modes for a mixed-air VAV system
Suggestions for cost-effective application of energy recovery
a) ASHRAE 90.1-2010 requires exhaust-air energy recovery in more applications
b) Total-energy recovery devices transfer both sensible heat and water vapor (larger reductions in plant capacity, less susceptible to frosting)
c) Centralize exhaust to better balance airflows and maximize recovery (DEER unit configuration, Std 62.1 and restroom exhaust)
d) Minimize cross-leakage with proper fan placement
e) Importance of proper control (include bypass dampers to enable economizing in mixed-air systems,
modulate capacity to prevent over-heating, analyze frost prevention methods)
f) Specify AHRI-certified components (introduce AHRI 1060 certification program)
Summary
2012 Trane Engineers Newsletter LIVE: Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
Presenter biographies
Ronnie Moffitt | applications engineering | Trane

Ronnie joined Trane in 1996 and currently is an airside applications engineer whose responsibility is to
aid design engineers and Trane sales personnel in the proper design and application of HVAC systems.
His primary focus has been dehumidification and air-to-air energy recovery. This includes the development,
design and control optimization of desiccants in commercial HVAC systems. He has several patents related
to these subjects, and serves on related ASHRAE engineering committees. He is current chairman of the
AHRI Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Ventilation Equipment section.
Ronnie led the development of the Trane CDQ system, a winner of the R&D 100 Award for The Most Technologically
Significant New Products of 2005. He is a certified Energy Manager (CEM) by Association of Energy Engineers
and received his B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Syracuse University.
John Murphy | applications engineer | Trane

John has been with Trane since 1993. His primary responsibility as an applications engineer is to aid design engineers
and Trane sales personnel in the proper design and application of HVAC systems. As a LEED Accredited Professional,
he has helped our customers and local offices on a wide range of LEED projects. His main areas of expertise include
energy efficiency, dehumidification, dedicated outdoor-air systems, air-to-air energy recovery, psychrometry,
and ventilation.
John is the author of numerous Trane application manuals and Engineers Newsletters, and is a frequent presenter
on Tranes Engineers Newsletter Live series. He also is a member of ASHRAE, has authored several articles for the
ASHRAE Journal, and has been a member of ASHRAEs Moisture Management in Buildings and
Mechanical Dehumidifiers technical committees. He was a contributing author of the Advanced Energy Design
Guide for K-12 Schools and the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Hospitals and Health Care Facilities,
a technical reviewer for the ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates, and a presenter on ASHRAEs
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems webcast.
Dennis Stanke | staff applications engineer | Trane

With a BSME from the University of Wisconsin, Dennis joined Trane in 1973, as a controls development engineer.
He is now a Staff Applications Engineer specializing in airside systems including controls, ventilation, indoor air quality,
and dehumidification. He has written numerous applications manuals and newsletters, has published many technical
articles and columns, and has appeared in many Trane Engineers Newsletter Live broadcasts.
An ASHRAE Fellow, he currently serves as Chairman for ASHRAE Standard 189.1, Standard for the Design of
High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. He recently served as Chairman for
ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, and he served on the USGBC LEED
Technical Advisory Group for Indoor Environmental Quality (the LEED EQ TAG).
Ingersoll Rand
Air-to-Air Energy Recovery (Course ID: 0090008664)

Approved for 1.5 GBCI hours for LEED professionals
2
2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand
1.5
Trane is a Registered Provider with The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education System.
Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to CES
C S Records ffor AIA members. C
Certificates
f
of Completion are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material
off construction
t
ti or any method
th d or manner off h
handling,
dli
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or
product.
Visit the Registered Continuing

Ed
Education
i
P
Programs (RCEP) Website
W b i
for individual state continuing
education requirements for
Professional Engineers.
www.RCEP.net
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Copyrighted Materials
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presentation is p
protected by
y U.S. and international
copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display, and
use of the presentation without written permission of
Trane is prohibited.
2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand.
Ingersoll Rand. All rights reserved.
learning objectives
After todays program you will be able to:

Design and control exhaust-air energy recovery to maximize
th energy-saving
the
i b
benefits
fit
Identify the advantages and drawbacks of various
air-to-air energy recovery technologies
Comply with recent changes to energy codes regarding the
requirements for exhaust-air energy recovery
Todays Presenters
John Murphy
Dennis Stanke
Ronnie Moffitt
Applications
Engineer
Applications
Engineer
Applications
Engineer
Agenda
Why implement exhaust-air energy recovery?

Common air-to-air energy
gy recovery
y technologies
g
Suggestions for cost-effective application of energy recovery
Agenda
Reduce overall system energy use
Comply with energy codes
Common air-to-air energy recovery technologies

Suggestions for cost-effective application
Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery
EA'
EA
air-to-air
heat exchanger
OA
10
OA'
180
sensible-energy recovery
(Atlanta, Georgia)
160
80
70
cooling
OA
OA'
heating
CA
60
EA
40
OA
30
20
30
40
OA'
40
100
80
60
50
120
humidity
y ratio, grains/lb of dry a
air
140
20
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
dry-bulb temperature, F
11
180
total-energy recovery
(Atlanta, Georgia)
160
80
cooling
70
OA
sensible
OA'
CA
60
EA
40
40
30
20
30
20
40
50
60
70
12
100
80
60
50
120
80
90
100
110
humidity
air
140
180
(Atlanta, Georgia)
160
80
cooling
70
OA
sensible
heating 30
30
60
EA
40
20
OA'
sensible
20
OA'
CA
40
OA
40
50
100
80
60
50
120
60
humidity
air
140
70
80
90
100
110
13
Why Use Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery?

Operating Cost
Reduces cooling and
heating energy use
Installed Cost
Allows downsizing off cooling
and heating plants
Heating energy savings

is generally greater than
cooling energy savings
Total-energy recovery
typically allows for largest
cooling plant reductions
Increases fan energy use
Added pressure loss may

increase fan motor sizes
May require additional
exhaust ductwork
14
Agenda
Reduce overall system energy use
Comply with energy codes
Common air-to-air energy recovery technologies

15
Why Recover Energy in Buildings?

Save energy and operating costs
Comply
C
l with:
ith
Energy codes (IECC), following either ASHRAE Standard 90.1
or ICC requirements
Green-building codes (IgCC-based), following either Standard

189.1 or ICC requirements
Energy label (ENERGY STAR) or building rating systems

(LEED)
16
IECCInternational Energy Conservation Code

ICCInternational
ICC International Code Council (ICC) requirements
IgCCInternational green Construction Code
17
how standards fit with
Energy Codes
Primary ASHRAE
St d d
Standards
Std 90.1
Model Energy
C d
Code
90.1 Path
IECC
Other Sources
Expertise
ANSI Stds
NFPA
18
ICC Path
Local Energy
Code
What is Standard 90.1?

An ANSI standard in mandatorylanguage co-sponsored
language,
co sponsored by ASHRAE
ASHRAE,
USGBC, and IES, that:
Provides minimum design energy
requirements for commercial and highrise residential buildings
It does not apply to low-rise residential
It covers building envelope, HVAC, water
heating, power and lighting
19
Standard 90.1-2007, Section 6.5.6.1

Individual fan systems that have both a design supply air capacity of
5000 cfm or greater and have a minimum outdoor air supply of 70%
or greater of the design supply air quantity shall have an energy
recovery system with at least 50% recovery effectiveness. Fifty
percent energy recovery effectiveness shall mean a change in the
enthalpy of the outdoor air supply equal to 50% of the difference
between the outdoor air and return air at design conditions. Provision
shall
h ll b
be made
d tto b
bypass or control
t l th
the h
heatt recovery system
t
tto permitit
air economizer operation as required by Section 6.5.1.1.
20

Must recover energy in any system with both:
D
Design
i supply
l airflow
i fl
off 5,000
5 000 cfm
f or more
Minimum outdoor airflow 70% or more of design supply
airflow
Must meet energy recovery effectiveness 50%

((vent load-reduction ratio = ((ho hco))/(h
( o hr) 0.50))
Bypass or control requirements to avoid heat

recovery during air economizer operation
21
defined by ASHRAE Standard 90.1
Energy Recovery Effectiveness (ERE)

exhaust
(ho hco)
ERE =
(ho hr)
outdoor
he
ho
hr
hco
return
conditioned
outdoor
ERE = ventilation load-reduction ratio 0.50

22

Each fan system shall have an energy recovery system when the
systems
system
s supply air flow rate exceeds the value listed in Table 6.5.6.1
based on the climate zone and percentage of outdoor air flow rate at
design conditions. Energy recovery systems required by this section
shall have at least 50% energy recovery effectiveness. Fifty percent
energy recovery effectiveness shall mean a change in the enthalpy of
the outdoor air supply equal to 50% of the difference between the
outdoor
td
air
i and
d return
t
air
i enthalpies
th l i att d
design
i conditions.
diti
P
Provision
i i
shall be made to bypass or control the energy recovery system to
permit air economizer operation as required by 6.5.1.1.
23

Must recover energy in any system with good
potential which depends upon supply airflow
potential,
airflow,
minimum outdoor airflow (30%) and climate, as
shown in Table 6.5.6.1
(vent load-reduction ratio = (ho hco)/(ho hr) 0.50)
Bypass or control requirements to avoid heat

recovery during air economizer operation
24

TABLE 6.5.6.1 Energy Recovery Requirement (I-P)
% Outdoor Air at Full Design Flow
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
and
and
and
and
70%
and
and
<20%
<30%
3B, 3C, 4B, 4C, 5B
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
5000
5000
1B, 2B, 5C
NR
NR
NR
NR
26000
12000
5000
4000
6B
NR
NR
11000
5500
4500
3500
2500
1500
1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A
NR
NR
5500
4500
3500
2000
1000
7, 8
NR
NR
2500
1000
Climate Zone
<40%
<50%
<60%
<70%
Design Supply Fan Flow, cfm
and
80%
<80%
Std 90.1-2007
Std 90.1-2010 More Stringent

25
Standard 90.1-2013, expected Section 6.5.6.1

10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
and
<20%
<30%
3B, 3C, 4B, 4C, 5B
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
1B, 2B, 5C
NR
NR
NR
NR
26,000
12,000
5000
4000
6B
28000
26500
11 000
11,000
5500
4500
3500
2500
1500
1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A
26000
16000
5500
4500
3500
2000
1000
7, 8
4500
4000
2500
1000
Std 90.1-2013
26
and
and
and
and
70%
and
Climate Zone
<40%
<50%
<60%
<70%
and
80%
<80%
Std 90.1-2013
Std 90.1-2010 and Std 90.1-2013
Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery Exceptions

a. Laboratory systems meeting 6.5.7.2.
b Systems
b.
S t
serving
i spaces that
th t are nott cooled
l d and
d that
th t are heated
h t d
to less than 60F.
c. Systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint, or corrosive fumes
or dust.
d. Commercial kitchen hoods used for collecting and removing
grease vapors
g
p
and smoke.
e. Where more than 60% of the outdoor air heating energy is
provided from site-recovered or site-solar energy.
f. Heating energy recovery in climate zones 1 and 2.
27
Standard 90.1-2010, Section 6.5.6.1 (cont.)
Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery Exceptions

g. Cooling
g
g energy
gy recovery
y in climate zones 3C,, 4C,, 5B,, 5C,, 6B,,
7, and 8.
h. Where the largest source of air exhausted at a single location
at the building exterior is less than 75% of the design outdoor
air flow rate.
i. Systems requiring dehumidification that employ energy
recovery in series with the cooling coil
coil.
j. Systems expected to operate less than 20 hrs per week at the
outdoor air percentage covered by Table 6.5.6.1
28

Some exceptions to exhaust-air ER requirements:
a. Laboratory
L b t
systems
t
meeting
ti 6
6.5.7.2
5 7 2 ((e.g., certain
t i VAV
lab exhaust and supply systems)
e. Systems where site-recovered or site-solar heat
provides >60% of the energy needed to heat outdoor air
g. Cooling energy recovery in cool, dry climates (zone 3C,
4C, 5B, 5C, 6B, 7, and 8)
i. Dehumidification systems using energy recovery in
series with the cooling coil
29
Dry (B)
Marine (C)
Moist (A)
Zone 7
Zone 6
Zone 5
Based on Std 169 draft

30
how standards fit with
Green Building Codes

Primary ASHRAE
Standards
Secondary
ASHRAE Standard
Model Green
Building
g Code
Std 189.1
189.1 Path
Std 90.1
(by ICC)
IgCC
Other Sources
Expertise
ANSI Stds
Codes
31
ICC Path
What is Standard 189.1?

An ANSI standard in mandatory-language, cosponsored by ASHRAE, USGBC, and IES, that:
Provides minimum design requirements for
high-performance green buildings (HPGB)
Applies to the same buildings as Std 90.1
and Std 62.1
It covers building site, water use, energy
use, indoor environmental quality,
environmental impact
32
Local High
Performance
Green
Building
Code
Standard 189.1, Section 7.4.3.6

7.4.3.6 Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery. The exhaustair energy recovery requirements defined in Section
6.5.6.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 shall be
used except that the energy recovery effectiveness
shall be 60% and the requirements of Table 7.4.3.6
shall be used instead of those of Table 6.5.6.1 of
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1.
33

Must use recovery energy based on energy recovery
potential which depends on climate
potential,
climate, outdoor airflow
(10%) and supply airflow per Table 7.4.3.6
(vent load-reduction ratio = (ho hco)/(ho hr) 0.60)
Must include bypass

yp
or control requirements
q
to avoid
heat recovery during air economizer operation
34
Standard 189.1-2011 vs. Standard 90.1-2010

10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
and
<20%
<30%
3B, 3C, 4B, 4C, 5B
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
5000
5000
1B, 2B, 5C
NR
NR
NR
NR
26,000
12,000
5000
4000
6B
NR
22500
11 000
11,000
5500
4500
3500
2500
1500
1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A
30000
13000
5500
4500
3500
2000
1000
7, 8
4000
4000
2500
1000
Std 189.1-2011
35
and
and
and
and
70%
and
Climate Zone
<40%
<50%
<60%
<70%
and
80%
<80%
Std 90.1-2010 and Std 189.1-2011
ASHRAE Standard 84
Defines method of testing
air to air heat exchangers
air-to-air
AHRI Standard 1060
Defines conditions and
procedures for rating and
certifying performance
36
defined by ASHRAE Standard 84 and AHRI Standard 1060
Effectiveness
sensible effectiveness
(T T )
S = OA (T11 T23)
min
total effectiveness
(h h )
T = OA (h11 h23)
min
EA
OA
X4
X3
X1
X2
min = smaller of OA or EA
37
Equal Airflows
10,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
92F DBT
103 gr/lb
38.4 Btu/lb
EA
78F DB
67 gr/lb
29 2 Btu/lb
29.2
84.5F DBT
85 gr/lb
33.6 Btu/lb
10,000 cfm (38.4 33.6)

= 52%
10,000 cfm
(38.4 29.2)
QT = 4.5 10,000 cfm (38.4 33.6 Btu/lb) = 216 MBh

38
Unequal Airflows
7,500 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
92F DBT
103 gr/lb
38.4 Btu/lb
EA
78F DB
67 gr/lb
29 2 Btu/lb
29.2
85F DBT
86 gr/lb
34.0 Btu/lb
10,000 cfm (38.4 34.0)

= 64%
7,500 cfm
(38.4 29.2)
compared to 52%
q
airflows
with equal
QT = 4.5 10,000 cfm (38.4 34.0 Btu/lb) = 200 MBh

39
compared to 216 MBh

with equal airflows
sponge in large bucket of water

More water absorbed
Less effective
(does not absorb all water in bucket)
sponge in small puddle of water

Less water absorbed
More effective
(absorbs all water in puddle)
40
ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Section 6.5.6.1

Fifty percent energy recovery effectiveness shall mean a change in
the enthalpy of the outdoor air supply equal to 50% of the difference
between the outdoor air and return air enthalpies at design conditions.
EA
29.2 Btu/lb
OA
38.4 Btu/lb
41
h2 33.8 Btu/lb
Equal Airflows
10,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
92F DBT
103 gr/lb
38.4 Btu/lb
EA
78F DB
67 gr/lb
29 2 Btu/lb
29.2
Does meet
ASHRAE 90.1
(h2 33
33.8
8 Bt
Btu/lb)
/lb)
84.5F DBT
85 gr/lb
33.6 Btu/lb
10,000
10
000 cfm (38.4
(38 4 33.6)
33 6)
= 52%
10,000 cfm
(38.4 29.2)
52% ventilation load reduction
42
Unequal Airflows
7,500 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
92F DBT
103 gr/lb
38.4 Btu/lb
EA
78F DB
67 gr/lb
29 2 Btu/lb
29.2
Does not meet

ASHRAE 90.1
(h2 33
33.8
8 Bt
Btu/lb)
/lb)
85F DBT
86 gr/lb
34.0 Btu/lb
10,000
10
000 cfm (38.4
(38 4 34.0)
34 0)
= 64%
7,500 cfm
(38.4 29.2)
48% ventilation load reduction
43
As-Applied vs. Rated Effectiveness

Be careful not to confuse the enthalpy
py reduction
(or ventilation load reduction) required by ASHRAE 90.1
with rated effectiveness per ASHRAE 84 / AHRI 1060
Strive for equal airflows
Bring back as much exhaust air as possible
44
Agenda
gy recovery
y technologies
g
Coil loop
Heat pipe
Fixed-plate heat exchanger
Fixed-membrane heat exchanger
Total-energy wheel

45
Energy Recovery Technology Comparison

Coil loop
Heat pipe
Fixed-membrane heat exchanger
Total-energy wheel
46
Coil Loop
EA
expansion
tank
pump
three-way
threemixing valve
OA
47
coil loop
Typical Applications
When need to totally isolate
ventilation from exhaust air
No cross contamination
Hospitals or labs with high
ventilation/exhaust rates (8760
hours/year)
Greater benefits in
heating-dominated climates intake
48
exhaust
coil loop
Typical Coil Loop

Sensible
Effectiveness
35% to 55%
sensible heat
recovered
Calcula
ated Sensible Effectiv
veness
How Much Energy Recovered

60%
8 Row 12FPI
50%
6 Row 10FPI
40%
4 Row 10 FPI
30%
Ethylene glycol (30%)
Turbulators inside 5/8 tubes
20%
0%
300
400
500
600
700
Face Velocity (FPM)

49
coil loop
Energy Recovery At What Cost

Air Pressure Loss (in w..g.)
1.4
Typical Coil Loop

Air Pressure Drop
per Coil
1.2
1
0.8
6 Row 10FPI
0.6
4 Row 10 FPI
0.4
0.2
0
50
8 Row 12FPI
Plus Pump Energy

4 rows = 10 ft. H2O
6 rows = 15 ft. H2O
8 rows = 19 ft. H2O
Additional losses
(valves, pipes,run)
300
400
500
Face Velocity (FPM)
600
700
Coil Loop Considerations

Sensible recoveryy only,
y no stream-to-stream leakage,
g
ducts may be separated
Ventilation load-reduction is usually too low
10-20% in moist climates, 35-55% in dry & cold climates
Std 90.1 exceptions may allow coil loops, e.g.:

Exception c: Systems exhausting toxic fumes
Exception h: Systems with multiple small exhaust paths
51
Heat Pipe
cool EA to
outside
cold OA from
outside
hot EA from
inside
warm SA
to inside
52
Capacity modulation
via bypass dampers or
tilt control
Very low cross-leakage
No pumps
heat pipe
Heat Pipe
Sensible
Effectiveness
30% to 52%
sensible heat
recovered
53
Calculate
ed Sensible Effective
eness

60%
50%
7 Row
6 Row
5 Row
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
300
400
500
Face Velocity (FPM)
600
700
heat pipe

Air P
Pressure Loss (in w.g
g.)
1.6
Typical Coil Loop

Air Pressure Drop
per Coil
1.4
1.2
7 Row
6 Row
5 Row
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
300
400
500
Face Velocity (FPM)

54
600
700
Heat Pipe Considerations

y some leakage
g p
possible,
ducts must be adjacent
Ventilation load-reduction is too low
10-20% in moist climates, 30-50% in dry & cold climates
Std 90.1 exceptions may allow use of heat pipes, e.g.:

Exception b: Uncooled spaces, heated to <60F
55
Fixed-Plate Heat Exchanger

OA
EA
56
Cross-flow aluminum plates

Dimpled or channeled plates
Handle high pressure up
to 10 diff
High temperatures
Corrosion resistant
Capacity modulation using
face-and-bypass dampers
Little or no cross-leakage
Most susceptible to frosting
fixed-plate heat exchanger
Example AHU Layouts

OA
EA
OA
EA
EA
OA
EA
57
OA
20,000 cfm Heat Exchanger

(AHU casing removed)
face-and-bypass
dampers
EA
center
bypass
OA
drain pans
58

Non-Uniform Temperature Across Exchanger
OA
20F
RA
70F, 30% RH
70F
(37F DPT)
cold
corner
37F
42F
47F
59
54F
Which Face Velocity Matters?
exchanger
face area
air handler
face area
60

Air-to-Air
Plate Exchanger
Sensible
Effectiveness
60% to 70%
sensible
heat recovered
Calculate
ed Sensible Effectivenes
ss
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
10,000 cfm Air Handler Example
20%
300
61
400
500
Air Handler Face Velocity (FPM)
600
700
600
700

Air-to-Air
Plate Exchanger
Air Pressure Drop
Air Pre
essure Loss (in w.g.))
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
62
300
400
500
Fixed-Plate Considerations
y some leakage
g p
possible, ducts
must be adjacent
Ventilation load-reduction varies over wide range
20% to 30% in moist climates is too low
55% to 70% in dry & cold climates is high enough
Std 90.1 exceptions may allow fixed-plate exchangers

Exception j: Systems that operate less than 20 hours
per week at design minimum OA flow
63
Fixed-Membrane Heat Exchanger

OA
64
EA
Membrane material in
layers
Water vapor permeable
Capacity modulation using
external bypass dampers
Little cross-leakage
Fixed-Membrane Heat Exchanger

Smaller cores only
((500 cfm range)
g )
Limited fan arrangements
Low pressure differential
(2 to 4 in. H2O maximum)
Large footprint required
Transitions add another
1.0 to 1.5 in. H2O pressure loss
(> 2000 cfm)
OA
RA
65
fixed-membrane heat exchanger

B k off M
Bank
Membrane
b
Exchangers
Sensible & Latent

Effectiveness
Sensible: 62-70%
Latent: 4554%
Sensib
ble & Latent Effectivenes
ss
80%
70%
Sensible
60%
50%
Latent
OA
40%
30%
20%
300
400
500

66
RA
600
700
fixed-membrane heat exchanger

Bank
B
k off M
Membrane
b
Exchangers
Air Pressure Drop
Air P
Pressure Loss (in w.g.)
3.2
28
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
OA
1.2
08
0.8
0.4
0
300
400
500
RA
600

67
Fixed-Membrane Considerations
Total energy
gy recovery,
y low leakage,
g adjacent
j
ducts
Ventilation load-reduction varies widely
35% to 60% in moist climates
55% to 70% in dry & cold climates
Probably meet Std 90.1 (50%) in most locations and

Std 189.1 (60%) in some locations
Low core airflows limit unit size
68
700
Total-Energy Wheel
Desiccant rotor rotating 20-60 rpm
between exhaust and outdoor air
Capacity modulation using bypass
dampers
Some cross-leakage
Self cleaning (dry particles)
Less susceptible to frosting
than sensible-recovery technologies
69
total-energy wheel
Media Types
Aluminum
Synthetic fiber
Polymer
heaviest
Mid
lightest
annual
large I small
none
D i
Desiccant
t loading
l di
good
d
b t
best
good
d
Corrosion resistance
good
best
better
6, 8, 12
4, 6
1.5, 3
Weight
Bearing maintenance
Common depth
70
total-energy wheel

AHRI 1060 Directory Data
% Effectiveness
90
80
Sensible
Effectiveness
Latent
Effectiveness
70
60
50
Difference Between
Sensible and Latent
40
30
20
10
0
71
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Pressure Drop in w.g.
1.2
total-energy wheel

Sensible & Latent
Effectiveness
Sensible
e & Latent Effectiveness
80%
70%
Sensible
60%
Sensible: 60-76%
Latent: 55-71%
Latent
50%
40%
30%
20%
300
400
500

72
600
700
total-energy wheel

Energy Wheel
Air Pressure Drop
Air Prressure Loss (in w.g..)
1.6
14
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
04
0.4
0.2
0
300
400
500
600
Face Velocity (FPM)

73
total-energy wheel

Motor Power
M di type
Media
t
M t h
Motor
horsepower
Aluminum
1/35 hp
Synthetic
y
fiber
1/42 hp
Polymer
1/801/3 hp
74
700
total-energy wheel: at what cost
Cross Leakage
EA
EA
RA
RA
cross leakage
cross leakage
OA
OA
SA
SA
EA
EA
RA
RA
cross leakage
cross leakage
OA
SA
75
SA
OA
total-energy wheel: at what cost
Cross Leakage
Exhaust
Air
Carry Over
76
NON CONTACT
SEAL
WHEEL F
FACE
outdoor
air
leakage
WHEEL F
FACE
P >0
CONTACT
SEAL
total-energy wheel
Cross-Leakage Measurements
Outside Air Correction Factor
Ratio of outdoor air flow
to supply air flow
OACF = OA cfm/SA cfm

exhaust air
Exhaust
aust Air Transfer
a s e Ratio
at o
The percentage of supply air
that is exhaust air
10,000 cfm
11,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
11,000 cfm
outdoor
air
77
total-energy wheel
Cross-Leakage Measurements
1.5
1.45
1.4
OACF
1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
11
1.1
1.05
1
78
Pressure Differential Leaving Supply to Entering Exhaust in. w.g.
Total Energy Wheel Considerations

Total energy
gy recovery,
y must manage
g leakage,
g
adjacent ducts
Ventilation load-reduction (60% to 80% in all climates)
meets Std 90.1 (50%) and Std 189.1 (60%)
Proper fan placement can control pressures to reduce
potential
t ti l leakage
l k
79
Comparison of Energy-Recovery Technologies

Reduction in Ventilation Cooling Load:
Region A Moist
total energy wheel
total-energy
fixed-membrane
heat exchanger
fixed-plate
heat exchanger
coil loop
heat pipe
0
20
40
60
% Reduction Ventilation Load

80
80
100

Reduction in Ventilation Heating and Cooling Load:
Region B Arid
total energy wheel
total-energy
fixed-membrane
heat exchanger
fixed-plate
heat exchanger
coil loop
heat pipe
0
20
40
60
80
% Reduction Ventilation Load

81

Recovery Efficiency Ratio
recovery efficiency ratio (RER): a ratio of the energy recovered
divided by the energy expended in the energy recovery process*
BTUH / W (cooling) or W / W (heating)
Power required
Coil
loop
Heat
pipe
Plate
exchanger
Membrane
cores
Energy
wheel
Fan:
Pressure Loss
Fan:
Leakage/Purge
Component:
Motor or Pump
*RER is defined by ASHRAE Std 84-2008 and AHRI Guideline V

82
100

RER Cooling: Region A Moist
140
120
Based on
10,000 cfm
95F / 78F
OA 75F
55%RH RA
btuh / W
RER
100
80
60
fixed-plate
fixed
plate
heat exchanger
40
coil loop
20
0
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Air Handler Face Velocity (fpm)

83

RER Cooling: Region B Arid
140
120
Based on
10,000 cfm
105F OA
75F 55%
RH RA
btuh / W
RER
100
80
60
40
20
0
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

84
650
700

COP Coefficient of Performance: Heating
140
120
Based on
10,000 cfm
10F OA
70F no
frosting
W/W
RER
100
80
60
40
20
0
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700

85
Installed Price Addition (AHU)
$/S
Sensible BTUH
H
Re
ecovered
Heating Only or Cooling: Region B Arid
Heat Pipe
Coil Loop
ATA Fixed
Fixed-Plate
Plate HX
Energy Wheel
5000
10000
15000
20000
Ventilation Airflow CFM

86
25000
30000
Installed Price Addition (AHU)

$/Tottal Cooling BTU
UH
Reco
overed
Cooling: Region A Moist
Heat Pipe
Coil Loop
ATA Fixed-Plate HX
Energy Wheel
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Ventilation Airflow CFM

87
Conclusion: Which technology?

Is cross leakage a concern?
Toxic, fume hoods, isolation rooms, etc.
Coil loop
Animal laboratory, natatorium

Fixed-plate HX, coil loop, heat pipe
88
30000
Conclusion: Which technology?

Comfort cooling/heating application
Dry or arid climate
Fixed-plate
Fixed plate heat exchanger
Humid or mixed climate

Total-energy wheel
Reduced footprint required

Coil loop, heat pipe
89
Agenda
gy recovery
y technologies
g
On/off
Capacity modulation
Frost prevention
90
90
50
1.25
200
85
85
190
70
90
60
80
14.0
60
20
70
55
%
50
13.8
50
13.6
40%
EA
60
55
50
13.4
40
40
30
13.0
20%
VE HUMIDIT
10% RELATI
50
60
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
10
STANDARD AIR
70
80
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F
15
ENTHALPY - Btu per lb. of dry air and associated moisture
90
0
110
100
20
7,000 cfm
RA
RRA
20,000 cfm
wheel ON
(full capacity)
cooling coil ON
(438 MBh)
30,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
55F
65F
68F
115
25
Control During Mild Weather

70F
10
0
SA
55F
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.80
0.60
0.85
0.55
0.90
0.95
1.00
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.10
20
10
0.65
0.85
0.15
25
EA
35
35
20
40
40
45
20
92
60
30
25
45
50
30%
13.2
32
65
DEW POINT TEMPERATURE - F
80
%
14.2
25
35
91
HUMIDITY RATIO (or Specific Humidity) GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POU

UND OF DRY AIR
%
90
100
0.60
30
0.05
VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY
- F
WE
TB
65
70
110
14.4
30
0.95
0.90
0.55
50
130
14.6
EN
75
120
40
30
0.50
140
70
45
30
1.00
150
TEM
PER
ATU
RE
-
1.05
SENSIBLE H
HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt
mo
ted
ocia
a ss
and
UL
BT
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
air
dry
. of
per
lb
- Btu
75
THA
LP Y
14.8
WE
TB
ULB
ENTHALPY - Btu per lb. of dry air and associated moisture
istu
re
1.10
0.45
55
80
160
35
10
1.15
170
80
40
1.20
15.6
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 28.821 in. HG
Weather Hours
54 to 49
Weather Hours
54 to to
49 43
48
48 to 43
42 to to
37 37
42
36 to 31
30 to to
25 31
36
24 to 19
18 to to
13 25
30
12 to 7
6 to 1to 19
24
18 to 13
12 to 7
6 1to 1
15.4
15.2
45
15.0
Atlanta, Georgia
weekdays, 6 AM to 6 PM
180
0.40

EA
RA
70F
7,000 cfm
RRA
20,000 cfm
wheel OFF
cooling coil ON
(308 MBh)
30,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
55F
93
55F
SA
65F
55F

EA
RA
70F
27,000 cfm
RRA
0 cfm
wheel OFF
cooling coil OFF

(0 MBh)
30,000 cfm
30,000 cfm
OA
55F
55F
55F
airside economizing
94
SA
55F
On/Off Control Methods

Coil loop
Turn off pump
Heat pipe
Face-and-bypass dampers
Fixed-membrane
Fixed
membrane heat exchanger
Total-energy wheel
95
Turn off wheel
face-and-bypass
d
dampers
EA
center
bypass
OA
96
On/Off Control Methods

Coil loop
Turn off pump
Heat pipe
Some use solenoid valve(s)
Face-and bypass dampers
Fixed-membrane
Fixed
membrane heat exchanger Face
Face-and-bypass
and bypass dampers
Total-energy wheel
97
Turn off wheel
Control During Heating

EA
RA
70F
7,000 cfm
RRA
8,000 cfm
wheel ON
(full capacity)
cooling coil ON
(87 MBh)
18,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
40F
98
60F
64F
SA
60F
(SAT reset)

EA
RA
70F
7,000 cfm
RRA
8,000 cfm
wheel OFF
heating coil ON
(131 MBh)
18,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
40F
99
40F
SA
53F
60F
(SAT reset)

modulate EA bypass dampers
EA
70F
7,000 cfm
RA
RRA
8,000 cfm
wheel ON
(partial capacity)
both coils OFF

18,000 cfm
10,000 cfm
OA
40F
100
52F
60F
SA
60F
(SAT reset)
Capacity Modulation Methods

Coil loop
Three-way mixing valve

Vary pump speed
Heat pipe
Some use solenoid valve(s)
Tilt mechanism
Fixed-membrane heat exchanger Face-and-bypass dampers

Total-energy wheel
101
Exhaust-side bypass damper

Vary wheel speed
wheel
% Maximum Recovery Capa

acity
Comparison of Capacity Control Methods

100%
90%
Bypass
control
speed control
80%
70%
Cost
60%
50%
Control
bypass control
40%
Energy
30%
M t duty
Motor
d t
20%
10%
0%
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
%VFD Speed or % Bypass Closed

102
Min Speed /
Position
Speed
control
Frosting
EA'
OA
103
OA'
EA
hum
midity ratio, grains/lb of drry air
water vapor condensing

on exhaust-side coil
frosting
Total- vs. Sensible-Energy Recovery
EA'
EA
EA
OA
104
hum
midity ratio, grains/lb of drry air
EA'
Frost Prevention Methods

Coil loop
Heat pipe
Frost damper
Fixed membrane heat exchanger Face-and-bypass

Fixed-membrane
Face and bypass dampers
Total-energy wheel
105
Supply-side bypass damper
Frost Prevention
Frost Avoidance Damper

RA
OA
20F
20 F
RA
OA
70F, 30% RH
(37 F DPT)
20F
20
F
70 F, 30% RH
70F
(37 F DPT)
DAMPER
cold
corner
< 32F
cold
corner
>32F
31F
36F
41F
106
54F
43F
45F
47F
45F
Frost Prevention
Fixed-plate
p
((sensible)) heat exchangers
g
begin
g to
experience frosting when entering OA drops < 25F
Use frost damper to minimize frosting
(keeps higher temperature in the cold corner)
107
Frost Prevention Methods

Coil loop

OA or EA preheat
Heat pipe
OA or EA preheat
Frost damper
OA or EA preheat
Fixed membrane heat exchanger Face-and-bypass

Fixed-membrane
Face and bypass dampers
OA or EA preheat
Total-energy wheel
108
Supply-side bypass damper

OA or EA preheat
Total-Energy Wheel in a
Mixed-Air VAV System
180
160
wheel on (cooling)
bypass dampers closed
wheel on (heating)
modulate bypass damper
to avoid overheating
60
40
DBTSA
109
40
100
80
EA
30
120
50
wheel off
bypass dampers open
60
70
80
90
100
humidity ra
atio, grains/lb of dry air
140
20
110
System Control Modes

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery in HVAC Systems,
Trane application manual, SYS-APM003-EN
110
Sensible- or total-energy recovery

Mixed-air or dedicated OA system
Constant- or variable-air volume
DBT- or enthalpy-based control
Airside economizers
Energy recovery capacity control
Frost prevention
Agenda
111

gy recovery
y technologies
g
Suggestions
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 ((and 189.1-2011)) requires
q
exhaust-air energy recovery in more applications
Total-energy recovery transfers both sensible heat and
water vapor (latent heat)
Allows for larger cooling plant reductions
Less susceptible to frost, so greater heating energy savings
112
Suggestions
Maximize energy
gy recoveryy effectiveness
Centralize exhaust to better balance airflows and
maximize recovery
Minimize cross-leakage with fan placement
113
maximizing energy recovery
Dual Exhaust Energy Recovery

Toilet exhaust air is isolated
from return air
Divider panel divides toilet and
system exhaust air
Toilet exhaust enters the first
portion of the energy wheel
System exhaust enters second
portion of wheel
System exhaust air purges
wheel of toilet exhaust air
before
rotating
to the Supply Air
Toilet Exhaust Air Flow = Fixed amount set
by code
requirements
System Exhaust Air Flow = Varies to meet building pressure requirements
114
DEER Damper Control

Toilet Exhaust Airflow
Toilet + System
Exhaust Airflow
System
Exhaust
Airflow
VFD
Supply
Airflow
Ventilation
Airflow
115
Exhaust Fan
Fan speed modulates to
control building
pressure
Toilet Damper
Traq damper modulates
to maintain code
required toilet exhaust
air flow
Balancing Damper
When toilet damper is
100% open, balancing
damper modulates from
minimum position to
close to maintain toilet
exhaust air flow
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, Section 5.16.3.2.5
Recirculation of Toilet Exhaust
Class 2 air [[which includes air from restrooms]] shall not be

recirculated or transferred to Class 1 spaces.
Exception: When using an energy recovery device, recirculation
from leakage, carryover, or transfer from the exhaust side of the
energy recovery device is permitted. Recirculated Class 2 air
shall not exceed 10% of the outdoor air intake flow
flow.
116
Exhaust Air Transfer Ratio (EATR)

EA
X4
X3
Defined by ASHRAE Standard 84

Certified by AHRI Standard 1060
EATR 10%
OA
117
X1
X2
Suggestions
Proper
p control is very
y important
p
Turn device OFF during mild weather to
avoid wasting energy
Modulate capacity during cold weather to
prevent over-heating
Include bypass dampers to enable
economizing in mixed-air systems
Dont forget about frost prevention
118
Suggestions
Specify/purchase
p
yp
AHRI-certified
components
Trustworthy performance data,
fewer third-party or field
performance tests
More accurate sizing for improved
design and application of
air-handling equipment
119
references for this broadcast
Where to Learn More
www.trane.com/EN
120
www.trane.com/ENL
Past program topics include:
121
ASHRAE Standards 189.1, 90.1, 62.1

High-performance VAV Systems
Chilled
water plants
Chilled-water
Air distribution
WSHP/GSHP systems
Control strategies
USGBC LEED
Energy and the environment
Acoustics
V til ti
Ventilation
Dehumidification
Ice storage
Central geothermal systems
LEED Continuing Education Courses

on-demand, no charge, 1.5 CE credits
ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 90.1 and VAV Systems

ASHRAE St
Standard
d d 62
62.1:
1 V
Ventilation
til ti R
Rate
t P
Procedure
d
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2011
High-Performance VAV Systems
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems
Ice Storage Design and Control
Energy Saving Strategies for WSHP/GSHP Systems
www.trane.com/ContinuingEducation
122
2013 Engineers Newsletter Live Programs

Single-zone
g
VAV Systems
y
ASHRAE Standard 62.1
Variable-speed Chiller Plant Operation
123
Bibliography
October2012
IndustryPublications
AirtoAirEnergyRecovery
AirConditioning,Heating,andRefrigerationInstitute(AHRI).
ANSI/AHRIStandard10602011:PerformanceRatingofAirtoAirHeatExchangersfor
EnergyRecoveryEquipment.Availableatwww.ahrinet.org
AirConditioning,Heating,andRefrigerationInstitute(AHRI)DirectoryofCertifiedProduct
Performanceavailableatwww.ahridirectory.org
AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAirConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE).
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNAStandard90.12010:EnergyStandardforBuildings
ExceptLowRiseResidentialBuildings.Availableatwww.ashrae.org/bookstore
AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAirConditioningEngineers,Inc.(ASHRAE).
Standard90.12010UsersManual.Availableatwww.ashrae.org/bookstore
AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAirConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE).
ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IESStandard189.12011:StandardfortheDesignofHigh
PerformanceGreenBuildingsExceptLowRiseResidentialBuildings.
Availableatwww.ashrae.org/bookstore
TraneApplicationManual
Murphy,J.andB.Bradley.AirtoAirEnergyRecoveryinHVACSystems,applicationmanual
SYSAPM003EN,2008.Orderfromwww.trane.com/bookstore
AnalysisSoftware
TraneAirConditioningandEconomics(TRACE700).Availableatwww.trane.com/TRACE

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Trane Engineers Newsletter Live

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Ronnie Moffitt | applications engineering | Trane

John Murphy | applications engineer | Trane

Dennis Stanke | staff applications engineer | Trane

2012 Trane Engineers Newsletter LIVE: Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery (Course ID: 0090008664)

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Trane is a Registered Provider with The American

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Visit the Registered Continuing

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

After todays program you will be able to:

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Why implement exhaust-air energy recovery?

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Common air-to-air energy recovery technologies

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Why Use Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery?

Heating energy savings

Increases fan energy use

Added pressure loss may

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Common air-to-air energy recovery technologies

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Why Recover Energy in Buildings?

Green-building codes (IgCC-based), following either Standard

Energy label (ENERGY STAR) or building rating systems

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

IECCInternational Energy Conservation Code

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

how standards fit with

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

What is Standard 90.1?

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Standard 90.1-2007, Section 6.5.6.1

Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Standard 90.1-2007, Section 6.5.6.1

Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

Must meet energy recovery effectiveness 50%

Bypass or control requirements to avoid heat

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

defined by ASHRAE Standard 90.1

Energy Recovery Effectiveness (ERE)

ERE = ventilation load-reduction ratio 0.50

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Standard 90.1-2010, Section 6.5.6.1

Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Standard 90.1-2010, Section 6.5.6.1

Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

Bypass or control requirements to avoid heat

2012 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand

Standard 90.1-2010, Section 6.5.6.1