Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Una gran cantidad de pases solicita rellenar los Stope o caserones generados por la
explotacin, ya sea por tema de estabilidad o de legislacin.
El mtodo Open Stope genera una gran variedad de alternativas de aplicaciones del
mtodo:
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Es un mtodo en que las cmaras quedan permanentemente vacas una vez que se
La calidad del mineral debe ser competente y su ngulo de buzamiento mayor a 60,
generalmente se aplica en yacimientos verticales y que tengan formas y dimensiones
regulares.
Mina Alcaparrosa 3800 4000 Ton de mineral /da + 300 ton de estril/ da
Mina Candelaria norte 6000 7000 Ton/da con leyes que varan entre 0,7
1,5% CuT
Proyecto Granate 3750 Ton/mensual con leyes de 0,7 y 5950 ton/ mensual de
estril.
Ventajas
Este mtodo de explotacin se caracteriza por poseer las siguientes caractersticas:
Es muy econmico.
Gran rendimiento.
Buena ventilacin.
Desventajas
Entre algunas de las desventajas podemos nombrar las siguientes:
Mucha preparacin.
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
http://es.slideshare.net/ymaldonadoo/129526595-mineriasubterraneapdf
pilares estriles o pilares mineralizados (en lo posible de baja ley) que podran ser
recuperados con posterioridad utilizando el mismo mtodo u otro que permita el
hundimiento controlado del casern.
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Formacin Punta del Cobre Superior: Tobas, areniscas y lutitas. niveles de skarn
Formacin Punta del cobre superior: nivel de lutitas y areniscas
Manto Cu - Fe
Formacin Punta del Cobre Inferrior: Lavas andesticas
Bre ch a - Ve t a C u -F e
Plie g u e A nt iclina l
300
SECCION GEOLOGICA
374250 E
S.C.M. ATACAMA KOZAN
So nd a je s
250
6958250
500
600 Meters
El cuerpo calcreo explotado presenta actitud promedio NS 20/60 10W, tiene unos
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
cuerpos mantiformes
La perforacin se realiza con tiros largos radiales, utilizando tiros que van entre 10 -
Algunas mineras en la regin de atacama, han aplicado este mtodo como es el caso
de Atacama Kozan.
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Mtodo LBH
El mtodo Long Blast Hole (L.B.H.) consiste en la aplicacin de los principios de la
tronadura en bancos a cielo abierto a la explotacin subterrnea.
La gran diferencia del mtodo LBH al sub Level stoping original es que la perforacin
de produccin para
El resto del mtodo es similar al Sub Level Stoping original, en lo que consiste en
produccin.
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
rellenado. Luego se procede a tronar el siguiente banco que esta mas arriba y el
material
anterior.
tronado cae sobre un piso artificial, generado por el relleno del banco
Para la
Por ultimo la extraccin de cada banco se va realizando por paradas o tajadas, que
generalmente van separadas por burden de 1 a 2 metros.
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Transverse longhole stoping is a bulk mining method in which the long axis of the
stope and access drifts are perpendicular to the strike of the orebody. Typically
drawpoints are located in under-cut access drifts which extend from the footwall, and
the free face is mined in a horizontal retreat from the hanging wall to the footwall. In
general, transverse longhole stoping is used where the rock mass quality of the
hanging wall limits the length of the open mining span.
This methodology requires more footwall waste development (for footwall drifts and
drawpoints), however, since each stope has an independent access, it has more
flexibility with regards to sequencing and scheduling. A standard transverse layout
Advantages
Large stope sizes can result in high productivity and lowered drilling costs
Easily mechanized
Disadvantages
Poor selectivity
Considerable ventilation needs due to active equipment on top and bottom sills
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
cmaras
con
el bloque de mineral
entre dos
galeras, en la parte inferior con un nivel base y en la parte superior con un nivel de
cabeza (nivel de perforacin)
desquincha hasta poder obtener una galera del mismo ancho del bloque del
mineral.
Perforacin de Produccin
Desde el nivel superior o sea el nivel de perforacin, se perfora una malla de a
travs del bloque de mineral, la mallas estn dispuestas en muchos casos
dimetros
en
de 6,5
La longitud de los barrenos es igual a la altura del bloque es igual a la altura del
bloque de mineral, que puede llegar hasta unos 40 a 60 metros, teniendo en cuenta
Tronadura
En cada voladura se arranca una rebanada horizontal del bloque de mineral, de
unos 4 metros de espesor , a partir del cielo del hueco anterior, la tronadura se
realiza con cargas esfricas . El carguo de los barrenos se realiza de la siguiente
manera:
Carguo y Transporte
El material tronado cae al fondo de la cmara, la extraccin del mineral desde el
casern se realiza por cruzados de produccin, y un nivel de transporte.
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
como si se tratara de explotar una veta estrecha por SLS. En cada sub nivel se corre
una galera perpendicular al eje longitudinal y a todo ancho del futuro casern.
Accesos
Los accesos son labores que tienen como propsito conectar la rampa principal de
la mina, con los diferentes niveles del cuerpo a explotar.
INFORME DE PRCTICA N 1 Nikol Cubillos Fernndez Ingeniera Civil de Minas Cdigo de prctica:
Geovita Copiap Enero 2013
de manera de banqueo.
Las galeras de perforacin siempre estn orientadas segn la corrida del cuerpo y
separadas entre si por pilares mineralizados de aproximadamente de 15 metros. La
seccin de estas galeras, que normalmente esta entre 5 x 4 metros, depende de las
caractersticas de los equipos de perforacin. Las dimensiones deben ser adecuadas
El numero de niveles de
Zanja
Sobre la undercut se realiza una zanja recolectora que recibe el mineral arrancado
que cae por gravedad a este lugar. Las paredes tienen un ngulo de 45, aunque eso
depende, en algunos casos se trabaja con una pared con inclinacin y la otra vertical,
Posterior a la evacuacin del mineral arrancado del casern por los equipos de
carguo el mineral es cargado sobre los camiones en puntos de carguo y luego
transportado a travs de la G.T a la rampa principal o el scoop puede descargar
directamente sobre
en un nivel inferior
recibir el
Estaciones de Carga:
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Operaciones Unitarias
Las operaciones de perforacin, tronadura, carguo y transporte pueden realizarse
con total independencia unas de otras. Por otra parte, son pocos los posibles equipos
que aqu pueden utilizarse, debido al elevado rendimiento de los mismos y en
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
El burden y espaciamiento tienen una gran influencia del grado de fragmentacin del
Secciones Transversales
Burden:
Es
la
definicin mas correcta seria decir que es la separacin desde el corte hasta la
parada mas cercana.
Espaciamiento:
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Cara Libre
Una vez construidas todas las galeras, se inicia la construccin de la chimenea de
cara libre Son chimeneas que tiene como propsito generar una cara libre para el
casern que tiene como finalidad de crear un espacio hacia donde salte la roca
esponjada de la tronadura de las paradas de produccin y realce. Corresponde a la
primera tajada en abrirse del caseron.
Es la cavidad inicial, construida para generar la cara libre que permitir realizar la
Tronadura de produccin, las dimensiones en el sistema tradicional son de 2 x 2 m ,
la cual se va construyendo en forma artesanal, con ayuda de jaulas, entre niveles de
perforacin.
http://www.slideshare.net/smhhs/mining-methods
Es Chimenea es la cavidad inicial, construida para generar la cara libre que permitir
realizar la Tronadura de produccin, el resto del material que corresponde a la
banqueo al ancho de todo el cruzado de cara libre que tiene el mismo ancho de la
veta.
Para crear una chimenea es necesario realizar un cruzado de cara libre que permita
realizar perforacin de banqueo a lo ancho de todo el casern. La chimenea VCR se
http://www.mch.cl/revistas/index_neo.php?id=1010
metros de seccin
para luego ser desquinchada por tres tiros con un barden de 2,5 metros y un
espaciamiento de 2 metros.
Las perforaciones son realizadas por equipos Simba DTH electro hidrulico. Las
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
independencia unas de otras. Por otra parte, son pocos los posibles equipos que
aqu pueden utilizarse, debido al elevado rendimiento de los mismos y en
consecuencia pocos sern tambin los operarios que se precisen en manipulacin.
Tiros de abanico
La perforacin de tiros en forma de abanico es una tcnica empleada en la minera
subterrnea, en la fase de produccin,
En las perforaciones en abanico , los tiros son perforados radialmente hacia fuera de
la galera de perforacin, en un plano paralelo al corte o del lado abierto del bloque
de mineral.
El equipo utilizado para la perforacin de abanicos son los equipos SIMBA, los que
Uno de los temas mas importantes durante la perforacin de estos tiros es el correcto
Para ello se utiliza el pivote que generalmente es de 1,8 a 2 metros de altura sobre
resultan muchas veces tan acertadas, o sea se producen desviaciones de los tiros.
Una recomendacin es el uso de barras guas.
La perforacin dentro del realce y los niveles de perforacin se pueden realizar con
anterioridad a la extraccin del mineral, de esta forma pueden perforarse grandes
secciones de mineral, volarse cuando mejor convenga y todo ello en base a que este
tipo de perforacin independiente, con muchos barrenos largos desde cada galera,
permite la utilizacin de perforacin mecanizados.
http://www.slideshare.net/smhhs/mining-methods
Estas
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1264089/000110465914024093/a14-8829_2ex99d1.htm
SIMBA 15 mts.
DTH 25 mts.
SIMBA 15 mts.
PERFORACION
DE PRODUCCION
Caso de aplicacin
En SCM Atacama Kozan en el sector OS3-10 esta perforado para anfo. El promedio
de burden empleados en el casern OS3-10 de Minera Atacama Kozan es de 2 a 2,3
Tesis estudio tcnico econmico de carguo ascendente con emulsin gasificadle a travs del
sistema UBS en faena SCM Atacama Kozan. Alejandro Daz 2011
subniveles de perforacin,
se
Con tales dimetros se logra una perforacin con menor resistencia y se ampla el
espaciamiento entre taladros, lo que permite una reduccin en el nmero de barrenos
y un mineral mucho ms fragmentado
En la mayora de los casos, los niveles de perforacin estn en la parte superior del
caseron.
desviacin de los barrenos es mnima, lo que permite realizar tiros de 50-60 metros
de longitud.
Caso de aplicacin
El promedio de los tacos intermedios usados es de 2,5 3,5 metros y del taco superior
de 2,0 a 6,0 metros.
Minera Alcaparrosa
En minera Punta del Cobre se tienen las siguientes tolerancias para la desviacin de
pozos:
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
la Divisin: los Cuerpos de Alta Ley (CAL). Esta iniciativa busca extraer hoy los
recursos del futuro. Es decir, reemplazar minerales de mejor ley (1,53) respecto a la
produccin actual de la mina rajo (0,73).
Desarrollo Galeras
Diagramas de Perforacin
Planta Techo
Chimenea de Corte
Planta Base
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Tronadura de Produccin
La secuencia de produccin comienza con la apertura de la cara libre, para luego
comenzar con las paradas de zanja y banqueo.
Entre cada disparo debe haber un tiempo para extraccin de un porcentaje del
mineral tronado, depende de la tasa de produccin de la minas, entre otros aspectos.
En cuanto al consumo de explosivos, varia entre 200 a 300 gramos por tonelada
cachorreo.
El mtodo sub Level stoping posee un bajo consumo de explosivos, debido a que al
caer el mineral se fragmenta mas aun.
Tiros descendentes
El carguo del explosivo para tiros descendentes se realiza con anfo normal para tiros
descendentes. Bsicamente se utilizan sacos de anfo los cuales se vacan en el
interior de la perforacin.
Tiros ascendentes
El carguo del material se realiza con anfo hmedo para tiros ascendentes y requiere
de un equipo especial que pueda proyectar el anfo en el interior del pozo. Por un
tema de adherencia del explosivo las perforaciones ascendentes tienen como
Equipo UBS
Consiste en un sistema de carguo mecanizado de emulsin bombeables gasificable
in-situ, aplicada en teros ascendentes en minera subterrnea.
una menor
Para disear las configuraciones de carguo se deben tomar en cuenta las siguientes
restricciones:
La carga mxima de explosivo por retardo utilizado: 50 75 kg, tanto para realce
como para banqueo.
Tesis claudio becerra UDA diseo de perforacion y tronadura en mina santos orientada a minimizar vibraciones
TRONADURA PARADAS
DE PRODUCCION
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
y es recolectado antiguamente
por
embudos, pero actualmente es por medio de una zanja, abarcando toda la base del
casern.
prepararse con anticipacin y sus dimensiones van a depender del ancho del
casern.
Existen varias posibilidades para cargar el mineral a partir de la base de los embudos
o zanjas:
La
caracterstica de estos buzones, es que pueden cerrarse fcilmente una vez que un
Se necesitan que estos buzones especiales permitan "cachorrear" los bolones dentro
de ellos y cuyo precio influyen de manera importante en el costo del mtodo de
explotacin. Otro inconveniente de este sistema es la perdida de tiempo del equipo
En este caso el mineral pasa por un nivel de parrillas antes de ser cargados por los
buzones. La separacin entre los elementos de las parrillas van a depender de las
dimensiones de la boca del buzn y del tamao de los carros (en especial de la
abertura de la compuerta). El rendimiento de una parrilla esta en relacin directa con
su abertura.
Para que la parrilla trabaje de un modo correcto, el talud del mineral no debe ocupar
Con parrillas de 60 cm de
para quebrar los bolones, este sistema tiende a ser mas rpido que el cachorreo con
explosivos.
El rendimiento en extraccin con parrillas, es del orden de 45 toneladas por hombreturno ( caso disputada y el soldado)
Mina Santos
Para cargar los camiones se siguen algunas instrucciones como las siguientes:
La pala
Los equipos LHD entran por cruzados que tienen una inclinacin con respecto a la
galera undercut de 60, llevando el mineral hasta un punto o estocada donde lo
descarga en un camin.
(inclinado) de la planta.
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Fortificacin
En el diseo del mtodo de explotacin se ha aprovechado la calidad auto-soportante
del macizo rocoso. Sin embargo, las grandes dimensiones excavadas y el grado de
fracturamiento de la roca exigen prevenir el desprendimiento de bloques y los
http://subterra-ing.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Analisis-tenso-deformacional-y-dise%C3%B1o-de-fortificacionespara-una-explotacion-por-Sublevel-Stopping_paper.pdf
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Recuperacin de pilares
Algunos pilares una vez finalizada la explotacin de un sector (bloque o panel) de la
mina,
masivas
Technical Report for the Compana Minera Candelaria and Compana Minera Ojos del Salado
Copper Projects, Atacama Province, Region III, Chile
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Recuperacin de pilares sector malaquita Minas Santos Ojos del Salado 2000
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Site Profile
St Barbara's Southern Cross Operations are centred at Marvel Loch located 30 kms
south of the town of Southern Cross and 260 kms west of Kalgoorlie, Western
Australia. Current operations are based at the Marvel Loch underground mine.
Southern Cross Operations produce approximately 150,000 ounces of gold each year
The Marvel Loch underground mine is the mainstay of St Barbara's Southern Cross
Operations. Gold mineralisation extends over a 1.3 km strike length and has been
identified to depths of over 700 metres below the surface. The ore body comprises
multiple lodes, those currently being mined include Sherwood and Undaunted to the
North; Exhibition at the centre; and East and New to the South.
Mining methods include a Core and Shell type, where uphole benching and sub
level open stoping is utilised until a mass firing recovers remaining pillars with dry
rock fill Introduced.
The Situation
The successful extraction of the pillars shown in Fig. 2 was complicated due to the
lack of access directly above due to existing voids. The design included a combination
of conventional top hammer long hole drilling and in-hole-hammer (ITH) machines.
ITH drilling was utilized in the drive adjacent to the crown level (Fig 3 indicates drilling
area of crown) to achieve the accuracy required with some hole lengths in the vicinity
of 80 metres.
Orica was approached by St Barbara to assist with the extraction of the pillar as
shown in Fig. 2 below. Orica assisted in the drill design, completed the charge and
initiation designs. With more than four months of planning and the combined efforts of
St Barbaras Engineering team and Orica Technical Services team the blast was
The blast holes needed to be drilled to extract 430,000t of ore from three separate rib
pillars and a crown pillar. This would then allow waste rock fill from the overlying
stopes to flow in and support the void. Whilst drilling was being carried out failure of
the crown pillar occurred above pillar #three, this impacted on the void area available
The continuing concern with further failure of the remaining crown pillar made the
scheduled firing date even more important. Close monitoring of the remaining crown
pillars was carried out to ensure that sufficient void would be available to compensate
for a 30% swell factor of rock once fragmented.
Technical Solutions
The blast design incorporated specialized cratering charges needed to blast the
crown pillars. Orica utilized the i-kon electronic blasting system and Subtek
This event utilized two mobile charging units with eight member operations team, with
support from the product technical specialist team. In one 24 hour period over 23
tonnes of explosives were placed. The blast was timed in such a way that the rib
pillars one, two and three would be fired in two separate directions directly into the
existing voids.
On the 6th December the team was faced with the issue of further deterioration of the
crown pillar limiting void space and initiation sequence, which made the firing on the
8th December even more critical. The crown above stope two started failing
prematurely filling the void required to blast pillar #two. Using Shotplus-i UG
software the initiation sequence was changed thereby best utilising available void
space. The team was confident that there was still sufficient void space remaining to
go ahead with the firing.
The Result
Blast vibration monitoring was carried out in two locations on the surface. Vibration
levels where kept within environmental limits with a maximum detected PPV recorded
of 2.85mm/s.
On the 9th December Orica and St Barbara personnel went back underground to
review the area and encountered minimal damage to the crown level and even less
damage to the extraction level. This was a great result as it reduced the amount of
time required for rehabilitation works and allowed production bogging to commence
soon after the blast.
St Barbara personnel were pleased with the results and the removal of material was
made easier by good fragmentation resulting in a finely blasted material. While the
removal of ore is continuing the final result will not be realised until the completion of
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Ventilacin
El Sub Level Stoping es un mtodo que posee muy buena ventilacin debido, en
parte, a los grandes caserones que se generan. El caudal de aire ingresa por la
rampa de acceso, ingresa a los niveles de transporte y a los subniveles de
perforacin y desde ah, el aire viciado entra al casern. El aire que se encuentra en
el casern sale al exterior a travs de chimeneas
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
El yacimiento de El Soldado
Es un depsito estrato ligado, donde la mineralizacin es fuertemente controlada
por factores estructurales como fallas e intersecciones de ellas, generando zonas
Pruebas de carguo con emulsin bombeable en frentes de desarrollo mina subterrnea. Tesis UDA Manuel Hidalgo 2010
produccin
Mining challenge at El Soldado - Sublevel Open Stoping at El Soldado Mine: A Geomechanic Challenge
El acceso a la mina El Solado es mediante un rampa con una pendiente del 15%,
adems la mina se ha desarrollado mediante una red de sub niveles que dan acceso
a los techos y pisos de los caserones a explotar. El proceso de explotacin se divide
en desarrollo de caserones, arranque de mineral, extraccin y transporte de mineral y
servicios a la produccin.
(OP), con capacidades de 10.000 a 30.000 toneladas, estos piques conectan los
niveles de extraccin con el nivel de transporte.
Isomtrico El Soldado
Diseo de Caserones
mtodo tradicional SLOS y los pilares recuperados con las tcnica de voladura
masiva. Las cavidades no fueron rellenadas, por lo tanto la dimensin final es similar
a la del cuerpo mineralizado. Estas grandes cavidades tienen dimensiones de 60 y
Isomtrico El Soldado
Isomtrico: Sector California
vacos inestables, en conjunto con los pilares que los separan, conforman el sector
de cavidades o caving. Las principales cavidades de la mina son: California, Santa
Clara, Valdivia y Arauco. En la siguiente figura se observa la disposicin espacial de
las cavidades y el pilar central de sustento
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
http://niobec.com/en/about/process/
http://www.canadianminingjournal.com/features/niobec-unique-in-north-america/
The Niobec mine has been in production since 1976 and so development and stoping is
extensive (Fig. 16). The shaft (four compartments) is 2,256 feet deep and is used for
production (ore hoisting) and services (materials and manpower). In addition to the shaft, the
mine is serviced by a ramp that is planned to reach a depth of 2,350 feet (currently being
excavated).
Production levels are localized on the 600, 1000 and 1450 levels and there are also
developments on the 300, 700 and 1150 levels. Developments on production levels are mainly
used for ore haulage by trucks to the ore pass for hoisting. Development utilizes hydraulic
mining jumbos and ground support is performed to secure the openings. The broken rock is
loaded by scoop trams and hauled by trucks to the waste or ore pass.
Horizontal pillars are left between the production levels. A pillar of 85 feet is left between the
first and second mining blocks while a 135 feet pillar is left between the second and third
blocks (Fig. 17).
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
2011
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000119312511168517/dex991.htm
Open stoping has been the only mining method used since mine start-up. Stopes are planned
and designed based on geological information obtained from diamond drilling. The average
size of the stopes is about 200 ft in length, 80 ft in width and 300 ft in height, corresponding to
the vertical distance between development and production levels. An 80 ft pillar is then left
between the stopes. Secondary extraction of the pillars can be carried out after the complete
extraction of the primary stopes. Occasional mining of the horizontal pillar between two mining
blocks is also possible.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Access to a stope is achieved on two levels. On the upper level, secondary parallel drifts (18 x
12.5) spaced by a temporary pillar of 14 feet are excavated within the limits of the stope (Fig.
18). On the lower level (production level), draw points are opened at 60 from the transverse
drift. They are joined by a drift (10 x 21) in the center of the stope (Fig. 19).
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Three hundred foot long vertical production holes (6.5 inches diameter) are drilled from the
upper secondary drifts on a 13 x 16 grid pattern. Drilling and blasting of a drop raise (from
bottom to top) complete the stope preparation. Production of the stope is achieved with several
vertical rings blasted at the same time. Figure 20 shows an example of two mined stopes in
block 3.
The main advantage of bulk open stope mining is that it is one of the cheapest underground
mining methods. At Niobec, this method has been successful because of the size of the
mineralized zones combined with excellent ground conditions.
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The disadvantage of the method is the fact that the Niobec mineralized zones are wider than
the stope widths. The stope size, even quite big for underground mining, is limited by rock
mechanics. The impact is that a part of the economic mineralization must be left in place.
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The extraction of the top two mining blocks is nearing completion (less than 20% of current
reserves are located in these blocks). Based on a recent rock mechanics study (Golder, 2007),
the horizontal pillars will have to be thicker below these depths (150 feet between block 3 and
4 and 250 feet between blocks 4 and 5). Stope dimensions will also need to be smaller.
Following the Golder (2007) recommendations, mining recovery and horizontal pillar recovery
were reviewed. The restrictive mining factors described above, combined with the fact that the
mineralized zones are wider at depth led to the recognition that mining recovery could be less
than 50% if the current mining method is maintained for blocks 4 to 6.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
1973 Al 2007
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An alternative solution to the current mining method would be the use of cemented paste
backfill to allow a much better mining recovery. In 2007, IAMGOLD Corporation retained
Golder Paste Technology Ltd (PasteTec) to carry out laboratory testing on Niobec mine tailings
for the purpose of determining their suitability for use as a cemented underground mine paste
backfill.
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http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000119312514010943/d654919dex993.htm
Test work included an assessment of each individual waste stream for material properties
(mineralogy, chemistry, trace metals, particle size distribution and specific gravity) and dewatering characteristics (settling and filtration). The goal was to determine the relative
performance of each waste stream and to assess the benefits of using a blended product.
The conclusion of the study was that a blended waste stream consisting of 60% pyrochlore,
25% carbonate and 15% cyclone overflow (dry weight basis) produced promising results in all
areas considered (PasteTec project number 07-1900-0033, 2008). The blend thickened and
filtered well, showed minimal water bleed and gained strength favourably upon binder addition.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
The above blend represents the actual production rate of each waste stream based on
information provided by Niobec mine. The test work also indicated that some blending would
be required to produce a balance of dewatering, strength gain and rheological properties.
The study highlighted the requirement for flow loop testing to evaluate potential friction loss in
the backfill system. Further strength testing was also recommended to more accurately
determine binder requirements and model underground backfill and operating costs.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
An alternative solution to the current mining method would be the use of cemented paste
backfill to allow a much better mining recovery. In 2007, IAMGOLD Corporation retained
Golder Paste Technology Ltd (PasteTec) to carry out laboratory testing on Niobec mine tailings
for the purpose of determining their suitability for use as a cemented underground mine paste
backfill.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Test work included an assessment of each individual waste stream for material properties
(mineralogy, chemistry, trace metals, particle size distribution and specific gravity) and dewatering characteristics (settling and filtration). The goal was to determine the relative
performance of each waste stream and to assess the benefits of using a blended product.
The conclusion of the study was that a blended waste stream consisting of 60% pyrochlore,
25% carbonate and 15% cyclone overflow (dry weight basis) produced promising results in all
areas considered (PasteTec project number 07-1900-0033, 2008). The blend thickened and
filtered well, showed minimal water bleed and gained strength favourably upon binder addition.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
The above blend represents the actual production rate of each waste stream based on
information provided by Niobec mine. The test work also indicated that some blending would
be required to produce a balance of dewatering, strength gain and rheological properties.
The study highlighted the requirement for flow loop testing to evaluate potential friction loss in
the backfill system. Further strength testing was also recommended to more accurately
determine binder requirements and model underground backfill and operating costs.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Additional testing was completed in 2008, including mini-pilot scale flow testing and a
preliminary assessment of a potential supplementary binder produced from finely ground slag
available on site. The slag is produced as a waste product of the refinery process and contains
low level radiation, so it was of interest to investigate the potential for co-disposal in the
backfill, especially if it could act as a partial cement replacement. Due to the radioactive nature
of the slag, the testing was carried out in Golders Saskatoon laboratory, licensed under the
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC).
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
The testing during this phase of work indicated that blended tailings exhibited typical paste
flow properties, following the Bingham flow model (PasteTec project number 08-1900-0011,
2008). Evaluation of the data obtained during testing showed very little shear thickening or
thinning behaviour and pressure losses were slightly lower than the average values observed
for other paste tailings.
Strength testing using varying levels of the Niobec slag blended binder showed no strength
advantage to using the material as a cement substitute.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Based on the paste backfill studies and simulations, stopes of maximum dimensions of 80 x
80 x 300 (but preferably 50 x 80 x 300 based on the most recent studies) are recommended,
together with a mining sequence that would allow enough time for curing. Golder Associates
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Test work included an assessment of each individual waste stream for material properties
(mineralogy, chemistry, trace metals, particle size distribution and specific gravity) and dewatering characteristics (settling and filtration). The goal was to determine the relative
performance of each waste stream and to assess the benefits of using a blended product.
The conclusion of the study was that a blended waste stream consisting of 60% pyrochlore,
25% carbonate and 15% cyclone overflow (dry weight basis) produced promising results in all
areas considered (PasteTec project number 07-1900-0033, 2008). The blend thickened and
filtered well, showed minimal water bleed and gained strength favourably upon binder addition.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
The above blend represents the actual production rate of each waste stream based on
information provided by Niobec mine. The test work also indicated that some blending would
be required to produce a balance of dewatering, strength gain and rheological properties.
The study highlighted the requirement for flow loop testing to evaluate potential friction loss in
the backfill system. Further strength testing was also recommended to more accurately
determine binder requirements and model underground backfill and operating costs.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Additional testing was completed in 2008, including mini-pilot scale flow testing and a
preliminary assessment of a potential supplementary binder produced from finely ground slag
available on site. The slag is produced as a waste product of the refinery process and contains
low level radiation, so it was of interest to investigate the potential for co-disposal in the
backfill, especially if it could act as a partial cement replacement. Due to the radioactive nature
of the slag, the testing was carried out in Golders Saskatoon laboratory, licensed under the
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC).
The testing during this phase of work indicated that blended tailings exhibited typical paste
flow properties, following the Bingham flow model (PasteTec project number 08-1900-0011,
2008). Evaluation of the data obtained during testing showed very little shear thickening or
thinning behaviour and pressure losses were slightly lower than the average values observed
for other paste tailings.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Strength testing using varying levels of the Niobec slag blended binder showed no strength
17.2.3
Based on the paste backfill studies and simulations, stopes of maximum dimensions of 80 x
80 x 300 (but preferably 50 x 80 x 300 based on the most recent studies) are recommended,
together with a mining sequence that would allow enough time for curing. Golder Associates
reviewed the work and agreed with the conclusions.
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1203464/000110465909015560/a09-6634_5ex99d1.htm
Paste backfill is intended to be used mainly for the mining of block 4 and lower. As mining is
almost completed in blocks 1 and 2 and is well advanced in block 3, there is currently no plan
to backfill these blocks. Although some isolated stopes could potentially be mined by this
method in the future, paste backfill was not considered for these blocks in the resource and
reserve estimation of December 31, 2008.
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Stope design is an important consideration in the Niobec resource estimation. In the upper
three mining blocks, open stopes are limited to a width of about 80. Where mineralized zones
are wider than 80, resources must be limited to the volume of the designed stopes because
the rest of the mineralized zones will not be mined. The same reasoning applies to the pillars
that are not planned to be recovered. Mining factors are therefore applied before the final
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The above restrictions do not apply to the lower mining blocks (4, 5 and 6) using the paste
backfill method. All potential stopes of 80 x 80 x 300 (or 50 x 80) within the mineralized
zones could now be included in the resources as long as the average grade of the volume
(based on the block model) is higher than the economic cut-off. This will lead to an increase of
the resources and reserves in a particular mining block when compared to the estimation using
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Block caving is an underground bulk mining method, usually applied to large and homogeneous
deposits. This mining method is capital-intensive but high production rates combined with low
operating costs, compared to other underground methods, make block cave mining a viable
alternative to open-pit mining. It is becoming more popular and is used successfully in several
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Caving methods take advantage of the natural jointing and defects present in the rock mass, the
stress induced fracturing, the limited resistance of the rock and the gravity. In general a network
of parallel drifts are used to undercut the base of the mineralised zone to a sufficient dimension
to initiate the caving process. A permanent network of extraction drifts is built underneath the
undercut level and, by gravity, the fractured ore rock moves down the draw column and is
extracted. The overlying mineralised zone continues to cave and fill the voids generated by ore
extraction.
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In order to minimize interference with the 5-year mining plan and to accelerate the ramp-up to a
10 Mtpy caving operation, it is proposed to mine the western part of the deposit using an inclined
cave (IC) layout, initiated by sub-level caving (SLC). The SLC upper level is located on level
2100 (depth of 640 m) and mining will progress in a top down sequence. Four SLC levels are
planned.
This arrangement will allow undercutting the ore zone while supplying a quantity of ore required
for the transition period. Then, drawpoints are established to form a double sided inclined block
cave layout that would be in operation for about 10 years. This design was selected to facilitate
the transition from the current mining method (open long-hole stopes) to block caving and to
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While the IC is in operation, a horizontal cave (HC) layout would be developed 50 m below level
2400, at a depth of 795 m. This caving arrangement will be used to continue ore extraction in the
eastern part of the orebody Figure 16.2 shows an isometric view of these inclined and horizontal
layouts.
In the following sections, the geotechnical context of the mine, the mine design, schedule and
underground infrastructure are presented.
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2011
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2100
2400
Luis.alvarez@uda.cl
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014
Tesis Anlisis de la sobre excavacin en labores de avance en mina candelaria norte Camilo camilla y Arturo reinoso UDA 2014