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cooling.
Compares
TCRs
and
diode
rectifier
usage
in
[NTRODUCTION
TCR VS.
TCR
[nternational
Standard
IEC 1287- [
( 1995)
"Power
converters installed on board rolling stock"[2] specifies the
train equipment shall operate normally at [.2 nominal voltage.
US standard nominal train voltage is 750 VDC, such train shall
operate normally up to at [.2*750=900 VDC.
What is the maximum nominal voltage of diode rectifier to
operate 750 V trains?
( 1) Using standard US utility contract specifying 10%
incoming AC voltage regulation, the maximum no load
voltage should be 900/ l. l=818 VDC.
(2) Using 6% regulation (typical in traction) we get
nominal voltage of 8 18* 0.94=769 VDC.
(3) To allow for 2% ripples we get 769*0.98=754 VDC
In practice the nominal voltage for Diode rectifier is
specified as 750 V for 750 V trains. This voltage (together with
750
8,
J!!
. -r--
700
----
---
650
----
r--
---
r--
---
--
r--
600
550
-DiOde
-TCR
500
450
400
50
Figure
100
I.
150
200
Loadj%)
250
300
350
400
2013 3rd International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, October 2-4, 2013
A.
The COnYarttH :.nall QPrallB norm any wl'll!n!! SubjeCloBL1 ID D'U'tI(\rQltagos glv9t'l In CU1\'8 1 Qf
figUf6 -4
,,'
r--:
l
10"'
g. If, 10-
FligtJro 4
ill
11110-"
III
..
1G....z
S 1104
.}--...
Figure 2.
, ' , . . ,,'
-
For the above reasons the film capacitors are preferable for
traction TCR output filters. For a typical 3 MW, 850 V TCR
we will need about 20 mF to avoid problems with resonance.
At this capacitance level and 1000 V voltage, the film capacitor
current rating exceeds 1000 A, few times higher the actual
capacitor ripple current. Also the output ripples are reduced
well below the diode rectifier ripples. Conclusion: to utilize
the TCR advantages of increasing TPSS spacing and
improved train performance without jeopardizing train's
equipment, we need to use output filter, preferable parallel
film capacitor.
B.
Ipk
1pk
= -.!!....
2013 3rd International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, October 2-4, 2013
where:
JT
=
20 00
0.01
=
Ipk =
V,I
P
850
0.0 1
1
=
2nJLC
TCR
output
capacitor
doesn't
create
C.
,,""
impedances
= 7.2kJ
Figure 3.
Even if we assume the fault circuit has high Q and the fault
current will not decay substantially by the time the feeder
breaker contacts separate, the peak current is well within DC
breaker interrupting capability (over 120 kA per ANSI C37. 14
and C37. 16) and it is an AC current, it is easier to interrupt than
DC. So the typical feeder DC breaker will have no problem
interrupting the fault current right at the feeder breaker
terminals. In a more practical situation with the fault occurring
at the tracks, the loop inductance will be above 50 uHy;
inductance increase by a factor of 25 will decrease the
capacitor current and its frequency by a factor of 5. Thus the
capacitor fault current will be only 17 kA with 160 Hz
frequency; it will be even easier to interrupt. Additional
argument is a small amount of energy stored in the TCR output
filter. At 850 V a 20 mF capacitor has energy
2
3
20 1 0- .850
-.....
'00'
795 Hz
-----
V-
----
85 kA
V
/'
N hann
IiTAACI
Idb
13.1
41.99
0. 19
CiA
Ihcal
41.02
-70.0
-67.0
11
-46.5
13
-53.5
13
-62.0
15
-60.1
0.59
-71.5
0.16
0.11
35
37
47
49
Figure 4.
-73. 9
-71.4
-74.3
0.2 7
1.84
1.27
0.00
0 00
1.95
1.11
0,48
0.57
0.11
0.10
0.16
0.13
0.12
0.55
0.05
Vdb
-23.6
-73.1
-73,4
-68.0
VlVACI
3673.9
CiV
Vhcal
4100.00
13.3
0.00
12.6
000
239
20.31
-73.7
12.4
901
-77.0
8.5
6.67
-80.0
6.0
-87.1
1.6
-61.7
4.4
-852
-64.6
6.16
1.18
1 (Ohm)
40.4
1.0
4.9
4.4
27.6
1.6
5.6
5.2
8.3
10.0
7.3
9.2
3.3
4.79
12.6
14.0
11.9
14.8
3.5
1.65
17.1
3 .93
15.7
16.6
19.6
2013 3rd International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, October 2-4, 2013
T8k Prevu
Refl CycRMS
'13 V
Ref2 CycRMS
1.39 A
Refl-tRef2 P'ha
55.700
,+
:(:
__
....,J:-M135r.
Figure 5.
AW2rg'r-0!i!YJ
A.
or
12
C.
TCRs.
Do we need an 1PT?
pulse mode?
A.
VdO = --
Vd
=_
VdO
r
Vdout = Vd - Jd; Pdout = Vdout Jd
3J2
n
coscp
2013 3rd International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, October 2-4, 2013
where:
QI
J3 ll sin rp = J3 ll 1- cos2 rp
a O.ax)
O.Em t---+---<--____t--t______i
0.400 f--+-I_--___+--+_
---____t--t______i
O.axJ t-"t-:.,..
0.000 ""'-_I_-----___I--""_----'
0.0
Figure 6.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Vd
where:
IO cosa -x1d
Vdout
= -- ;
i rated
'"
iolll
i rated
V[1.
A.
ENERGY RECUPERATION
11
B.
2013 3rd International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, October 2-4, 2013
Reverse
Bridge
IX.
'-----+--'-++J-'----+--....-----...
Figure 7.
CONCLUSIONS
VIII.
A.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
COOLING
Magazine
[2]
[3]
[4]
[6]
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