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PROCEDURE
FOR
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
00
Rev.No.
Date
Prepared by Checked by
Approved by
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1. OBJECTIVE
To define Radiographic examination process for detection of internal
discontinuities in a welding joint.
2.
SCOPE
This procedure covers the minimum requirements for radiographic
examination by using either X-rays or Gamma rays sources as per ASME
SEC V Article 2
3.
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
The following documents are considered as reference document:
ASME SEC IX
Project specification for Field Welding, PWHT and NDE of Piping Systems
4.
ABBRIVIATIONS/DEFINITIONS
SM
QIP
I/C
QA&QC
ASME
ASNT
NDE
TP
RT
PPE
HSE
IMTE
BA
BSD
FRM
ASTM
IQI
RS
RW
R1
R2`
MSV
CONTRACTOR
Site Manager
Quality Inspection Plan
In -Charge
Method Statement
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society for Non-Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Examination
Third Party
Radiographic Testing/Examination
Personal Protective Equipment
Health, Safety & Environment
Inspection, Measuring & Test Equipment
Business Area
Business Support Department
Form
American Society for Testing and Materials
Image Quality Indicator
Re-shoot
Re-weld
Repair 1
Repair 2
Millisievert
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5.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Area In-charge and QA&QC NDE co-ordinator.
6.
PROCEDURE
6.1
6.2
RADIATION SOURCE
6.2.1
6.3
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
X-Ray source
This is equipment operated with the help of power and is in the
range of 150 kV to 300 kV, 5 mA.
RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS
6.3.1
6.3.2
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6.4
Characteristics
ASTM Class II
Fine Grain
ASTM Class I
Equivalent
Any brand with the required
specification.
Any brand with the required
specification.
6.3.4
6.3.5
Fogging
b)
c)
d)
e)
SCREENS
Lead intensifying screens shall be used in direct contact with the film.
The screens shall be 0.01" front and back and in intimate contact with
the film.
6.5
PENETRAMETERS
Penetrameters shall be of wire type. The essential wire shall be 2% of
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the parent metal thickness. Their application and use shall be as per
following table.
Thickness crossed
by rays (mm)
04 to 06
06 to 08
08 to 10
10 to 16
16 to 25
25 to 32
32 to 40
40 to 60
60 to 80
Type of wire
(mm)
15
14
13
12
11
09
08
07
06
Diameter of the
wire
0.125
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.32
0.40
0.63
0.80
1.00
Sensitivity
S=V.W/Tx100
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.2%
1.5%
1.5%
1.3%
1.25%
6.7
6.6.2
6.6.3
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6.8
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
SENSITIVITY
2% I.Q.I sensitivity shall be used for evaluating radiographic quality.
6.9
FILM PLACEMENT
6.9.1
6.10
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Material Thickness
(Inches)
U G Maximum
(Inches)
Under 2
Through 3
Over 3 Through 4
Greater than 4
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
= (F x d) / D
Where;
6.11
F=
D=
d=
FILM PROCESSING
All radiographic films shall be processed in strict accordance with
ASME Sec. V and the film manufactures recommendations.
6.12
QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS
All films shall be free from processing or other defects, which would
interfere with proper interpretation of the radiograph. Exposed
radiographs shall be stored in envelopes with interleaf paper between
each piece of film(1 weld per envelope)
6.13
6.14
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
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DENSITOMETERS
Calibrated densitometers of reading film H& D densities from 1.0 to 4.0
shall be used.
Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use as
follows.
6.15.1 A national standard step tablet or a nominal standard
step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities
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from at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge
calibration film shall have been verified within the last year by
comparison with a national standard step tablet unless prior to
first use, it was maintained in the original light-tight and water
proof sealed package as supplied by the manufacturer. Step
wedge calibration films may be used without verification for
one year upon opening, provided it is within manufactures
stated shelf life.
6.15.2 The densitometer manufacturers step-by-step
instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall be
followed.
6.15.3
The density step closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on
the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film
shall be read.
6.15.4
The densitometer is acceptable if the density
readings do not vary by more than + 0.05 density units from
the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet
or step wedge calibration form.
6.16
FILM HOLDER
Films Holders shall be light tight and shall be free of sand, dirt, or
other foreign particles.
6.17
6.18
DEVELOPING EQUIPMENT
Developing will be done manually as per chemical manufacturer's
recommendation and in accordance with ASME Sec V.
6.19
6.20
PROCESS
All radiography shall be performed in accordance with the safety
requirements.
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6.21
SURFACE PREPARATION
When necessary, weld ripples or welds surface irregularities on both
the insides (where accessible) and outside shall removed to such a
degree so that irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the
image of any discontinuity. The finished surface may be flushed with
the base material or have a uniform crown, & must conform to the
applicable material specification and not exceed maximum
reinforcement specified in the referencing code. All material interfering
with the radiographic interpretation shall be removed.
6.22
6.23
FILM IDENTIFICATION
6.23.1 A system shall be used to produce a permanent identification
by using lead numbers, letters on the radiograph traceable to
the contract, component, weld or weld seam, job number. In
addition that the Manufacturers symbol or name and the date
of radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included in the
radiograph. Film Identification will be as per the specification.
6.23.2 RW shall be added to the original weld number and the
original RT report number whenever a weld is completely cut
out and re-welded for reasons other than quality i.e.
engineering change etc.
6.23.3 T1, T2 etc. Shall be added to be original RT report number for
a rejected weld that requires progressive examination.
6.23.4 R1, R2 etc. Shall be added to original weld number and the
original RT report number whenever there is a local repair
identified on the original Radiograph.
6.23.5 C1, C2 etc shall be added to the original weld number and the
original RT report number when ever a weld is completely cutout and re-welded due to poor quality.
6.24
LOCATION MARKERS
Lead location markers or number belts shall be placed on the object
being radiographed and not on the film or film holder and in such a
manner that the complete coverage and overlap film areas are fully
identified and the relationship between the film and the object is firmly
established. The datum point and direction of numbering shall be
clearly marked on the weld in paint marker. Markers shall not mask
the area under examination. As a check for back-scatter radiation, a
lead symbol B, with minimum dimensions of 0.5 in height and 1/16
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inch thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during
exposure. If a light image of B appears on the radiograph, the
radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the B
on a lighter background is not cause for the rejection of the
radiograph.
6.25
1 per exposure
Minimum
2
exposure,
marking extremities of the
area of interest.
1 inch apart
2 inch apart
>18
6.25.3
Spacing
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6.25.5
6.25.6
6.26
6.27
b)
6.28
RECORDS
6.28.1 The Radiographic reports shall be furnished on the form
FM-4321 given by the Contractor as attached .
6.29
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HSE INSTRUCTIONS
Radiography work shall be performed in accordance with detailed safety
requirements for radiography works in Babcock.
Any area where radiation exists at levels such that the body could
receive a dose in excess of 300 micro-sievert per hour (30
millirems per hour) per week.
Any area where radiation exists such that the body could receive a
dose in excess of 500 microsievert per hour (50 millirems per
hour).
7.3
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Type of license
License Number
Date license was granted
Expiry date of licence
Copy of licence
Other information as required
The checklist shall be filed at the subcontractor field office and a copy
thereof shall be submitted to Descon, copy to QHSE department. This
shall be subject for verification by the QHSE manager of Descon.
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.4.2
7.5.2
During transport, the driver and other rider shall keep pocket
dosimeters.
7.5.3
7.5.4
TRAINING
The subcontractor shall provide proof that training to their personnel
involved in radiography jobs as stated below has been conducted.
ITEM
Rules
& regulations
relating
to
the
MINIMUM TRAINING
HOURS
1.5 Hours
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4.0 Hours
0.5 Hours
DOSE LIMIT
For persons working in the restricted area, accumulated dose
shall not exceed 10 millisievert (msv) per month, 20 msv
during any 3 months and 30 msv during any 12 months.
Person who received a dose in excess of the 12-month limit
shall not be allowed to do any radiography work for a period of
12 months.
NOTE: 1 millisievert (msv) = 100 millirems.
Accumulated dose for a person, who temporarily enters the
restricted area, shall not exceed 10 millisievert per year.
8.ATTACHMENTS