1

EDITORIAL BOARd
SHRI R. VARADHARAJAN - ADVISOR

PRINCIPAL
MR. S.KUMARESAN
P.G.T(MATHEMATICS)
MR. BHARATHI. M
P.G.T(MATHEMATICS)
NITHIN SHARMA

XII-A1

SHORAB. U

XII-A1

LALITH.S

XII-A1

LAKSHIT. L

XII-A1

AYUSH. G

XII-A1

MAYANK. N

XII-A1

DIVESH. N

XII-A1

NIDHI. N

XII-B

DIVYA. A

ROSHINI. J

XII-B

DHRITI. J

NIDHI. S

XII-B

MANISHA. M

XII-B
XII-B
XII-B

PREFACE
This booklet MATH-MEDIC for class XII (capsule of math formulae
and results) covers all the formulae, results, assignments,
chapter wise question papers and sample papers in the following
topics:

Relations and functions

Inverse Trigonometric Function
Matrices
Determinants
Continuity and Differentiability
Application of Derivatives
Integrals
Application of Integrals
Differential Equations
Vector Algebra
Three Dimensional Geometry
Linear Programming
Probability

We are extremely grateful to our Principal , Mr.

R.VARDHARAJAN, M.A, M.Ed, for his support and motivation.
We are also thankful to our Honorary Secretary Sri
K.PRAKASH CHANDJI JAIN, B.E, for encouraging us.
We are very confident that this booklet MATH-MEDICS will
cater to the needs of the students of class XII Mathematics
group.

CONTENTS
Pages
Relations and functions
5-9
Inverse Trigonometric Function
10-14
Matrices
15-21
Determinants
22-29
Continuity and Differentiability
30-36
Application of Derivatives
37-42
Integrals
43-49
Application of Integrals
50-53
Differential Equations
54-59
Vector Algebra
60-67
Three Dimensional Geometry
68-73
4

Linear Programming
74-81
Probability
82-92
Important math formulae
93-98
Unit wise mark distribution
99-100

1.RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every
element of A is related to itself. R is reflexive (a,a) R for all a
A.
2. Symmetric Relation:A relation R on a set A is said to be symmetric if
(a,b) R (b,a) R for all a,b R.
3. Transitive Relation:A relation R on a set A is said to be transitive if (a,b)
R and (b,c)

(a,c)

R for all a,b,c

A.
4. One-One Function (Injective): A function f:A B is said to be a one-

one function if different elements of set A have different images in set B.

5. Many One Function: A function f:A B is said to be a many one
function if two or more elements of set A have different images in set B.
6. On To Function (Surjective) : A function f:A B is said to be an on to
function if range of f is equal to the co-domain of f.
7. Bijective Function: A function f:A B is said to be a bijective function
if it is one-one as well as on to function.
8. Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be equivalence
if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
9. Composition Of Functions: Let f:A B and g:B C be two functions.
Then, a function gof:A C defined b defined by
a. (gof)x = g(f(x)), for all x A
is called the composition of f and g.
10.
Inverse Of A Function: Let f:A B be a bijection. Then a function
g: B A which associates each element y B to a unique element x
A such that f-1(y)=x is called the inverse of f.
Let f:A B and g:B C be two functions such that gof=IA and fog=IB.
Then, f and g are bijections and g=f -1.
11.
Binary Operation: Let S be a non-empty set. A function f : S S S
is called a binary operation on set S.
12.
Commutativity: A binary operation * on a set S is said to be a
commutative binary operation if ab = ba
13.
Associativity: A binary operation * on a set S is said to be an
associative binary operation if ( ab )c = a ( bc for all a,b,c S.

14.

Identity Element:Let * be a binary operation on a set S. If there

exists an element e S such that ae=a=ea for all a S . Then, e is

called an identity element for the binary operation * on set S.
15.
Inverse Of An Element: Let * be a binary operation on a set S and
let e be the identity element in S for the binary operation * on set S.
Then, an element a S is called an invertible element if there exists an
element b S such that ab=e=ba . The element b is called an
inverse of element a and is denoted by a-1.
16.
A relation R in a set A is called Empty Relation, if no element of A
is related to any element of A, i.e. R= A A .
17.
A relation R, in set A is called Universal Relation, if each element
of A is related to every element of A, i.e.
18.

A one one function

f :X Y

R= A A

is necessarily onto and an onto map

f : X Y

is necessarily one-one, for every finite set X.

19.
gf is one-one implies that f is one-one and gf is onto implies that
g is onto.
20.
If f : X Y is a function such that there exists a function g:YZ such
that g f =I x and t f g=I y , then f must be one one and onto.
21.

If f : X Y

22.

Let f : X Y

; g :Y Z

and h :Z S are functions, then h ( g f ) =( h g ) f

and g :Y Z

be two invertible functions. Then gf is

1
1
1
also invertible with (g f ) =f g

23.

A function f : X Y

is defined to be invertible, if there exists a

function g:YX such that gf = Ix and fg = Iy. the function g is called the
1
inverse of f and is denoted by f .

24.

Let f : X Y

and g :Y Z

also invertible with

be two invertible functions. Then gf is

(g f )1 =f 1 g1

RELATION AND FUNCTION

1. Let Z be the set of all integers and R be the relation on Z defined as R
= {( a, b):a,bZ and (a b) is divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an
equivalence relation .
2. Prove that the relation R is the set A = {1,2,3,4,5} given by R = {(a
,b);a-bis even} is an equivalence relation
3. Show that the relation R is the set A = {x: xw, 0 x 12 } is an
equivalence relation. Also find that set of all elements related to 2.
4. Show that the relation R defined by ( a , b) R ( c , d) if a + d = b+c on
the set N N is an equivalence relation.
5. Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N N
defined by
( a,b) R (c,d) if ad = bc for all a, b, c, d N. Show that
R is an equivalence relation.

2
6. If A = R - { 3 } and a function f : AA is defined by f (x) =

4 x +3
6 x4 .

Show that f is one one and onto. Hence find f.

2
7. Consider the function f: R+(-5, ) defined by f (x) =9 x +6x-5
where R+ in the set of all non negative real number . show that f in
invertible and find its inverse.
8. A binary operation * on the set { 0,1,2,3,4,5} is defined as a* b = a +
b if a + b< 6
8

=a+b-6 if a+b 6. Show that zero is the identity element of this

operation and each element a of the set is invertible with (6-a)
being the inverse of a.
9. Show that the relation R on the set N N defined by ( a,b)R(c,d)
ad(b+c)= bc(a+b) is an equivalence relation.
10. Let A = N N, N is the set of all natural numbers . Let * = A A
A be defined as (a , b) (c , d) = ( ad + bc , bd ) for all (a,b), (c , d )
A. Show that (i) is Commutative, (ii) is associative (iii) identity
element with respect to does not exist.
11. Let f : N R be a function defined as f ( x ) = 4x2 +12x + 15. Show
that f : NS, where S = range of f, is invertible. Find f -1.
12. Prove that f : N N defined by f (x) = x2 + x + 1 is one one but not
onto.
n+1
2 , n is odd

13. Let f : N N defined as f (n) =

n
2 ,

n is even

for all n N. State whether f is bijective. Justify your answer.

14. Let A = R - { -3} ; B = R -{ 1 } consider f A B defined by f (x)=
x 2
x3 . Is f is one one and onto? Justify your answer.

15. Is the binary operation on N given by a b =

a+b
2 , for all a , b N

commutative ? Is
associative?
16. If f : RR given by f (x) x2 +3x + 1 and g : R given by g (x) 2x-3 .
Find fog and gof.
17. Prove that the relation R on z,defined by(a,b)R<=>a-b is divisible
by 5 is an equivalance relation on z.
18. An integer m is said to be related to another integer n if m is a
multiple on n. check if the relation is symmetric ,reflexive and
transitive.
19. Let a relation R on R be defined as R={(a,b);1+ab>0, a,bR}. show
that R is Reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
20. If R1 ,R2 are equivalence relation on set A,show that R 1UR2 is reflexive
, symmetric but not transitive.
21. Classify the following function as one-one ,onto or bijective.
a) f:N N defined by f(x)=x3+1
b) f:R R defined by f(x)=x3+1
c) f:Z Z defined by f(x)=x3+1
9

22. Show that the function f:Q-{3} Q defined by f(x)=(2x+3)/(x-3) is

not bijective.
23. Show that the f:R R defined by f(x)=sin2x+cos2x, is neither oneone nor onto.
24. Show that f:R R given by f(x)=x-[x] is neither one-one nor onto
where [x] denotes greatest integer function.
25. Show that the function f:N N given by f(x)=x-(-1)x is bijective.
26. Let A={a,b,c} ,B={u,v,w} and let f:A B , g:A B defined as
f={(a,v),(b,u),(c,w)} and g={(u,b),(v,a),(w,c)}. find gof and fog.
27. Let f:Z Z be defined by f(n)=3n , for all nZ and y:Z Zbe defined
by
g(n)={n/3, if n is multiple of 3
o, if n is not a multiple of 3
show that fogIz and gof=Iz .
28. If the function f:R R be given by f(x)=x2+2, g:R R be given by
g(x)=

x
x1 ,x1, find fog,gof and hence find fog(2) and gof(-3) .

29. Let A=R-{3},B=R-{1} .consider the function f:A B defined by f(x)=

x 2
x3

. show that f isone-one and onto and hence find f -1..

30. Let f:[1,) [-1,) is given by f(x)=(x+1)2-1 .show that f is

invertible , also find the set s={x; f(x)= f-1(x)}
31. If f:R (0,2) defined f(x) = ex e-x / ex + e-x is invertible and find f-1
32. let A = { x R , -1x1 } and let f:AA be defined by f(x)=sin
(x/2). Show that f-1 exists and find f-1.
33. Find the value of parameter for which the function f , given by
f(x)=1+x , 0 is the inverse of itself.
34. let f:NY be a function defined as f(x)=4x+3 , where Y ={y N ;
y=4n+3,for some n }show that f is invertible . find inverse.
35. let f:XY be an invertible function , show that inverse of f -1 is f.

CHAPTER TEST
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
50

PART-A (4X1=4)
10

TIME: 1 hrs
MARKS:

3 1/3

1. If f:R R is given by f(x)=(3-x ) ,determine f(f(x)).

2. If the binary operation * on the set of integers z is defined by
a*b=a+3b2 , then find 2*4?
3 x4
3. If f is invertible function , defined as f(x)=
5

, write f-1(x).

4. If the binary operation *on set z is defined by a*b=a+b-5 then write

the identity element for the operation * in z
PART-B (7X4=28)
5. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R as relation in T
given by R={(T1 ,T2), T1 T2}, show that R is an equivalence relation
.
6. Let A=R-{3} and B=R-{1}, consider the function f:A B defined by
f(x)=((x-2)/(x-3)) . Show that f is one-one and onto functionand
hence find f-1 .
7. Given a non-empty set x, let * :p(x)xp(x) p(x) defined as A*B=(AB) (B-A) ,for all A,B p(x) . show that the empty set is the
identity for the operation * and all the elements A of p(x) are
invertible with A-1=A.
8. On R-{1} a binary operation * is defined by a*b=a+b-ab. prove that
* is commutative and associative . find the identity element for * on
R-{1}.
9. Show that the function f:R {xR; -1<x<1} defined by f(x)=
x
(1+|x|) is one-one and onto.

10.
Show that the relation R on R as R={(a,b);ab} is reflexive and
transitive but not symmetric .
11.
Show that the function f:R R given by f(x)=x3+x is a bijective.

PART-C (3X6=18)
12.
Consider f:R+ [4,) by f(x)=x2+4, show that f is invertible with
the inverse f-1 of f given by f-1(y)= y4 where R+ is non-negative
real number .
13.
Show that the relation R on the set A={xz, 0x12} given by
R={(a,b); |a-b| is a multiple of 4} is an equivalence relation.
14.
If f:R R and g:R R be two bijective functions defined by
f(x)=2x and g(x)=x+2, verify that (gof)-1=f-1og-1.
11

_____________________________ALL THE BEST_______________________________

2.INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

1)Domain and Range

FUNCTION
sin -1
cos
tan

DOMAIN
[-1,1]

-1

(0,)
(-

[-,-1] [1,]

-1

2)Prope
sec
[-,-1]
sin=
cot -1
R
cos=
tan-1(tan ) =
cosec-1(cosec ) =
sec-1(sec ) =
cot-1(cot ) =
-1

and (sin x)

-1

(-

2 ,

(0)

-1

3) sin-1 x (sin x)

2 , 2 )

(-

[-1,1]
R

-1

cosec

RANGE

[1,]

(0, ) ( 2 )

(0,)

rties:
1

(sin )

(cos)

1
sinx

4) The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lie in the

range of principal branch is called the principal value of that inverse
trigonometric function.
5) sin (sin

-1

x) = x

Properties
I)
1. sin-1(-x) = -sin-1x
2. cos-1 (-x) = --cos-1x
3. tan-1 (-x) = -tan-1x
12

4. cosec-1 (-x) = -cosec-1x

5. sec-1 (-x) = -sec-1x
6. cot-1 (x) = -cot-1x

II
1. sin

-1

2. cos

-1

3. tan-1

( 1x )

= cosec-1x

( 1x )

= sec-1x

( 1x )

= cot-1x

III
1. sin-1x + cos-1x =

2. tan-1x + cot-1x =

3. sec x + cosec x =
-1

-1

IV
1. 2tan x =
-1

2. 2tan-1x =

sin1

( )

cos1

3. 2tan x = tan
-1

2x
1+ x2

-1

( )
1x
2
1+ x

2x
1x 2

4. tan x + tan y = tan

-1

-1

-1

5. tan-1x tan-1y = tan-1

x y
( 1xy
)

( 1+xxyy )

13

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

( 1+cosxsinx )

1. Write tan-1
2. Prove cot

-1

in simplest form.

1+sin x + 1sin x
1+sin x 1sin x

= 2 , x (0, 4 )

( 1x
1+ x )

3. Prove: tan-1 ( x ) = 2 cos-1

4. Prove: tan

-1

( 12 sin 34 )
1

5. Prove: 2 tan-1
6. Prove: cot

-1

7. Prove: sin

-1

( 12 )

4 7
3

7 + cot

-1

+ cos

8. Prove: cos-1

( 1213 )

+sin -1

9. Solve: tan -1

( 1x
1+ x )

Solve: tan

-1

= sin-1

8 + cot

( 135 )

10.

( 17 )

+tan-1

= 2

( 35 )

-1

( 35 )

-1

18 = cot

= tan
= sin-1

tan-1 x.

(2x) + tan

-1

3x =

14

( 25312 )

-1

-1

( 6316 )

( 5665 )

.
(3).

( x1
x2 )

( x+1
x+2 )

+ tan-1

11.

Solve :tan -1

= 4

12.

Solve: 2 tan

13.

1 3
Solve: cos(tan-1x) = sin cot 4

14.

Solve: tan-1(x-1) + tan-1x + tan-1(x+1) = tan-1(3x)

15.

Show that : 4 tan

16.

Evaluate: sin

17.

Solve: tan-1

x+ 1
( x1
)

18.

Prove: tan-1

( 34 )

19.

Solve: tan (x+1) + tan (x-1) =

20.

Prove: tan-1

21.

If tan x + tan y + tan z =

(cos x) = tan-1( 2cosecx)

-1

( 15 )

-1

tan

-1

( 701 )

( 18 )

( )]

+ tan-1

( x+1x )

( 35 )

+ tan-1

= tan-1(-7)

+ tan-1

-1

( 198 )

tan-1

tan

-1

-1

( 991 )

1
sin1
3
3

-1

( 13 )

+ tan

-1

( 15 )

+ tan-1

-1

( 17 )

( 318 )

+ tan-1

2 , then find the value of xy + yz+

-1

zx
22. Prove: tan-1(1) + tan-1(2) + tan-1(3) =

1
1+ x 1x
-1
-1
23. Prove: tan
1+ x + 1x = 4 - 2 cos x

24.

Prove: tan -1

1+ x 2 1x 2
1+ x 2 + 1x 2 =

1+ x 2 +1

)=

- 2 cos-1 (x)2

Prove: tan

26.

Prove that : sin-112/13 + cos-1 4/5 + tan-1 63/16 =

27.

Prove that : tan [ /4 + cos-1(a/b)] + tan [/4 - 2 cos-1(a/b)

1
-1
2 tan x

25.

-1

2b
a

1x 2 ) = 2sin-1x

28.

Show that sin-1 (2x

29.

Solve : tan-1(x+1) + tan-1(x-1) = tan-1 31

15

30.

Evaluate sin [ 3

31.

Prove that 2 tan-1 (cos x) = tan-1 (2cosec x)

32.

Prove that : tan-1 x = 1 cos-1 ( 1x ) , x

2
1+ x

33.

Prove that : cos

34.
35.
36.
37.

P.T tan

-1

Write cot

sin (-

12
13

-1

1+ x 1x
1+ x+ 1x
3
5

P.T: cos (sin -1

-1

1
2

-1

) + sin

)]

- 2

cot 1 2 )

1
x 2 +1

3
( )
-1
5 = sin

-1

cos

-1

(0,1)

56
65

x;

1
2

x1

6
5 13

; |x| > 1 is simplest form

If x, y, z [-1, 1] such that sin -1 x + sin -1 y + sin

-1

z=

3
2

then
P.T x

38.

2006

+y

2007

+z

2008

-(

2006

+y

2007

Evaluate sin (arc cos(-1/2))

39.

Solve: sin

-1

40.

Solve: sin

-1

41.

If cos

-1

8
17

= sin

( 45x )

( 2x )

+ cos

-1

-1

( 3y )

2008

tan cos

x sin

-1

+ sin

+z

( 35x )

-1

)= 0

( 12 ))

3
5

= sin

Write in the simplest form tan -1

43.
44.

Evaluate cos

Evaluate cos

-1

-1

( 12 )

= then P.T 9x2 12xycos + 4y2 =

36 sin2
42.

-1

+ sin

-1

(cos 76 )
16

cos x
( 1sin
x)

( 12 )

45.

P.T: cos

-1

( 526 )

1
4

tan

120
119

-1

CHAPTER TEST
1 hrs

TIME:

INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION

MARKS: 50

PART A (4x1=4)
3

1. Using principal value evaluate sin-1(sin 5

2. Find the principle value of the expansion cos -1 [cos (-6800)]

1
2
3. Write cot 1/ x 1 , |x|>1 in simplest form
1 1
4. Find the value of cos 2

1 1
+ 2 sin 2

PART B (7x4=28)
1 1
5. Prove that 2 tan 2

1 1
+ tan 7

1+ x 2
6. Express in Simplest Form :

tan1

sin

31
25 2

1)/x , x 0

1
1
1
1
7. Prove that cot 7 + cot 8 + cot 18 = cot 3

17

8. Simplify

3 sin 2
5+ 3 cos 2
()
tan1

1 1
+ tan 4 tan ,where -

<
<
2
2

9. If 0<x<1 then solve the following for x

1 8
1
tan x1 = tan 31

tan x+ 1 +

1
1
10. If y = cot cos x - tan cos x ,then prove that sin y =tan2 (x/2)

/4 + 1/2

11. Prove that tan (

a/b
) = tan (/4 1/2 cos1

cos a /b

PART C (3x6=18)
cos1

12. Solve for x

13. Prove that

tan 1

x 21
x2 +1

cosx
1+sinx

+
=

tan

2x
x 21

2
3

x
2

; x -

,
2 2
sin cos

14. Show that 2tan-1 [ tan /2 tan ( 4 2 )] = tan-1 cos + sin

_____________________ALL THE BEST_______________________

3.MATRICES
1. Matrix
A set of mn numbers arranged in the form of a rectangular
array of m rows and n columns is called an m n matrix
2. General Form
A=

a11 a12 ..................a1j.........a1n

a21 a22 ..................a2j.........a2n
ai1 ai2 ...................aij.........ain
18

am1 am2 .................amj.........amn

3. Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix
4. Column Matrix
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix
5. Square Matrix
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of
columns is called a square matrix
6. Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if the elements, except
those in the leading diagonal are zero
7. Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is
called the scalar matrix
8. Unit Matrix
A square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity and each of
whose non diagonal element is equal to zero is called an identity or unit
matrix
9. Null Martix
A matrix whose all elements are zero is called null matrix or a zero
matrix.

10. Equality Of Matrices

Two matrices are said to be equal if
(i) they are of same order
(ii) the elements in the corrosponding places are
equal

19

11. Transpose Of A Matrix

The transpose A, denoted by At is obtained from A by inter changing
its rows into columns and columns into rows.
12. Properties Of Transpose
(i) (At)t= A
(ii) (AB)t= BtAt (Reversal law of transpose)
13. Symmetric And Skew - Symmetric Matrices
A square matrix A is a symmetric matrix if A' = A
14. A square matrix A is a skew symmetric matrix if A' = -A
15.Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a
symmetric or matrix and a skew symmetric matrix
If A = P+Q =

1
2

(A+ A') + 2

(A - A') then P is symmetric and Q is

skew symmetric.

MATRICES
20

1. Express the matrix

a skew

3 -2

-4

as the sum of a symmetric and

3 -2 -5
-1
1
2
symmetric matrix and Verify the result.
2. Find the inverse of
row operation

-1

1f it exists, using elementary

5
1
0
0
1
3
3. Using elementary transformation, find the inverse of the following
matrix:
1 2 3
2 5 7
-2 -4 -5
4. If A = 1 -1

B= 2
-4

-4

Find AB

-4
2

-1

-5

Use this to solve the following system of equation:

x-y = 3

2x + 3y + 4z = 17
y + 2z = 7
5. If A =

-2

-2

Find k such that A2 = kA 2I

6. If A =

2
-2 S.T. A2 6A + 17I = 0. Hence find A-1
4
-2
7. If A =
2
3
prove A3 4A2 + A = 0
1 2
8. Express A =
3
2
5
Express A as the sum of two matrices
such that one is
symmetric
4
1
3
and the other is skew symmetric.
0
6
7
9. If A =
1
B = (-1
2
1 ). Prove (AB) t = B t A t
-4
3
10.
If A =
2
0
1 Evaluate: A 2 3A + 2I
2
1 3
1 -1 0
21

12. Using elementary row operation find the inverse of

2

13. There are 3 families A, B, C. the number of men women and

children in these families are under

WOME
N

CHILDRE
N

ME
N
Family 2
3
1
A
Family 2
1
3
B
Family 4
2
6
C
Daily expenses of men, women and children are Rs. 200, Rs. 150,
and Rs. 200 respectively. Only men and women earn and children
do not. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the daily expenses of
each family. What impact does more children in the family create on
the society.
14. If X

-7 -8 -9

, then find the matrix X.

2 4 6

15. Find the inverse of matrix A = 3

that A A = I

-1

and hence show

-1

-15
5

-2

-5

16. If A and B are symmetric matrix, prove that AB BA is a skew

symmetric matrix.
17.

If A = -1
3

18.

verify ( A2) = (A )

-7

Construct a 34 matrix but whose elements are given by

(aij) =
i+j , if i j
22

(i-j) , if i<j
Cos Sin
sin cos

19. If A =

then for what value of

is A an identity matrix

?
20.If A = Diagonal ( -2 ,5,1) and B = (1,0,-4)
then find 3A-5B.

21. Evaluate

1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1

22. If A

23.

a
b
cd

c
+ (a b) b

then prove that A - 4A - 5I=0

If is the complex cube root of unity show that:

1
1
2
2 1 1

24.

(c d )

2 2
2 1
1
2

Prove that product of

w2

0
0
0

cos 2 cossin
cossin
sin 2

and

cos
cossin
cossin
sin2

is the

null matrix when and differ by an odd multiples of /2

25.

If A =

a2 ab ac
ab b2 bc
ac bc c2

and B=

0
c b
c 0
a
b a 0

then show that BA= 033

26. Show that square matrix can be expressed as sum of symmetric and
skew symmetric matrix.
27.

If A =

1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1

then prove that An =

23

1 n n (n+1)/ 2
0 1
n
0 0
1

for all n N

2 5 3
5 4 1
3 6 2

28. Find the inverse by row transformation

29. Find inverse by column transformation of the matrix A =

3 4

30. If A = 1 1

then prove that An =

1+2 n 4 n
n
12n

2 5
1 3

for all n N

by

using PMI.

CHAPTER TEST

TIME: 1 hrs
MATRICES

MARKS: 50

PART-A (4X1=4)

1. Define Skew symmetric matrix with example.

2
7
2
sin
7

cos

2. If

2
7
2
cos
7

sin

1 0

= 0 1

then find the least possible integral of

k.
cos sin
cos

3. If A = sin

then what value of is A an identity matrix.

4. If A is a 33 matrix whose elements are given by ( aij) = 1/3 | -3i+j|

then write value of a23

24

PART-B (7X4=28)
5. Find x if

1 x 1

1 3 2
2 5 1
15 3 2

6. Find A -5A +6I , if A =

1
2
x

=0

2 0 1
2 1 3
1 1 0
1 2 3

7 8 9
2
4
6

7. Find the matrix x so that x 4 5 6 =

8. For the following matrix A and B verify that (AB) =BA, if A =

1
4
3

B = ( 1 2 1

9. Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed in the

sum of a symmetric and square symmetric matrix.
10.

2 1
4

Let A = 3

5 2

B= 7 4

2 8

C = 3 5 Find a matrix D such that

CD-AB =0
11.

3 4

Prove by PMI if A = 1 1

then A =

1+2 n 4 n
n
12n

for every

positive integer n.

PART-C (3X6=18)
12.

Express the following matrix as the sum of symmetric and skew

symmetric matrix and verify your result

3 2 4
3 2 5
3 1
2

13.

Using elementary transformation find the inverse of

14.

If is the complex cube root of unity show that

25

2 5 3
3 4 1
1 6 3

1 1
2
2 1 1

2 2
2
1 1
2

0
0
0

___________________________ALL THE BEST______________________________

4.DETERMINANTS
1. Every square matrix can be associated to an expression or a number
which is known as its determinant.
2. A square matrix is a singular matrix if its determinant is zero.
3. Minor:-minor of an element aij of a determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which element aij

26

lies.

Minor of an element aij

is denoted by M ij .

4. Cofactor:-The cofactor Cij of

aij

is (-1)i+j M ij .

5. Properties Of Determinants: The value of determinant remains unchanged if its rows and
columns are interchanged.
If any two rows of a determinant are interchanged then the value of
the determinant changes by minus sign only.
If any two rows(columns)of a square matrix are identical, then its
determinant is zero
If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by
a constant k, then the value of new determinants is k times the
value of the original determinant.
If each element of a row(or column)of a determinant is expressed as
a sum of two or more terms, then the determinant can be expressed
as the sum of two or more determinant.
If each element of a row(column)of a determinant is multiplied by
the same constant and then added to corresponding elements of
some other row(column),then the value of determinant remains
same.
6. Condition for collinearity of three points (x 1,y1) (x2,y2),(x3,y3) are
collinear if
x1

y1 1

x 2 y2 1

=0

x 3 y3 1
7. Equation of a line passing through two given points (x 1,y1) and (x2,y2)
is
x

x 1 y1 1

=0

x 2 y2 1
8. Adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors
of elements.
9. A(adj A)=(adj A)A=|A|I
27

10.A-1 = (adj A) /|A|

11.Reversal law for inverse:(AB)-1=B-1A-1
12.Matrix method for solving system of linear equations is given by
X=A-1B
13.If A is singular then |A|=0
14.If (adj A)B is not equal to 0,then the solution does not exist and the
system of equation is called inconsistent.
15.If (adj A)B is equal to 0,then the system may be either consistent or
inconsistent according as the system have either infinitely many solutions
or no solutions.
If A=
16.
|A|=

then determinants of A is
= det (A) =(AD BC).

17. Only square matrices have determinants.

18. For easier calculation, we shall expand the determinants along the
row or column which contains maximum number of zero.
19. If elements of row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any
other row (or column), then their sum is zero.
20. Singular matrix : - A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| =
0.
21. A Square matrix A is said to be a non - singular if |A| not equal 0.
22. If A and B are non - singular matrices of the same order, then AB and
BA are also non singular matrices of the same other.
23. The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their
respective determinants i.e. |AB|=|A| |B|.
24. If A is a non singular matrix of order n, then |adj (A) | = |A| n-1.
25. A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non singular
matrix.
26. Consistent system : -A system of equations is said to be consistent
if its solution (one or more ) exists.
28

27. A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not

exist.

DETERMINANTS
1. Solve:

x-2
x-4
x

2x-3
2x-4
2x-27

3x-4
3x-16
3x-64

=0

2. Prove using properties:

x
x2 1+px3
y
y2 1+py3
= (1 + pxyz) (x-y) (y-z) z-x)
2
3
z
z
1+9z
3. Prove: 1+a

1+b

4. a2 +1
ab
ba
1+b
ca
cb
5.

bc
a2+ac
a2+ab

= abc (1 +

1
a

1
+ b +

1
c )

1+c

ac
bc
= a2 + b2 +c2 + 1
c2+1

b2+bc
-ac
2
b +ab

c2+ bc
c2+ac
-ab

= (ab + bc + ca )3

6. The management committee of a residential colony decided to

award some of its members (say x) for honesty , some (say y)
for helping others and some others (say z) for supervising the
workers to keep the colony neat and clean . The sum of all
awardees is 12 . Three times the sum of awardees for helping
others and supervision added to two times the number of
awardees for honesty is 33. If the sum of the number of
awardees for honesty and supervision is two times the number
of awardees for helping others . Using matrix method, find the
number of awardees of each category. Apart from these values
29

namely, honesty,helping others and supervision, suggest one

more value which the management must include for award.
2

7. Solve using matrices : x +

1;

6
x

3
y

10
z = 4;

4
x

6
y

+ z

9
20

y
z =2

8. Using matrices solve : x + 2y 3z = -4; 2x + 3y +2z = 2; 3x

3y 4z = 11
1

9. Solve x

1
y

1
z

=4;

2
x

1
3
y z

=0;

1
z =2

10.

b2+c2
a2
a2
b2
c2+a2
b2
c2
c2
a2+ b2
11.
x+a
x
x
x
x+a
x
= 0
x
x
x+a
12.

1
1
1

a
b
c

=4 a2b2 c2

a3
b3
c3

= (a-b)(b-c)(c-a)(a+b+c)

13. If a,b,c are positive and unequal prove

a
b
c
b
c
a
is negative.
c
a
b
14.

15.

(b+c)2
ab
ac
2
ab
(a+b)
bc
ac
bc
(a+b) 2
b2+c2
ba
ca

ab
c +a2
cb
2

ac
bc
2
a +b2

16. If p,q,r are not in G.P. and

30

= 2abc (a+b+c)3

= 4a2b2c2

1
x

+ y

q
p

r
q

+ q

=0
p+q

q
p
r

q+r

= 0, show that p2 + 2q + r

17. Using determinants prove that + =, if the points (,0),(0,) and

(1,1) are collinear.

[ ]
a

18. If A =

b
1+bc
a

1
2
then prove that a A
= ( a +bc+1)I aA.

19. Solve by matrix method : x y + 2z =7 , 3x +4y -5z = -5 and

2x y + 3z = 12.
20. If A

3
1 1
15 6 5
5
2 2

21. Use product

y+2z=1 ,

1 1 2
0 2 3
3 2 4

and B=

] [

1
2 2
1 3
0
0 2 1

2 0 1
9 2 3
6 1 2

AB

then find ( 1 .

to solve the system of eqn.s x-

2y -3z = 1 and 3x 2y +4z =2.

22. Prove that

1 a2+ bc a3
1 b2 +ca b3
1 c 2 +ab c 3

23. Prove that

x+ y+ 2 z
z
z

2
2
2
= (a-b)(b-c)(c-a)( a +b +c )

x
y
y + z +2 x
y
x
z+ x +2 y

3
= 2 (x+ y+ z) .

24. Using properties of determinants solve for x

0

31

152 x 113 x 7x
11
17
14
10
16
13

b 2 c 2 bc b+c
2 2
c a ca c+ a
2 2
a b ab a+b

25. Without expanding prove that

a2
bc
c 2+ ac
2
2
a +ab
b
ac
2
ab
b + bc
c2

26 .Prove by using properties

28. Prove that

a
a+c ab
bc
b
b+a
c +b ca
c

29. Prove that

a
a+b a+2 b
a+2 b
a
a+b
a+b a+2 b
a

x+ y
x
x
30. Prove that 5 x +4 y 4 x 2 x
10 x+8 y 8 x 3 x

31. Prove that

32. If A=

x 2 1+ px 3
2
3
y 1+ py
z 2 1+ pz3

x
x
y

1 1 1
2 1 0
1 0 0

= 0.

2 2 2
=4 abc .

2
2
2
= (a+b+c) ( a +b + c )

2
= 9(a+ b) b .

3
= x .

= (1+pxyz) (x-y) (y-z) (z-x)

2
2
1
,then find A and show that A = A .

33. Two schools A and B wants to award their selected students on the
values of sincerity, truthfulness and helpfulness. The school A wants to
award Rs.x each,Rs.y each and Rs.z each. For the three respective values
to 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money at
Rs.1,600.School B wants to spend Rs.2,300 to award its 4,1 and 3
students with the respective values.(by giving the same amount of award
money to the three values as before).If the total amount of award for one
prize on each value is Rs.900,find the award money for each value .
34. Prove that:

2
2
2

+ + +

) ( ( ) ( + + )

32

35. Prove that:

a (b2 +c 2a2)
2b 3
2 c3
2a 3
b(c 2 +a2b2)
2 c3
2a 3
2b 3
c ( a2+ b2c2 )

CHAPTER TEST

2 3

abc(a +b +c )

TIME:

1 hrs
DETERMINANTS
33

MARKS: 50

PART- A (4x1=4)
1. For what value of x the matrix

5x x +1
2
4

is singular ?

2. Find k, if the area of triangle is 4 cubic units when the vertices are
(k,0),(4,0) and (0,2).

[ ]
1 2

3. If A= 4 2

4. Evaluate :

then find k if |2A|=k|A|.

cos 15 sin 15
sin 75 cos 75

PART-B(7 4=28)
x+ 1 x+2
5. Show that x+ 2 x+3
x+ 3 x +4

x +a
x +b
x +c

= 0 where a,b,c are in A.P.

a+b +2 c
a
b
c
b+ c+2 a
b
6. Prove that
c
a
c +a+2 b

3
= 2 (a+ b+c)

7. Using properties of determinants prove that

2

(a+b)

34

a
a+b a+2 b
a+2 b
a
a+b
a+b a+2 b
a

=9

x+ ax 2

xax 2

8. Without expanding Evaluate : a y +ay 2

y
a a y 2

a z +az 2

9. Find the eqn. of line joining A(1,3) and B(0,0) using determinants and
find k if D(k,0) is a point such that area of ABD is 3sq.units.

10. If A=

11. If A

[ ]
1
1
1

x2
y2
z2

x
y
z

, B=

3
1 1
15 6 5
5
2 2

1 1 1
yz zx xy
x y z

, B=

then prove that A+B=0.

1
2 2
1 3
0
0 2 1

1
then find ( AB)

PART-C(3 6=18)
12.A school wants to award its students for the values of
Honesty,Regularity and Hard work with a total cash award of Rs.6,000.
Three times the award money for hardwork added to that given for
honesty amounts to Rs.11,000.The award money given for honesty and
hardwork together is double the one given for regularity.Represent the
above situation algebraically and find the award money for each value
using matrix method.Apart from these values,suggest one more value
which the school must include for award.

35

13. If A =

2 3 5
3 2 4
1 1 2

1
Find A
and hence solve the following :

2x + 3y + z =11
-3x +2y -4z =4
5x - 4y 2z = -9
14.Prove that

a+ bx2 c+ dx 2
ax 2 +b cx 2+ d
u
v

p+qx 2
px2 +q
w

= ( x -1)

b d q
a c p
u v w

___________________________ALL THE BEST______________________________

5.CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

1. Definition : A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a , if
lim f ( a )=f ( a)
x a

i.e.RHL = LHL = f(a), where,

36

x a f (x)
x a+ f (x) ; LHL=lim
RHL=lim

2. If f(x) is not continuous at x=a then f(x) is said to be discontinuous at

x=a.
3. Differentiability At A Point : A function f(x) is said to be
differentiable at x=a if

lim

x a

f ( x )f (a)
xa

exits and is denoted by f (a)

4. f(x) is differentiable at x=a if, Lf (a) = Rf (a), where

f ( x )f (a)
x a
f ( x )f ( a)
x a
; Rf ' (a)=lim
xa

Lf ' (a)=lim
x a+

5. Note :If a function is differentiable at a point, it is necessarily

continuous at that point but the converse is not necessarily true.
6. Chain Rule : If y=f(u) and u=f(x), then
7. Product Rule :
Ify = uv, then
If y = uvw, then

dy
'
=u v + vu '
dx
dy '
'
=u vw+ v uw+w ' uv
dx

8. Quotient Rule :
dy v u' uv '
If y = u/v ,then dx = v 2

37

dy dy du
=
dx du dx

dy
dx

Y
xn

nxn-1

ax

ax log(a)

log e x

1
x

log a x

1
x log e a

sin x

cos x

cos x

sin x

tan x

sec x

cot x

cosec 2 x

sec x

sec x tan x

cosec x

cosec x cot x

sin x

1
1x 2

cos1 x

1
1x 2

tan 1 x

1
2
1+ x

cot 1 x

1
2
1+ x

sec x

1
x x 21

cosec 1 x

1
x x 21

ex

ex

38

9. Remark :

sin 2 x=2sin x cos x=

cos 2 x=

2 tan x
1+ tan 2 x

1tan 2 x
2
2
2
2
=cos xsin x=12 sin x=2 cos x1
2
1+ tan x

2 tan x
2
1tan x
tan

2 x =

3 x= 3 sin x 4 sin 3 x
sin

cos 3 x=4 cos3 x3 cos x

3 tan xtan 3 x
tan 3 x=
13 tan 2 x

10. Logarithmic Rules :

log mn=logm+log n
m
=logmlog n
n

log

log m n=n logm

(Product Rule)
(Quotient Rule)

(Power Rule)

11. Differentiation Of Parametric Function : If y=f(t) and x=g(t)

dy
dy d t
then, dx = dx
dt

39

12. Differentiation Of A Function With Respect To Another

Function:
du
du dx
If u=f(x) and v=g(x), then dv = dv
dx

13. Remark :
If y=f(x), then other notations for
dy
dx

d2 y
dx 2

d3 y
dx 3

y1
y
Dy
f(x)

y2
y
D2 y
f(x)

y3
y
D3y
f(x)

14. A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous at every

point in the domain of f.
15. Suppose f and g to be two real functions continuous at a real number
a, then
f+g is continuous at x=a
f-g is continuous at x=a
fg is continuous at x=a
f/g is continuous at x=a, g(a) a
16. Every Rational Function is continuous.
17. Suppose f and g are real valued functions such that f .g is defined at
a. If g is continuous at a and if f is continuous at g(a), then f.g is
continuous at a.
18. Mean Value Theorem: Let f:[a,b]R be a continuous function on
[a,b] and differentiable on (a,b). Then there exits some c in between
(a,b) such that
'

f ( c )=

f ( b )f ( a )
ba

19. Rolles Theorem : Let f:[a,b]R be a continuous function on [a,b]

and differentiable on (a,b) such that f(a)=f(b) where a and b are some
real numbers. Then there exits some c in between (a,b) such that
40

f ' ( c )=0

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIALITY

1. Find the value of k so that the function f defined by f(x) =

kcosx
2 x if x

=3

if x =

is continuous at x =

2 .

2. Find the values of a and b such that the function f defined by f(x)=5 if
x2
=ax+b, if 2x10
=21
if x10
is continuous function.

41

3.If x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0 prove :y1 = (1+ x)2

4.If y = 3 e2x + 2 e3x prove : y2 5 y1 6 y = 0
5. If y = a cos(log x) + b sin (logx) prove: x 2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0
6.If x= acos3 ; y= asin3 find y2 at =

7.If x=a( - sin); y= a(1-cos) Find y2 at =

8. If (cosx)y = (cosy)x find y1

9. If y= sin(logx) prove:x2 y2 + xy1+ y =0
10.Differentiate : (logx)x + xlogx
11.If y = x+ tanx, prove: cos2x y2 2y + 2x =0
12. Find y1 if (x2 + y2)2 = xy
13. For f(x)= x3- 6x2 + ax +b, it is given that f(1)=f(3) =0.Find a and b
and hence, verify Rolles
theorem.
14. If y= e

tanx

, prove: cos2x y2 (1+sin2x)y1 = 0

15.If y = cosec -1x, prove: x(x2 -1)y2 + (2x2 -1)y1 = 0.

2

d x
d y
d y
2
2
16.If X = a (cost +t sint) ; y = a ( sin t t cos t). Find dt , dt and dx 2

.
17. If x = sin t; y = sin pt, prove (1- x2) y2 xy1 +p2 y = 0.
18. If x = e
y

x-y

, prove

logx
dy
dx = (logxe)2 .

19. If y = e x sin x, prove y2 2y1 +2y = 0.

20. Examine the continuity of
(i)

f(x) = x + 2x 1 at x = 1
42

(ii)

f(x) = |x| + |x 1| at x = 1

21. Show that f(x) = |x 5| is continuous but not differentiable at x = 5

22. If y = log (x

dy
dx

+ x2 +a 2 ), Find

23. Find

dy
dx

if y = sin (x2) + sin2x + sin2 (x2)

24. Find

dy
dx

if y = sinm x cosn x

25. Find

dy
dx

26. Find

dy
dx

if y = (x + 1)2 (x + 2)3 (x +3)4

if y = tan -1 (sec x + tan x)

27. If x = 3 cos 2 cos3; y = 3 sin 2 sin3 find

dy
dx
dy
dx

28. If x = 2 sin t sin 3t; y = 3 cos t cos 3t then find

29. Differentiate tan

-1

1+ x 21
x

30. Find

dy
dx

x
y

if sin (xy) +

31. Find

dy
dx

if sec (x + y) = xy

w.r.t tan

-1

33. If y = e

, Prove

yx

dy
dx

= x2 - y

32. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. Prove

at t =

dy
dx x

dx
dy

=1

( 1+ log y )2
log y

34. If x sin (a + y) + sina cos (a + y) = 0. Prove that

43

dy
dx

sin (a+ x )
sin a

35. Using Rolles Theorem, find the point on the curve y = x (x 4), x [0,
4] where the tangent is parallel to x - axis

CHAPTER TEST
hrs

TIME: 1

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Marks: 50
PART A (4 X 1 = 4)
d2 y
2
dx

1. If x = t ; y = t , Find
2

2. If y = sin-1 x + cos-1 x, Find y1

3. Find

dy
dx

4. Find

dy
if y=cos1 sinx
dx

if 4x +3y = log(4x- 3y)

PART B (7 X 4 = 28)
5. Show that f(x) = 2x - |x| is continuous at x = 0
6. Show that f(x) = |x| is not differentiable at x = 0
2
2
7. Differentiate log (x + x +a ) w.r.t. x

8. If x = e
y

xy

, prove

dy
dx

9. If xm yn = (x + y)m + n, prove

x
1+log

log x

dy
dx

44

y
x

10. Find

dy
dx

if x = a {cos t + log tan

t
2

} and y= a sin t

11. Differentiate: (cos x) sin x with respect to (sin x)

cos x

PART C (3 X 6 = 18)
12. If y = cosec -1 x, then show that x (x2 1) y2 + (2x2 1) y1 = 0
13. If y = ex (sinx + cosx), prove that y2 - 2y1 + 2y = 0
14. If x = sin (

1
a

log y), show that (1 x2) y2 x y1 a2 y = 0

___________________________ALL THE BEST______________________________

6.APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1.

dy
dx

represents the rate of change of y with respect to x for a definite

value of x.
2. Let y = f(x) and let x be a small change in x and y be the
corresponding change in y. Then y =

dy
dx x approximately is called

differential of y and is denoted by dy .

3. ROLLES THEOREM: Let f be a real valued function defined on [a,b]
such that
i. It is continuous on [a,b]
ii. It is differentiable on (a,b)
iii. f(a) = f(b)
Then there exists a real number C (a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
4. LAGRANGES MEAN VALUE THEOREM:
Let f(x) be a function defined on [a,b]. Such that:
(i) It is continuous on [a,b].
45

(ii) It is differentiable on (a,b).

Then there exists a real number C(a,b), such that f(c) =

f ( b )f ( a)
ba

5. The slope of a line in m = tan where in the angle which the line
makes with positive direction of x-axis.
6. Slope of a line having pairs (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is
y2 y1
x2 x1

m=

7. The slope of line ax + by + c = 0 is

m=

a
b

coefficient of x
coefficient of y .

8. If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal.

9. If two lines are perpendicular, then product of their slopes is -1.
10. Slope of tangent = m =
11. Slope of normal =

dy
dx

1
m

12. Equation of tangent at (x1,y1) is

y - y1 = m(x x1).
13. Equation of Normal at (x x1) is
y - y1 =

1
m

(x x1).

14. If the tangent is parallel to y-axis then

15. If the tangent is parallel to x-axis then

dx
dy = 0.
dy
dx = 0.

16. Strictly increasing function:

A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on (a,b) if
x1< x2, which implies f(x1)<f(x2) for all x1, x2 (a,b).
17. Strictly decreasing function:
A function f(x) is said to be a strictly decreasing function on (a,b)
if if x1< x2, which implies f(x1)>f(x2) for all x1, x2 (a,b)..
18. If f(x) is increasing on (a,b), then f(x)>0 for all x (a,b).
19. If f(x) is decreasing on (a,b), then f(x)<0 for all x (a,b).
20. FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA:
Let f be a differentiable function defined on an Interval I and let a I.
Then
46

a) x=a is a point of local maximum value of f, if (i) f(a) =0 and (ii)f(x)

changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a.
b) x=a is a point of local minimum value of f if (i) f(a) =0 and (ii)
f(x)changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a.
c) If f(a) =0 and f(x) does not change sign as x increases through a,
then a is neither a point of local maximum value nor a point of local
minimum value. Such a point is called a point of inflexion.
21. SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVE TEST:
A function f(x) is said to be maximum at x=a if (i) f(x) =0 and (ii) f(x)
<0.
A function f(x) is said to be minimum at x=a if (i) f(x)=0 and (ii)
f(x)>0.
22. REMARK:
(i) For a Square of side x
Area=x2; Perimeter=4x
(ii) For a Rectangle of side x and y
Area=xy; Perimeter=2(x+y)
(iii) For a Trapezium
1

Area= 2 (sum of parallel sides) (distance between them)

(iv)For a Circle of radius r
Area=r2 ; Perimeter=2r
(v) For a sphere of radius r
4
Volume= 3 r3 ; S.A=4r2

(vi) For a right circular cylinder of radius r and height h

Volume=r2h ; CSA=2rh ; TSA= 2r(h+r)
(vii) For a right circular cone of height h, slant height l, and
Radius of the base r
47

1
Volume= 3 r2h ; CSA=rl ; TSA=r(l+r)

(viii) For a cuboid of edges x,y,z

Volume=xyz ; TSA=2(xy+yz+zx)
(ix) For a cube of edge x
Volume=x3 ; SA=6x2
(x) Area of Equilateral Triangle =

3
4

(side)2

23. A point a in the domain of a function f at which either f (c)=0 or f is

not differentiable is called a critical point of f.

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is
pulled along the ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2m / sec. how
48

fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4m
away from the wall
2. Water is leaking from a conical funnel at the rate of 5cm 3 / sec. if the
radius of the base of the funnel is 10cm and its height is 20cm, find the
rate at which the water level is drooping when it is 5cm from the top.
3. Find the points on the curve y = x3 at which the slope of the tangent is
equal to the
y-coordinates of the point.
4. Find the equation of the tangents to the curve 3x 2 - y2 = 8 which passes
through the point (4/3,0) .
5. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x 2 = 4y which passes
through the point (1,2). Also find the equation of the corresponding
tangent
6. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3 x2 which is
parallel to the line
4x-2y+5=0.
7. Find the equation of the tangent lines to the curve y = 4x 3 -3x+5which
are perpendicular to the line 9y+x+3 = 0.
8. Show that the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut orthogonally if 8k2 = 1 .
9. Find the intervals in which f(x) = 20-9x+6x2-x3 is increasing or decreasing.
10. Find the intervals in which f (x) = sinx +cosx, 0 x 2 is decreasing
or decreasing.
11. A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. If the
perimeter of the window is 30m, find the dimensions of the window so
that the maximum possible light is admitted.
12. A wire of length 28m is to be cut into two pieces, one piece is bent into
a circle and other into a square. What should be the lengths of the pieces
so that the combined areas of the square and circle is minimum.
13. S.T. the right circular cone of least curved surface and the given
volume has an altitude equal to 2 times the radius of the base.
14. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius r is 8/27 of the volume of sphere.
15. S.T. a cylindrical vessel of given volume has the least surface area
when its height is twice its radius.
16. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is
to be constructed so that its depth is 2m and volume is 8m 3. If building of
tank costs Rs. 70 per sq. meter for the base and Rs. 45 per sq. meter for
sides, what is the cost of least expensive tank ?
17. Find the approximate value of (1.999)5.
18. If the area of the circle increases at a uniform rate, then prove that
perimeter varies inversely on the radius.
19. Find the condition that the curves 2x=y2 and 2xy=k intersect
orthogonally.
49

20. Prove that the two curves xy=4 and x2+y2=8 touch each other.
21. Find the equation of the normal to the curve 3x2 - y2=8 which are
parallel to the line x+3y=4.
22. At what points on the curve x2+y2-2x-4y+1=0, the tangents are
parallel to y-axis?
23. At what point, the slope of the curve y= -x3+3x2+9x-27 is
maximum? Also, find the maximum slope.
24. Prove that f(x)= sinx+3 cosx has maximum value at x=/6.
25. A metal box with a square base and vertical sides is to contain
1024cm3. If the material for the top and the bottom costs Rs. 5 per cm 3
and the material for the sides costs Rs.2.50 per cm 3, find the least cost
of the box.
26. If the sum of the surface area of a cube and a sphere is constant,
what is the ratio of an edge of the cube to the diameter of the sphere
when the sum of their volumes is minimum?
27. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36cm which will
sweep out a volume as large as possible when revolved about one of
its sides. Also, find the maximum value.
28. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of a right
angled triangle is given, then show that the area of the triangle is
maximum when the angle between them is /3.
29. Find the point on the curve y=

x
1+ x 2

, where the tangent to the

curve has the greatest slope.

30. Show that the curves 2x= y2 and 2xy = k cut at right angles, if k2 =
8.

50

CHAPTER TEST

TIME: 1 hr

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

MARKS: 50

PART A (4X1 = 4)
1. Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, without using
derivatives of f(x)= x+2 on R.
2. Find the point on the curve y=x2 - 2x +3, where the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.
3. Find the equation of normal to y=2x3 x2 +3 at (1,4).
4. Find the slope of the tangent and normal to

y= x 3

at x=4.

PART B (7x4=28)
5. The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate. Prove that the
increase in surface area varies inversely on the length of the edge of
the cube.
6. Use differentials to approximate the cube root of 127.
7. Find the points on the curve y= x3 - 2x2 x at which the tangent lines
are parallel to the line y=3x 2.
8. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve x= 1 cos ; y=
sin at =/4.
9. Find the equation(s) of the tangent(s) to the curve y= x 3 +2x +6
which is perpendicular to the line x+14y+4 = 0.
10.
Find the intervals in which the function f(x)= 2x 3 -9x2 +12x+15
is
(i) increasing
(ii) decreasing.
11.
Find the local maxima and minima of f(x)=x 3 -6x2+ 9x -8.

PART C (3X6=18)
12.
Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given circle, the
square has the maximum area.
13.
Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed
in a sphere of radius R is 8/27 of the volume of the sphere.
14.
Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest
curved surface which can be inscribed in a given cone is half that of
the cone.

51

____________________________ALL THE BEST________________________________

7.INTEGRALS
Indefinite integrals
n +1

x
+ c , n 1
n+1

x n dx =

dx = x+ c
cos x dx=sin x +c

sin x dx=cos x+ c

sec

cosec

sec x tan x dx=sec x +c

cosec x cot x dx=cosecx + c

dx
1x 2

dx
=cos1 x+ c
2
1x

dx
=tan 1 x+ c
2
1+x

dx
1
=cot x +c
2
1+ x

dx
1
=sec x +c
2
x x 1

dx
=cosec1 x +c
2
x x 1

e x dx=e x

x dx=log x+c

x dx=tanx+c
2

dx=cotx+ c

1
= sin x + c

+c

52

a
+c
log a

a x d x=

tanx dx=log|sec x|+c

cot x dx=log sin x+c

sec x dx=log sec x + tan x+ c

cosec x dx=log cosec xcot x+c

dx
x a2

dx
a x 2

dx
x +a2

1
a+ x
log
2a
ax +

1 1 x
tan
a
a +

x + x 2a2
dx

=log )
x 2a 2

+c

dx
x
=sin 1
2
2
a
a x

+c

x + x +a
dx

=log )
a 2+ x 2

+c

1
xa
log
2a
x +a +

Integration By Parts
du
dx
vdx ( vdx)
uv dx=u

udv=uv vdu
ILATE
I - Inverse trigonometric function
L Logarithmic function
A Algebraic functions
T- Trigonometric functions
E Exponential functions

53

i.

x 2a2 dx

ii.

x 2+ a2 dx

iii.

a2 x2 dx

x 2 2 a
x a 2 log( x + x 2a2 )+c
2

x 2 2 a
x + a + 2 log( x+ x 2+ a2 )+ c
2

x 2 2 a2 1 x
a x + 2 sin a +c
2

Definite integrals
Definite integrals as the limit of a sum
b

1
[ f ( a )+ f ( a+h )+ f ( a+2 h ) ++ f ( a+ ( n1 ) h ) ]
= ( ba ) nlim
n

f ( x ) dx
a

ba
0 as n
n

OR
b

f ( x ) dx

Where

lim h [ f ( a ) + f ( a+h ) + f ( a+2 h ) ++ f ( a+ ( n1 ) h ) ]

h0

nh= b - a

Some Properties of Definite Integrals

b

f ( x ) dx= f ( t ) dt
a

f ( x ) dx= f ( x ) dx
a

f ( x ) dx+ f ( x ) dx
c

f ( x ) dx=
a

54

f ( x ) dx= f ( a+ bx ) dx
a

f ( x ) dx= f ( ax ) dx
0
a

f ( x ) dx= f ( x ) dx+ f ( 2ax ) dx

0

2a

f ( x ) dx , if f ( 2 ax ) =f ( x ) ;

2a

f ( x ) dx=2
0

0 , if f ( 2 ax ) =f ( x )

f ( x ) dx=2 f ( x ) dx ; if f is an even function;

a

= 0 ;

if f is an odd funtcion

55

INTEGRALS
dx

1.

sin6 x+cos6 x dx

2.

cosecx+cosx

dx

3.

dx
(1+xcosx
cos x)
0

x
dx
x
4.
2 (1+ 5 )

5.

x
dx
4
x ( 3+2)3

6.

x
dx
(1+cos
2
x)
0

7.

log ( 1+tanx ) dx
0

|x|+|x +2|+ x +5

8.

9.

(5+ 4dxcosx)
0

10.

(5+ 4dxsinx)
0

56

11.

xsinx
dx
(1+cos
2
x)
0

12.

( 2 logsinxlogsin 2 x ) dx
0

13.

2x
dx
2 cosxsin
2(1+sinx)
0

14.

(tanx+cotx )2 dx
0

x+ e2 x
( )dx

15.

as limit of a sum.

16.

( x 22 x+ 2 ) dx

17.

[ ( 2 x+ 3 ) 4 x 2+5 x +6 ] dx

18.

19.

+1
dx
(xx +1)
2

20.

e 2 x (sinx+2 cosx ) dx

21.

e ax cosbx dx

22.

x 2 tan1 x dx

23.

xlog (1+ x ) dx

24.

x sin1 x dx

25.

( x1 x) ( x 2+1) dx

26.

x( 1+ x e x ) dx

log ( logx )+

as limit of a sum.

1
dx
2
(logx)

(x+1)

57

secx

27.

(1+cosecx) dx

28.

(x 4 +3x x 2 +2) dx

29.

( x1 )( x +2 ) ( x3) dx

30.

1+tanx dx

31.

sinx (1+cosx) dx

32.

33.

34.

35.

sin 3 x d x

36.

2+3 cos2 x

dx

37.

sin ( x+ ) dx

38.

(sinx+sin 2 x)

39.

(a 2 cos 2 x +b 2 sin2 x)

(2 x1)

dx

(1+ sinx)

ex
dx
54 e x e 2 x
(2 x+ 3)

x 2 +4 x+1

dx

(cosx sinx)
dx
(5+sin 2 x)
sin x

sin ( x )
dx

xdx

40.

Evaluate:

sin1
0

( a+x x ) dx

41.

Evaluate:

( 3 x 25 ) dx
2

as a limit of a sum.

|x1|+|x 2|+ x4

42.

Evaluate:

58

43.

Evaluate:

logsinx dx
0

44.

Evaluate:

x +sinx
dx
(1+cosx)
0

45.

x 4 +1
x 2+ 1 dx
0

Evaluate:

46.

Evaluate:

1+ xsinx dx
0

47.

Evaluate:

48.

x+ 1 dx

x+tanx
dx
secx+
c osecx
0

a+ x
dx
ax

x2
dx
1+ x 3 /4

51.

dt
3 t2t

52.

3 x1
dx
x +9

53.

5-2x+x dx

54.

x
dx
1x 4

55.

(cos 5 x +cos 4 x)
dx
(12 cos 3 x)

sin6 x +cos 6 x
dx
sin xCos x

49.

50.

56.
/2

57.

tanx
dx
1+ m tan x

58.

x
0

SinxCosx dx

59.

(1+ x)dx 1x
0

59

x
dx
2
x x 12

60.

x
dx
( x +a )(x +b )

61.

62. 1+sin x dx
(2 x1)

63. ( x1 )( x +2 ) ( x3) dx
1

64.

log(1+2x) dx

65.

x
0

log Sinx dx
dx

66. sin ( xa ) sin(xb)

67.

68.

dx
secxx tanx
cosecx
0

Evaluate as limit of a sum

)dx

69.

log sinx dx
0

70.

cosx

sinx+ sinx

dx

CHAPTER TEST
INTEGRALS
60

TIME: 1.5hrs
MARKS: 50

PART-A ( 4x1=4 )
1)

Evaluate: xSecx dx
1

x (1x)

2)

Evaluate:

dx

3)

x
Evaluate: e (Cosx - Sinx) dx

4)

e
x
e
Evaluate: ( x + e + e ) dx

PART-B ( 7x4=28 )
3

5)

Evaluate:

( x2 + x )

dx as limit of sums

6)
7)
8)

cos

Evaluate:
Evaluate:
Evaluate:

x dx

x +1
x 4 +1

dx

x
( x +1)(x + 4) dx

9)
Evaluate: (3x 2) x+x+1 dx
2x
10) Evaluate: e
Sin3x dx
11) Evaluate:

log ( logx )+1

dx
(logx)

PART-C ( 3x6=18 )
12) Evaluate: 5x+3/x+4x+10 dx
13) Evaluate: Sinx Sin2x Sin3x dx

14) Evaluate:

log(1+ Cosx)
0

dx

____________________ALL THE BEST_______________________

61

8.APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
The Area of the region bounded by the curve
The Area of the region bounded by the curve y=f(x) and the lines
x=a; x=b and x-axis is
Given by
b

ydx
a

The Area of the region bounded by the curve x=g(y) and the lines
y=c; y=d and y-axis is
d

xdy
c

Area between two curves

The area between two curves y1 = f(x) and y2 = g (x) and bounded
by the lines x = a and x = b and x-axis is given by
b

(f ( x )g(x ))dx
a

62

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS
1. Prove that the curves y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y divide the area of the
square bounded x = 0,
x = 4, y = 0 and y = 4 into three equal
parts
2. Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = 5x 2 and y = x-1
and find its area
3. Find the area of the region {(x,y) :x + y 1
2

x+ y
2

4. Find the area of the region bounded by y =x2 +1, y = x , x = 0 and y

=2
5. Find the area of the circle 4x2 +4y2 = 9 which is interior to the
parabola x2 = 4y.
6. Find the area of that part of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 which is exterior
to the parabola
y2 = 16x.
7. Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circles x 2 +y2
= 9 and (x-3)2 +y2 =9.
8. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the xaxis, the line x = 3 y and the circle x2 + y2 = 4
9. Find the area of the region bounded by y = x2 and y =x.
10.
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabolas y 2 = 4ax
and x2 4 ay, a > 0.
11.
Using the method of integration, find the area of the region
bounded by the lines
2x + y = 4, 3x-2y =6 and x-3y +5 =0.
12.
Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose
vertices are (-1,1), (0,5) and (3,2)
13.
Find the area bounded by the curve y = x and the line x =
2y+3 in the first quadrant and the x-axis.
14.
Find the area enclosed by the parabola y 2 = x and the line y + x
= 2.
15.
Find the area of the region enclosed between the curve 4y =
3x2 and the line
2y = 3x + 12
63

16.
+
17.

Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse

y2
b2

= 1 and the straight line

x
a +

x2
a2

y
b = 1.

Draw the rough sketch of the graph of y = 2

1x 2 , x [0,1]

and evaluate the area enclosed between the curve and the axis.
18.
Find the area enclosed by the circle x2 +y2 = r2
19.
Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the
parabola y2 = 4x and the circle 4x2 +4y2 = 9
20.
Find the area of the region included between the parabola 4y =
3x2 and the line
3x-2y +12 = 0
21.
Find the area of the region enclosed between the two curves
2
(x-6) + y2 and x2 + y2 = 36
22.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (1,3), (2,5) and
(3,4)
23.

x2
Find the area of the region: {(x,y): 9 +

y2
4

x
3 +

y
2 }

24.
Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 4y and the line x =
4y-2
25.
Find the area of the region bounded by the 5x-2y-10 = 0; x +y
-9 =0; 2x-5y-4 = 0
26.
Find the area of the region bounded by the lines 3x-y-3 = 0; 2x
+ y-12 = ; x-2y-1= 0
27.
Using integration find the area bounded by the curves y =x1 and y= 3-x
28.
Using integration compute the area of the region enclosed by
the graph of

x2
9 +

y2
16

=1

29.
Using integration compute the area of the region bounded by
the curve x2 + y2 = 9
30.
Using the method of integration find the area bounded by the
curve x+y=1.
31.
Find the area of the region bounded by y2=9x and y=3x
32.
Find the area of the region bounded by y2=4x and x2=4y
33.
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola x 2=y and
the line y=x+2
34.
Find the area of the region bounded by y x and y=x
35.

Find the area bounded by the curve y= sin x between x=0 and

x=2
64

36.
Find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose
vertices are (-1,1), (0,5) and (3,2) using integration
37.
Compute the area bounded by the lines x+2y=2 ; y-x=1 and
2x+y=7
38.
Find the area bounded by the lines y=4x+5, y=5-x and 4y=x+5
39.
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x 2=4y and the
line x=4y-2
40.
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by xaxis, the line y=x and the circle x2+y2=32
41.
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y 2=x and
the straight line 2y=x
x2
y2
25 + 16 =1

42.

Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse

43.
44.
45.

Find the area of the region bounded by the circle x2+y2=1

Find the area bounded by the lines x+2y=2, y-x=1 and 2x+y=7
2
2
Sketch the region common to the circle x +y =16 and the
2

parabola x =6y. Also find the area of the region using integration.

65

CHAPTER TEST

TIME: 1 hrs

APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

MARKS: 50

PART A (4x1=4)
1. Find the
y=3
2. Find the
y2=16x
3. Find the
4. Find the

area of the region bounded by y2=4x, y-axis and the line

area of the region bounded between the line x=4 and
area of the region bounded by y=f(x), x-axis ; x=a and x=b
area of the region bounded by x=g(y) ; y-axis, y=c and y=d

PART B (7x4=28)
5. Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola
6.
7.
8.
9.

=y and the

line y=x+2
Find the area of the circle x2+y2=a2 using integration
Find the area of the region included between the parabola y 2=x and
the line x+y=2
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y 2=4x and the
line y=2x
Calculate the area of the region bounded by the parabola y 2=x and
x2=y

10.

Find the area bounded by the ellipse

x 2 y2
+
y 2 b 2 =1

11.
Find the area included between the parabola y2=4ax and
x2=4ay
PART C (3x6=18)
12.
Using interpretation, find the area of the region bounded by the
lines 3x-y=3, 2x+y=12, x-2y=1.
13.
Find the area of the region enclosed between the two curves
x2+y2=9 and (x-3)2+y2=9
14.
Sketch the common region to the circle x2+y2= 16 and the
parabola x2=6y. Also, find the area of the region using integration.

___________________ALL THE BEST_________________________

66

9.DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Order of a Differential Equation
Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the highest
order derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the
independent variable involved in the given differential equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation
By the degree of a differential equation; when it is a polynomial
equation in derivatives, we mean the highest power (positive integral
index) of the highest order derivative involved in the given differential
equation.
Methods of solving First order, First Degree Differential
Equations.
I. Differential Equations With Variable Separable.
First order first degree differential equation is of the form
dy
=f (x , y)
dx

If f(x,y) can be expressed as a product g(x) h(y) where g(x) is a

function of x and h(y) is a function of y then the differential equation is
said to be variable separable.
dy
=h( y )g(x )
dx

II. Homogeneous Differential Equations

67

A Function f ( x , y ) is said to be homogeneous function of degree n

x,y
n
if F( x , y )= F ) for any non zero constant .

TYPE I. A differential equation of the form

homogeneous if

F( x , y)

dy
=f ( x , y )
dx

is said to be

is a homogeneous function of degree

zero .
To solve a homogeneous differential equation of the type
dy
=f (x , y)=g ( y , x )
dx
dy
dv
Substitute y=vx ; then , dx =v+ x dx

TYPE II. If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form

where

x, y
dx
=F )
dy

x, y
F ) is homogeneous function of degree zero , then

Substitute x=vy

and

dx
dv
=v + y
dy
dy

III. Linear Differential Equations

A differential equation of the form

dy
dx + Py= Q where P and Q are

constants or functions of x only, is known as a first order linear differential

equation.
Eg:

dy
+ y=sinx
dx

68

 Pdx
To solve first find integrating factor (I.F) = e
and then

y (I . F)

{Q ( I . F)}dx +c

II. In case the first orders linear differential equation is in the form
P1 x

= Q1 ,where P1 and Q1 are constants or functions of

dy
dx +

only

then ,
P dy
I.F = e
and the solution of the differential equation is given by
1

x(I .F )

{Q1 (I . F)}dy +c

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Find the particular solution of cos3y dx + xcosy dx = sinydy given that
when x=1, y=0.
2. Solve:

dy
2
dx +xcoty 2y + y coty; if x=0; y=2.

3. Solve: (1-x2)

dy
dx

xy = x2, given x=0, y=2.

69

dy
4. Solve: cosx dx +y=sinx if y=2,x=0

5. Solve:

dy
dx +ycotx=4xcosecx given x=

dy
6. Solve: xlogx dx +y =

7. Solve:

2
x

2 ,y = 0

logx

dy
dx +2y = sinx

dy
8. Solve: (1+x ) dx +y = tan-1x
2

9. Solve:
10.

dy
dx +ytanx = sinx
dy

Solve: x dx -ay = x+1,x>0

Solve:

12.

Solve:

dy
dx +2ytanx = sinx

13.

Solve:

dy
4x
dx 2y = x e

14.

dy
Solve: (1+x ) dx 2xy=(x2+2)(x2+1)

11.

y
x

x1
x
xe

dy
dx

dy
dx +

4 xy
2
x +1

x
( 2+1)2
1

15.

Solve:

=0

16.

Solve: (x+1) dx y =e3x (x+1)2

17.

Solve: (1 x2) dx + xy = ax

18.

Find the equation of the curve passing through (2,1) if the slope of

dy

dy

the tangent to the curve at (x,y)is

x2 + y2
2 xy .
x

19.

Solve the differential equation 2y

ey

dx + (y 2x

e y )dy =

0,given that y=1 when x=1

20.
Find the particular solution of the differential equation x 2dy + y
(x+y)dx = 0 given that y=1when x=1
21.

Solve: x dy ydx =

x2 + y 2 dx
70

22.
23.

Solve: ( x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx.

Solve: (x3 + y3) y x2y dx = 0.

24.

Solve: zx

25.

Solve: (y2 x2) dy = 3xy dx.

26.

Solve: x2 dx = 2xy + y2.

dy
2
dx 2xy + y = 0 .

dy

27.

Solve: (x3 + 3xy + y2) dx x2dy = =0.

28.

dy
dx = x +2y.

Solve: (x y)

29.
Solve: find the particular solution of differential equation (x y) (dx
+ dy) = dx dy given that y = -1, if x = 0.
30.
Solve: 3extany dx + (2 ex) sec2y dy = 0 given that when x = 0, y =

4 .

31.
Solve: (1 + e2x) dy + ( 1 + y2) exdy + (1 + y2) ex dx = 0 given that y
= 1 when x = 0
32.

Solve:

1+ x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2

dy

+ xy dx = 0.

33.
Solve: (1 + y2) (1 + logx) dx +x dy = 0.
34.
From the differential equation of the family of parabolas having their
vertices on the origin and axis along positive direction of x-axis.
35.
Find the particular equation of the differential equation
(x dy y dx) y sin

( xy )

y
x

= (y dx + x dy) x cos

given that y = when x

= 3.
dy
dx

2 xyx 2
2 xy + x 2 if y = 1 when x = 1.

36.

Solve

37.

Solve: (x3 + x2 + x + 1)

38.

S.T. ydx +x log

39.

Solve: (x2 + y2) dx + 2xy dx = 0 if x = 1, y = 1.

40.

Solve x log x

41.

y
Solve: (x cos x + y sin

( xy )

dy
2
dx = 2x + x.

dy 2x dy = 0 is homogeneous and solve it.

dy
dx + y =

2
xlogx .

y
x ) y (y sin

y
y
x x cos x ) x

dy
dx = 0.

42.
From the differential equation representing the family of parabolas
having vectors at origin and axis along positive direction of x-axis.
71

43.
Find the differential equation of family of ellipses having foci on xaxis and centre oat origin.
44.
Find the differential equation of all circles in the first quadrant which
touch the coordinate axes.
45.

Solve: xy log

y
x

dx + [y2 x2log

( xy )

] dy = 0.

46.
From the D.E. of the family of all circles touching the x-axis at the
origin.
x

47.

Solve: y e y ) dx = (x e y ) + y) dy.

48.

Solve: (1 + y + x2y) dx + ( x + x3) dy = 0 where y = 0 when x = 1.

49.

dy
1
Solve: ( 21) dx +2 xy = x 21

50. Solve:

ydxxdy=x y .

51. Solve:

dy
=1+ x + y 2 + x y 2
dx

when x=0 ; y=0

3 dy
52. Solve: ( x+ 2 y ) dx = y

53. From the differential equations of all circles which passes through
origin and whose centre lies on y-axis.
54. Solve:
55. Solve:

x2

dy
=x 2+ xy + y 2
dx

y 2 dx+ ( x 2xy + y 2 ) dy =0

56. Solve: ( x+ y )( dxdy )=dx +dy

dy
57. Solve: 2 ( y+3 )xy dx =0if x =1, y =2

58. From the differential equation by eliminating A and B in

A x + B y =1

59. From the differential equation of system of concentric circles with

centre
(1,2).
60. Solve:

y+

dy
( xy )=x (sinx+logx)
dx

61. Solve: ( 1+tany ) ( dxdy ) +2 xdy=0

72

62. Solve:

dy
=cos ( x+ y )+ sin ( x + y )
dx

63. Solve:

dy
=3 y + sin2 x
dx

64. Solve:

dy
dx

65. Solve: sin 2x

y2
xy x 2
dy
dx

- y = tanx where x=

, y=0

CHAPTER TEST
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

TIME: 1 hr
MARKS: 50

PART A (4X1=4)
1. Find the number of arbitrary constant in the particular solution of
differential equation of third order?
73

2. Find the integrating factor of differential equation

dy

cos

dy
dx

ysinx=1

3. Solve: dx = x
4. Write the differential equation

x 2 y 2=c 2

where c is an arbitrary

constant.
PART B (7X4=28)

y
2 dy
5. Solve: ( 2+3 x ) dx = x

dy
6. Solve: x log x dx =x

7. Solve:

(x+ 2 y )

dy
+ y=2 log x
dx

2 dy
1
8. Solve: ( 1+ x ) dx + y=tan x
2
9. Solve: ( 1+x ) dy+2 xydx=cotxdx

10. Solve:

dy
+ y sec x=tanx
dx

2
11. Solve: x dy + y ( x+ y ) dx=0

PART C (3X6=18)
3
2
3
2
12. Solve: ( x 3 x y ) dx=( y 3 x y ) dy

2
2
13. Solve: ( 3 xy + y ) dx+ ( x + xy ) dy=0

14. Solve: 2 y e

x
y

x
y

dx+ ( y2 x e ) dy=0

_________________________ALL THE BEST_______________________________

74

10.VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vector: A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a

Vector. A directed line segment is a vector denoted as or AB and read as

vector AB or vector a
The point A from where the vector AB starts is called its initial point
and the point b where it ends is called its terminal point. The distance
between initial and terminal point of a vector is called the magnitude (or
length)of the vector denoted as

AB

or

or a.

Position vector of a point P(x, y, z)is given as

OP

^
^
^
=x i +y j +z k

and its magnitude is given by

x2 + y 2 + z 2
The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratio, and represent its
projections along the respective axes.
The magnitude (r ), direction ratios (a , b , c) and direction cosines
(l ,m , n)

of any vector are related as

a
b
c
l= ,m= , n= .
r
r
r

Types of a vector
Zero VectorA vector whose initial and terminal points coincide, is

called a zero vector (or null vector), and denoted as 0

Unit VectorA vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e., 1 unit) is called

as unit vector. The unit vector is the direction of a given vector

denoted by a^ .

CoinitialVectorTwo or more vectors having the same initial point

are called as co initial vectors .
75

is

 Collinear VectorsTwo or more vectors are said to be collinear if

they are parallel to the same line irrespective of their magnitudes
and directions.

Equal VectorsTwo vectors a and b

are said to be equal, if they

have the same magnitude and direction regardless of the positions

of their initial points, and written as a

= b

Negavtive Of A VectorA vector whose magnitude is the same as

that of a given vector
( say AB), but direction is opposite to that of
it, is called as negative of a vector.

Forexample, vector BA is negative of the Vector AB , and is written

as AB = - BA

Parallelogram Law Of Vector Addition

If we have two vectors a and b represented by the two

adjacent direction, their sum a + b is represented in magnitude

and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram through their

common point. This is known as the parallelogram law of vector
addition.
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION

For any two vectors a and b , a + b = b + a

For any three vectors a , b and c , ( a + b ) +

c

= a +( b + c )

For any vector a ,

+ 0 = 0 + a = a

The zero vector 0 is called the additive identity for the vector

addition.
Multiplication Of A Vector By A Scalar
Let a be a given vector and a scalar, then the product of the
vector a by the scalar , denoted as a , is called the
multiplication of a vector a by the scalar
76

Also a

is also a vector, collinear to the vector a .

If a and b are any two vectors given in the component form

^ 2 ^j +a3 k^
a1 i+a

and

^ 2 ^j +b3 k^
b1 i+b
respectively

The sum of the vectors is given by

( a1+ b1 ) i+
^ ( a2 +b2 ) ^j+(a3 +b 3) k^
a + b=
The difference of the vectors is given by
a

^
^
^
= ( a1 b1 ) i+ ( a2b 2 ) j+(a3b 3) k

The vectors

and b

a1=b1

are equal if

a2=b2

and a3 =b3
The multiplication of vector a
by

by a scalar is given

^
^
^
= a1 i + a2 j + a3 k

The vectors a and b are collinear if there exists a non

zero scalar such that b=

a . If the vectors

and

are given in the component form the the two vectors

are collinear if
a1
b1

a2
b2 =

a3
b3 =

^
^
^
a
a
a
If a =a1 i+a2 j +a3 k , then 1 , 2 , 3 are called as

direction ratios
^
l i

If l, m, n are direction cosines of a vector, then

^

+m j +n k = (cos ) i +(cos) j +(cos) k

is the unit vector in the direction of that vector, where ,, are the
angles which the vector makes with
77

x, y

and z axes respectively.

SECTION FORMULA

Let P and Q be two points represented by position vectors OP and OQ

respectively with respect to the origin O. Then the line segment joining
the point P and Q may be divided by a third point, say R, in two ways
internally and externally.
(I)Internally: The position vector of the point R which divides P and Q
internally in the ratio m:n is given by

m b + n a
m+ n

(Ii)Externally: when R divides PQ externally

= m bn a
mn

If R is the midpoint of PQ , then m=n then the midpoint of R of PQ

= a + b
2

Product of Two Vectors

Scalar (Or Dot) Product of two Vectors

The scalar product of two non-zero vectors a and b , denoted by a .

b

is defined as

a . b

= | a || b | cos

where is the angle between a and b , 0

NOTE

1. a . b is a real number.

2. Let a and b be two non-zero vectors then a . b =0 iff a and

b
are
a . b =0 a b
b
3. If =0 , then a . b=
a

78

. a = | a

4. If = then a . b = a b

^ ^ ^
5. For mutually perpendicular unit vector i, j , k
^
^ i=
^ ^
i.
j . ^j= k^. k=1
^
i^ .^j= ^j .^k=k^. i=0

6. The angle between two non-zero vectors a and b is,

cos=a . b , =cos1 a . b

11.

The scalar

product is commutative b . a = a . b

Property 1: Let a , b , and c be any three vectors then,

a .( b
+ c ) =

a . b

+ a . c

Property 2: Let a and b be any two vectors, and be any scalar then
( a ) . b= ( a . b )=a .( b )

If two vectors a and b are given is component form as

and

^ 2 ^j +a3 k^
a1 i+a

^ 2 ^j +b3 k^
b1 i+b

Then their scalar product is given by

a . b =a1 b1 +a2 b2 +a 3 b 3

Projection of A Vector On A Line

If P is the unit vector along a line l, then the projection of a vector
a on the line l is given by Q.P
Projection of a vector a on vector b, is given by

If =0, then the projection vector of AB will be AB itself, and

if = , then the project vector of AB will be BA .

3
= =
If
2
2 , then the projection vector of

vector.
79

AB

will be zero

Vector (Or Cross) Product Of Two Vectors

The vector product of two non-zero vectors a and b ,is denoted

by a b and defined as a b =ab sin n^ , where, is the angle between

a and b 0 and

is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b ,

n^

such that a , b and

n^

from a right handed system that is the right

handed system rotated from a and b moves in the direction of

n^

If either a = 0 or b = 0 then is not defined and in this

case,we define

a b =0

Observations:

a b is

a vector.

Let a and b be two nonzero vectors, then a b =0 if and only if

a

and b are parallel(or collinear)to each other,i.e.,

i.e.,
If

a a=0

a b =0 a

|| b

, also, a (a ) =0

then a b = | a || b |

^ ^ ^
For mutually perpendicular unit vector i, j , k
^ i^ , k^ i=
^ ^j= k^ , ^j k=
^ ^j
i
^ i=
^ ^j ^j=k^ k^ =0
i

a b
=
sin

a b

Vector product is not commutative as a b =b a

If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then the area

is given by

1
a b
2
80


If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then

its area is a b

Let a and b be two vectors given in component form as

^ 2 ^j +a3 k^
a1 i+a

^ 2 ^j +b3 k^
b1 i+b

and

respectively

| |

i^ ^j k^
a1 a2 a 3
a b=
b1 b2 b 3

VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. If the vector a i + j + k, i+ b j + k and i + j + c k are coplanar (a,b,c
1), then prove that
1
1a +

2. Prove:

1
1b

a
c

b+
c
a .

1
1c

= 1.

= [a b c ]

3. Prove: [ a + b , b + c , c + a ] = 2 [a b c ]

4. Prove:[ a b , bc , c a ] = 0.

81

a
sinA =

5. Prove:

b
sinB =

c
sinC

using vectors in ABC.

6. If a, b , c are the position vectors of the vertices of A, B, C of ABC

respectively. Find the

deduce the condition
7. If a = i + j + k and

expressions of the area of ABC and hence

for the points A, B, C to be collinear.
b
= j k, then find the vector c such that

a c = b and | a c |= 3.

8. If a b = c d ; a c = b d ; then show that

a d

is parallel to

b c .

9. For any three vectors

,
a
b , c ,find the value of

c
b + +
a

b (c +a )

c ( a + b) .

10.

Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, perpendicular to each of the

vectors (a + b) and (a b) where a = i + j + k, b = i +2j + 3k.

11.

a,
b , c arethree vectors such that a + b +c = 0 and a
= 3;
If
b
= 5; c = 7 then find the angle between a

12.

respectively. Then find the angle between

whether
13.

and b .
If i + j + k, 2i + 5j, 3i + 2j 3k and i 6j k are P.V of A,B,C,D

AB

AB and

CD . Write

and CD are collinear are not.

a , b are two non-zero, non-collinear vectors and a + b =

If

a , then prove that 2 a + b is perpendicular to b .

14.
If a and b are unit vectors and is angle between them, then

prove cos 2 =
15.

1
a + b .
2

Find the P.V. of a point R which divides the line joining two points

P and Q whose P.V. are 2 a + b and a 3 b externally in the ratio 1:2.

Also,show that P is midpoint of the line segment RQ.

16.
Find the unit vector is the direction of sum of vectors a = 2i j

+2k and b = -i + j + 3k.

17.

Let a = i + 4j + 2k, b = 3i 2j +7k and c = 2i j + 4k.find a

vector p which is perpendicular to both a and b and p . c = = 18.

82

18.

a,
b , c are three vectors such that a
= 5 ; b
If
= 12 ; c

=13; a + b +c = 0. Find the value of a . b + b . c + c . a

19.
Show that the four points with position vectors 6i 7j, 16i 19j
4k, 3j 6k and 2i + 5j + 10k are not coplanar.

20.
If a = 2i 3j + 4k, b = i + 2j 3k and c = 3i + 4k k, then

find a .(b c ) and (a b) . c Is a .( b c ) = (a b) . c ?

21.
Prove: [ b c , c a , a b ] = [a b c ] 2.
22.
Find for which the vectors -4i 6j 2k, -i + 4j +3k, -8i j + k
are coplanar.

23.
If a + b +c = 0 ; a = 3; b = 5; c =7. Show that the

angle between a and b is 60.

24.
Scalar product of the vector i + j + k with unit vector along the
sum of vectors 2i + 4j + - 5k and i + 2j + 3k is equal to one, find the
value of .

25.
If a , b and c are three vectors such that a = 3; b = 4;
c =5 and each one of them is perpendicular to the sum of the other

two. Find a + b +c .

26.

Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a + b and

a b , where

= 3i + 2j + 2k and b = i + 2j 2k
27.
The dot product of a vectors with the vectors i 3k, i -2k and i + j
+ 4k are 0,5 and 8 respectively. Find the vector.

28.
If a = i + j + k, b = 4i -2j +3k and c = i 2j +k, find a vector

of magnitude 6 units which is parallel to the vector 2 a + b + 3 c .

29.
Using vectors , find the value of k so that points (k,-10,3) , (1,-1,3)
and (3,5,3) are collinear.
30.
Find a vector of magnitude 6,which is perpendicular to both the
^
vectors 2 + k

^
and 4 + 3 k .

a + b + c =0, show that

x b = b x c = c x a

31.

If

32.

^
If A,B,C,D are points with position vector - + k

^
2 -3 k

and

^
3 -2 + k

^
, 2 - +3 k

respectively then find projection of AB

along CD.
33.
Using vectors, find the area of triangle with vertices A(1,2,3) ,B(2,1,4) and C(4,5,-1)

83

34.

^
If a = - + k

, b =- k

, then find a vector c such that a

x c = b and a . c =3.

35.

If a , b , c are position vectors of A,B,C of ABC, show that

the area of ABC is a x b + b x c + c x a Deduce the

condition for points a , b , c to be collinear

36.
Prove that in an ABC, CosA =b+c-a/2bc where a, b ,c are the
magnitude of the sides opposite to the vertices A,B,C respectively.
37.
Find for which the points A(3,2,1) ,B(4, ,5) and C(4,2,-2) and
D(6,5,-1) are coplanar.

38.
If a,b,c are unit vectors such that a . b = a . c =0 and the

angle between the b and c is /6, prove that a = 2( b xc)

39.

^
If =3 +4 +5 k

the form of

and

^
=2 + -4 k , then express in

= + where

is parallel to

and

is

perpendicular to

40.

^
^
Dot product of a vector with + -3 k , +3 -2 k
k^ are 0,5 and 8 respectively. Find the vector.

84

and 2 + +4

CHAPTER TEST

TIME: 1 hrs

VECTOR ALGEBRA
MARKS: 50
PART A (4x1=4)
1. Evaluate :

^ ^j ^j+ k^ k^ + i^ ]
[ i+

^
^ ^
2. Find the value of .( k)+ .( k )+ k .( )

3. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both +

and

+ k^

4. Find the angle between the two vectors a and b with magnitude 1 and

2 respectively and when |a b| =3

PART B (7X4=28)

5. Simplify [ab , b c , c a ]
^
6. The two adjacent sides of parallelogram are 2 4 +5 k
2 3 k^

and

. Find the unit vector parallel to one of its diagonal. Also, find its

area.
7. Using vector , find the area of the triangle with vertices A(2,3,5) ,
B(3,5,8) , C(2,7,8)
^
8. If a = + + k

, c = k . Find b such that

a b =c

a . b=3

9. If a + b + c =0 , prove a x b = b x c = c x a

10. Let a^ , b , c^ are unit vectors such that a . b = a . c =0 and angle

between b and c is /6. Prove a =2( b x c )

11. If a x b = c x d

, a x c = b x d . Show that ( a - d ) and( b -

c ) are parallel.

PART C (3X6=18)

85


12. If a , b , c are position vectors of A,B,C of ABC, show that the area

of ABC is a x b + b x c + c x a Deduce the condition for points

a

, b , c to be collinear.

^
13. Express 2 + 3 k as the sum of a vector parallel and a vector
^
perpendicular to 2 + 4 2 k
^
14. If and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle then prove:
^
(i) cos /2 = + b
^
^
(ii) tan /2= - b / + b

_____________________ALL THE BEST______________________

11.THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Straight Lines:
Vector And Cartesian Equation Of A Line.
The V.E of a straight line passing through a fixed point with position

vector a and parallel to a given vector b is:

r = a + b , w here is a scalar .

The C.E of a straight line passing through a fixed point (x 1,y1,z1) and
having direction ratios proportional to a,b,c is given by
xx 1 y y 1 zz 1
=
=
a
b
c

x , y and z

axis pass through the origin and have directioncosines

(1,0,0),( 0,1,0) ,( 0,0,1)

respectively . Their equations are:

x axis :

x0 y0 z0
=
=
y=0 , z=0
1
0
0

y axis:

x0 y0 z 0
=
=
x=0 , z=0
0
1
0

86

z axis :

x0 y0 z0
=
=
x=0 , y=0
0
0
1

The V.E of a line passing through the points with position vector a and
b is
r =a + ( ba)

The Cartesian equation of a line passing through the given points (

x1 , y1 , z1

) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 are given by

xx 1 y y 1 zz 1
=
=
x 2x 1 y 2 y 1 z 2z 1

Angle Between Two Lines:

a1
r
=
+ b1
and r = a2 + b2
Then the angle between the given lines is:

b2

b2

1
cos

b1 .

Condition for perpendicularity b1 . b2 =0

Condition for parallelism b1 = b2

xx 1 y y 1 z z1
=
=
a1
b1
c1

In Cartesian for

xx 2 y y 2 zz 2
=
=
a2
b2
c 2 , then
cos =

a1 b1 +b 1 b 2+ c1 c 2

2
1

+b 1 + c1

2
1

+ b1 + c 1

Condition for perpendicularity

a1 b1 +b1 b2 +c 1 c 2=0

Condition for parallelism m1= m2

a1
b1

a2
b2 =

a3
b3
87

for some scalar

Finding the equation of a line passing through a given point and

perpendicular to two given lines.
A line passing through a point having position vector and
perpendicular to the lines

r1

= a1 + b1 and lines r2 = a2 + b2

is parallel to b1 b 2 so the vector equation is

= + ( b1 b 2 )
Perpendicular distance of a line from a point.
r

Let p( , , be a given point and let

xx 1 y y 1 z z1
=
=
a1
b1
c 1 be on a given

line.
Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P( , , on the line
xx 1 y y 1 z z1
=
=
a1
b1
c1

Distance formula:
x 2x 1

y 2 y 1

PQ=
z 2z 1

Shortest Distance Between Two Lines:

Vector form:

b1
b2

b1
a2
a1 ) .(
b1
b2 ) for the lines: r1 = a1 +
S.D= | (
& r1 = a2 + b2

Shortest distance between parallel lines

b
a2
a1 ) (
b 1) |
d= | (

Plane:
Equation of a plane in General form:
ax +by +cz=d

Equation of a plane passing through a given point

88

a( x x1 )+ b( y y 1)+c ( zz 1 )+ d=0

Equation of a plane passing through 3 given points

Three point form:

x x1
x 2x 1
x 3x 1

y y 1 zz 1
y 2 y 1 z 2z 1
y 3 y 1 z 3z 1

=0

Intercept form:
x y z
+ + =0
a b c
0,b ,0
(0,0, c) .
(a , 0,0), ) and

This plane passes through the points

Equation of a plane in normal form

The V.E of a plane normal to unit vector n^ and at a distance d from the
origin is

. n^ =d

Angle Between 2 Planes

n1=d1
n2=d 2
The angle between the planes r .
and r .
is

n2
n

n1 . 2
cos
=
|
n1

Condition for perpendicularity n

Condition for parallelism n 1= n

In Cartesian form
cos =

a 1 b1 +b 1 b 2+ c1 c 2

2
1

+b 12+ c12 a22+ b22+ c 22

89

. n

for some scalar

=0

a1
Condition for parallelism b1

a2
b2 =

a3
b3

Condition for perpendicularity a1 a2 +b1 b2 +c 1 c 2=0

Distance of a point from a plane:
Let the plane be
d=|

a x 1 +b y 1 +c z1 +d

a2 +b 2+ c 2

ax +by +cz +d =0

and point be ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1

Line And Plane

Angle Between Line And Plane.
If

r = a + b

is the angle between a line

n^ =d then sin

and the plane is r .

n
n
= b |

b.

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. Find the Cartesian as well as the vector equation of the planes
through the intersection of the planes r .(i + 3j) 6 = 0; and r .(3i
j +4k) = 0 which are at a unit distance from the origin.
2. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of
intersection of the x 2y +z =1 and 2x + y +z = 8 and parallel to the
line with direction ratios 1, 2, 1. Also find the perpendicular distance
of P (1, 3, 2) from this plane.
3. Find the equation of the plane determined by the points A(3, -1, 2), B
( 5, 2, 4) and
C (-1, -1, 6). Hence find the distance of the point P
(6, 5, 9) from the plane.
4. From the equation if the plane passing through the line of
intersection of the planes

.(i + j + k) = 1 and r .(2i +3j k) +

4 = 0 and parallel to the x-axis.

5. Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection
of the planes

.(i + 2j + 3k) = 4 and r .(2i + j k) + 5 = 0

and which is perpendicular to the plane

90

.(5i +3j 6k) + 8 = 0.

6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points (1, 2,
3) and parallel to the planes r .(i j + 2k) = 5 and r .(3i + j +k) =
6.
7. Find the vector equation of the plane through the points (2, 1, -1)
and (-1, 3, 4) and perpendicular to the plane x 2y + z =10.
8. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the three
points with position vectors i + j + 2k, 2i j + k and i + 2j + k. Also
find the coordinates of the point of intersection of this plane and the
line r = 3i j k + (2i 2j + k).
9. S.T. of the lines

x +1
3 =

y 3
=
2

z +2
1

and

x
1

y 7
3

z +7
2 are

coplanar. Also find the equation of the plane containing these lines.
10.
Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular and the
perpendicular distance from the point P (3, 2, 1) to the plane 2x y
+ z + 1 =0.
11.
Find the image of the point having position vector i + 3j + 4k in
the plane r .(2i j + k).
12.

Find the distance of the point A ( -2, 3, -4) from the line
2 y +3
=
4

13.

x +2
3 =

3 z +4
.
5

Let P ( 3, 2, 6) be the point in the space and Q be the point on

the line

= (i j +2k) + (-3i+j+5k), then find the

value of for which the vector

PQ

is parallel to the plane x4y+ 3z

= 1.
14.
Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (3, -4,
-5) and (2, 2, 1), (3, 0, 1) and (4, -1, 0).
15.
Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and the
length of the perpendicular drawn from the point P (5, 4, 2) to the
line r = (-i + 3j + k) + (2i + 3j k). also find the image of P in this
line.
16.
Find the distance of the point (-1, -5, -10) from the point of
intersection of the line

= (2i + -j + 2k) + (3i + 4j + 2k) and

the plane r . (i - j + k) = 5.
17.

Find the shortest distance between the lines r = (1 t)i + (t

2)j + (3 2t)k and

= (s 1)i + (2s + 1)j + (2s + 1)k.

91

18.
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of
intersection of the planes
2x y = 0 and 3z y = 0 and
perpendicular to the plane 4x + 5y 3z = 8.
19.
Find the length and foot of the perpendicular from the point (1,
3
2 , 2) to the plane

20.

2x 2y + 4z + 5 = 0.

Find the distance of the point (1, -2, 3) from the plane x y +z

=5 measured along the line parallel to

21.

y
3 =

z
6 .

Find the equation of the plane containing the line

y +3
z4
3 = 2

22.

x
2

x +2
2

and the point (0,6, 0).

Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) 1n the line

x
1 +

y 1
=
2

z2
3 . Also write the equation of the line joining the given points

and its image. Also find the length of the segment joining the given
point and its image.
23.find the equation of the plane through the points (2,1,0), (3,-2,-2) and (3,1,7).
24.Find the equation of the line passing the point (3,0,1) and parallel to the plane x+2y=0
and 3y-z=0.
25.Find the equation of the plane through the points (2,1,-1) and (-1,3,4) and
perpendicular to the plane x-2y+42=10.
26.Find the shortcut distance between the lines r =(8+3x)i-(9+16x)j+(10+7x)k and r
=(15i+29j+5k)+(3i+8j-5k).
27.Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane 5x+3y+6z+8=0 and
which contains the line of intersection of the plane x+2y+3z-4=0 and 2x+y-z+5=0.
28.Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
r .(i+3j)-6=0 and r .(3i-j-4k)=0 whose perpendicular distance from the origin is
unit.
29.Find the length and foot of the perpendicular from the point (1, 3/2, 2) to the plane
2x-2y+4z+5=0.
30.Find the image of the point (3,-2,1) in the plane 3x-y+4z=2.
31.Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points (3,-4,-5) and
(2,-3,1) crosses the plane 2x+y+z=0?
32.Find the equation of the plane determined by the points A(3,-1,2), B(5,2,4)and
C(-1,-1,6) and hence find the distance between the plane and the point P(6,5,9).
92

33. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point
to the planes 3x+2y-3z=1 and 5x- 4y+z=5.

(-1,-1,2) and perpendicular

34. Find the image of the point (1,6,3) in the line x/1=y-1/2=z-2/3. Also write the equation
of the line joining the given point and its image and find the length of the segment joining
the given point and its image.
35. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the plane which bisects the line joining the
points (3,-2,1) and (1,4,-3) at right angles

93

CHAPTER TEST
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

TIME: 1 hr
MARKS: 50

PART- A [4x1=4]
1. Write the equation of the plane parallel to XOY plane and passing through the point
( 2,-3,5 ).
2. Find the angle between the planes 2x-y+z=4 and x+y+2z=3.
3. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane r .(12i-3j+4k)+5=0.
4. Write the equation of the plane whose i
5. ntercepts are -4,2&3.
Part B (7x4=28)
6. Find the image of the point having position value i+3j+4k in the plane
r .(2i-j+k)+3=0.
7. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes

(i+j+k)=1 and r .(2i+3j-k)+4=0 and parallel to X-axis.

8. Find the distance between the points P(6,5,9) and the plane determined by the points
A(3,-1,3) B(5,2,4) and C(-1,-1,6).
9. If the points (1,1,x) and (-3,0,1) be equidistant from the plane r .(3i+4j-12k)+13=0,
find x.
10.Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the plane
2x-3y+z-4=0 and x-y+z+1=0 and perpendicular to the plane x+2y-3z+6=0.
10. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i+j-2k, 2i-j+k and
i+2j+k.
11. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (3,4,2) and (7,0,6) and is
perpendicular to the plane 2x-5y=15.

Part C (3x6=18)
12. Show that the four points (0,-1,-1), (-4,4,4,), (4,5,1) and (3,9,4) are coplanar.
13. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 2i-j+5k to the line r =(11i-2j8k)+x(10i-4j-11k). Also, find the length of the perpendicular.
14. Find the vector equation of the plane that contains the lines r =(i+j)+x(i+2j-k) and r
=(i+j)+y(-i+j-2k). Also, find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the points (2,1,4) to
the plane thus obtained.
94

__________________ALL THE BEST________________________

12. LINEAR PROGRAMMING

A linear programming problem is one that is concerned with finding

out Optimal Value (maximum or minimum) of a linear function
(called Objective function) of several variables (say x and y),
subject to conditions that variables are non- negative and satisfy a
set of linear inequalities ( called Linear Constraints). The term linear
implies that all mathematical relations used in the problem are
Linear Relations while the term programming refers to the method
of determining a particular programme or plan of action.
Objective Function: A linear function Z= ax + by, where a,b are
constants, which has to be maximized or minimized is called a linear
objective function.
For Example, Z= 250x + 75y is a linear objective function. Variables
x and y are called Decision Variables.
Constraints : the linear inequalities or equations or restrictions on
the variables of a linear programming problem are called
constraints. The conditions x0, y0 are called non-negative
restrictions.
Optimisation Problem: A problem which seeks to maximize or
minimize a linear function (say of two variables x and y) subject to
certain constraints as determined by a set of linear inequalities is
called an OPTIMISATION PROBLEM.
Graphical Method Of Solving Linear Programming Problems
Feasible Region:The common region determined by all the
constraints including non-negative constraints x,y0 of a linear
programming problem is called the feasible region. The
region other than feasible region is called an infeasible
region.
Optimal (Feasible) Solution: Any point in the feasible region
that gives the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the
objective function is called an optimal solution.

THEOREM : let R be the feasible region (convex polygon)for a linear

programming problem and let Z= ax +by be the objective function. When
Z has an optimum value (maximum or minimum),where the variables x

95

and y are subject to constraints described by linear inequalities, this

optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
THEOREM: let R be the feasible region for linear programming problem,
and let Z=ax + by be the objective function. If R is bounded, then the
objective function Z has both a maximum and a minimum value on R and
each of these occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.
Remark: If R is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum value on R
and each of these occurs at a corner point of R.

This method of solving linear programming problem is referred as

CORNER POINT METHOD.
i)
ii)

When the feasible region is bounded , M and m are the

maximum and minimum values of Z.
In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
a)
M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half pane
determined by ax+by>M has no point in common with the
feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
b)
Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half
plane determined by ax+by<m has no point in common
with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum
value.

96

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
1. A producer has 30 and 17 units of labour and capital respectively
which he can use to produce two goods X and Y. to produce one
unit of x, 2 2 units of labour and 3 units of capital are required.
Similarly 3 units of capital and one unit of labour are required to
produce one unit of Y. if X and Y are priced at Rs. 100 and Rs. 120
per unit respectively, how should the producer use his resources
to maximize the total revenue. Set up the linear programming and
solve it graphically.
2. A dealer deals in two items only. Item A and item B. he had Rs.
50,000 to invest and a space to store at most 60 items. An item A
costs Rs. 2500 and an item B costs Rs. 500. A net profit to him on
item A is Rs. 500 and on item B is Rs. 150. If he can sell all the
items that he purchases, how should he invest his amount to have
maximum profit ?formulate an L.P.P and solve it graphically.
3. A dietician wants to develop a special diet using two foods X and
Y. Each packet(contains 30 g) of food X contains 12 units of
calcius,4 unit of iron,6 units of cholesterol and 6 units of Vitamin
A. Each packet of the same quantity of food Y contains 3 units of
calcium,20 units of Iron,,4 units of cholesterol and 3 units of
vitamin A. The diet requires atleast 240 units of Calcium, atleast
460 units of iron and at most 300 units of cholesterol. Make an
L.P.P to find How many packets of each food should be used to
minimize the amount of vitamin A on the Diet and solve it
graphically.
4. Rajiv has two courses to prepare for final examination. Each hour
of study, he devotes to Course A is expected to return Rs.600 in
terms of long range job benefits. Each hour devoted to course B
is expected to return Rs.300 in terms of long range job benefits.
The stores are closed and rajiv has only 15 chewing gums. He
finds that he consumes one chewing gum every 20 minutes while
studying course B and every 12 minutes while studying course A.
Time is running short only four hours are left to prepare. Rajiv
feels that he must devote atleast two hours to study. Using L.P.P

97

determine an optimal policy of Rajiv that would maximize his

return in terms of long range job benefits.
5. An oil company requires 12,000 20,000 and 15,000 barrels of high
grade, medium grade, and low grade oil respectively. Refinery A
produces 100,300 and 200 barrels per day of high, medium and
low grade oil respectively whereas the refinery B produces
200,400 and 100 barrels per day respectively. If A costs Rs.400
per day and B cost Rs. 300 per day to operate, how many days
should each refinery be run to minimize the cost of meeting
requirements.
6.

A manufacturer produces two models of bikes: Model X and

Model Y. Model X takes a 6 man hours to make per unit, while
Model Y takes 10 man hours per unit. There is a total of 450 man
hours available per week. Handling and marketing cost are
Rs.2000 and Rs.1000Per unit of Model X and Y respectively. The
total finds available for these purposes are Rs. 80,000 per week.
Profits per unit for Models x and Y are Rs. 1000 and Rs. 500
respectively. How many bikes of each model should the
manufacturer produces so as to yield a maximum profit? Find the
Maximum profit?

7. A co-operative society of farmers has 50 hectares of land to grow

two crops A and B. To control weeds ,a liquid herbicide has to be
used for crops A and B at the rate of 20 litres and 10 litres per
hectare respectively. Further, not more than 800 litres of herbicide
should be used in order to protect fish and wildlife using a pond
which collects drainage from this land. Keeping in mind that
protection of fish and other wildlife is more important that that
earning Profit, how much land should be allocated to each crop so
on to maximize the total profit? Form an L.P.P from the above and
solve it graphically. Do you agree with the message that the
protection of wildlife is atmost necessary to preserve the balance
in environment?
8. A diet for a sick person must contain atleast 4000 units of
vitamins,50 units of minerals and 1400 calories. Two foods X and
Y are available at a cost of Rs.4 and Rs.3 per unit respectively.
One unit of food X contains 200 units of vitamins,1 unit of
minerals and 40 calories, wherever 1 unit of food Y contains 100
98

unit of vitamins, 2 units of minerals and 40 calories. Find what

combinations of food X and Y should be used to have least cost,
satisfying the requirements. Make it an L.P.P. and solve it
graphically.
9. A factory owner purchase 2 types of machines M 1 and M2. The
requirements and limitations for the machines are as follows:

M1
M2

Area occupied Labor for each Daily output

by machines
machine
1000 sq.m
12 men
60 units
1200 sq.m
8 men
40 units
10. He has an area of 9000 sq.m and 72 skilled men who can
operate machines. Haw many machines of each tape should be
buy to maximize the daily output. Formulate the above L.P.P
mathematically and solve graphically.
11. A farmer decides to grow tomatoes and potatoes in up to 10
acres. He decides to grow tomatoes in at least 2 but not more
than 8 acres and potatoes in at least one but not more than 6
acres. If he can make a profit of Rs. 1500 per acre on tomatoes
and Rs.2000 per acre on potatoes, How should he plan his
farming so as to get the maximum profit assuming the total yield
that he gets is sold? Formulate the L.P.P mathematically and
solve?
12. A medical company has factories at two places P 1 and P2. From
the places supply is made to each of its three agencies situated
at A,B and C using CNG vehicles. The monthly requirements of
agencies are respectively 40, 40, and 50 packets of medicines.
While the production capacity of P1 and P2 are 60 and 70 packets
respectively. The transportation cost per packet from the
agencies are given below:
Transportation cost per packet(in Rs)

From/To
A
B
C

P1
P2
5
4
4
2
3
5
How many packets from each factory be transported to each
agency so that the sort of transportation is minimum? Also find
minimum cost.
13. Solve by graphically:

99

Minimize Z = x+5y
Subject to constrains: x+y5
2x-5y1
x2

x,y0

14. A dealer in rural area wishes to purchase a no. of sewing

machines. He has only Rs 5760 to invest and has spare for at
most 20 items for storage. An electronic sewing machine cost
him
Rs 360 and a manually operated sewing machine is Rs
240. He sells an electronic sewing machine at a profit of Rs 22
and a manually operated sewing machine at a profit of Rs 18.
Assuming that he can sell all the items that he can buy, how
much should he invest in order to maximize his profit? Solve
graphically.
15. A manufacturing company make two tips of teaching aids A
and B of mathematics for class XII. Each type of A requires 9
labor hr of fabricating and 1 labor hr for finishing. Each type of B
requires 12 labor hr for fabricating and 3 labor hr for finishing. For
fabricating and finishing the maximum labor hr per week are 180
and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of Rs 80 on
each piece of type A and Rs 120 on type B. how many pieces of
type A and B should be manufactured per week to get the
maximum profit? Solve graphically. What is the maximum profit
per week.
16. A hospital dietician wishes to find the cheapest combination of
two foods F1 and F2 that contains at least 0.5 milligrams of protein
and at least 600 calories. Each unit of F 1 contains 0.12 milligrams
of proteins and 100 calories while each unit of F 2 contains 0.10
milligrams of protein and 150 calories. If each food costs 10 paisa
per unit, how many units of each should be combines at
minimum cost? Solve graphically.
17. Solve: minimize Z= x+3y
Subject to Constraints 2x+3y 6
x-y 0
x,yo
18. minimize Z= 3x+4y+370
Constrains: x+y60
x40
100

x+y10
x,y0
19. Maximize Z= 8x/100+10y/100
Constrains: x+y12000
x2000
x,y0
20. If a young man drives his vehicle at 25 kmph, he has to spend
Rs. 2/km on petrol. If he drives it at a faster speed of 40kmph, the
petrol cost increases to
Rs. 5/km. He has Rs. 100 to spend on petrol and travel within 1
hr. Express this as an LPP and solve the same.

CHAPTER TEST
1 hrs
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
MARKS: 50
PART- A (4x1=4)
101

TIME:

1. Write maximize Define optimum solution?

2. value: if maximize Z= 3x+4y subject to constraints x+y4, x,y0
3. The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following
2x+y10, x+3y15, x,y0 are (0,0) (5,0) (3,4) and (0,5).
4. Let Z= px + qy where p,qo. condition on p and q so that the maximum
occur at both (3,4) and (0,5) is_____
PART- B (7x4=28)
5.Solve by LPP: Minimize Z=-3x+4y ,
subject to x+2y8, 3x+2y12, x,y0
6. Solve by LPP : Maximize Z=3x+2y
subject to x+2y10, 3x+y15, x,y0
7. Dietician wishes to mix together two kinds of food x and y in such a way
that the mixture contains at least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units of vitamin B
and 8 units of vitamin C . the vitamin contents of one kg is given below:
food
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
X
1
2
3
y
2
2
1
One kg of food x cost rs16 and one kg of food y costs Rs20. Formulate the
above problem as L.P.P to find the least cost of the mixture.
8. Minimize Z= 7.5x+5y
subject to constraints,
12x+6y360,

18x360, 6x+9y360

9. Minimize Z=1000x+600y
Subject to constraints,
x+y200
x20
y - 4x0,

x ,y o

10.Maximize Z= 4x+6y
Subject to constraints,
102

, x,y0

3x+6y80
4x+3y100
x,y0
11. A small firm manufactures gold rings chains. The total; no. of rings and
chains manufactured per day is almost 24. It takes 1hr to make a ring and
30 minutes to make a chain. The maximum no. of firms available per day is
16. If the profit on a ring is Rs300 and that on a chain is Rs190. Find the no.
of rings and chains that should be manufactured per day, so as to earn the
maximum profit. Make it as a L.P.P and solve it graphically.

PART- C (3x6= 18)

12.There are 2 types of fertilizers f1 and f2. F1 consist of 10% nitrogen and
6% of phosphoric and f2 contains 5% of nitrogen and 10% of phosphoric.
After testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds that he needs at least 14kg of
nitrogen and 14kg of phosphoric for his crop. If f1 costs Rs 6/kg and f2 costs
Rs 5/kg. Determine how much of each type of fertilizer should be used so
that the nutrient requirements are met at minimum cost. What is the
minimum cost ?
13.An aero plane can carry a max of 200 passengers. A profit of rs1000 is
made on each executive class ticket and a profit of rs600 is made on each
economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20 seats for executive
class. However at least 4 times as many passengers prepared to travel by
economy class than by the executive class. Determine how many tickets of
each type must be sold In order to maximize the profit for the airline. What
is the maximize profit.
14. An oil company has two depots A and B with capacities of 7000L and
4000L respectively. The company is to supply oil to 3 petrol pumps, D,E and
F whose requirements are 4500L, 3000L, and 3500L respectively. The
distance between the depots and three petrol pumps are given below:

From/ To
D
E
F

A
7
6
3

B
3
4
2

103

Assuming that the transportation cost of 10L of oil is rs1/km, how should
the delivery be scheduled in order that the transportation cost is minimize?
What is the maximize cost?

___________________ALL THE BEST_________________

13.PROBABILITY
Conditional Probability
If E and F are two events associated with same sample space of random
experiment , the conditional probability of the event E given that F has
occurred , i.e, P
P

( FE )

( FE )

is given by ,

( P( E F))
provided
P(F)

P( F) 0.

Properties Of Conditional Prpbability

Let E and F be event of a sample space S of an experiment then
PROPERTY 1
P

( FS )=P ( FF )=1

PROPERTY 2
If A and B are any two events of a sample space S and F is an event of S
such that P ( F ) 0., then
P

( A F B )=P ( AF )+ P ( BF )P ( A F B )

In particular if A and B are disjoint events, then

P

( A F B )=P ( AF )+ P ( BF )

PROPERTY 3

104

'

( ) = 1-P ( FE )
E
F

Multiplication Theorem On Probability

P( E F)=P( E). P

P( F). P

( EF )

( FE )

provided P( E) 0P( F) 0

Independent Events
E and F are two such events such that the probability of occurrence of one
of them is not affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are called
independent events.

Two events E and F are said to be independent, if

P

( FE )=P(E)

provided P( F) 0

( FE )=P(F)

provided P( E) 0

By the multiplication rule of probability

P ( E F )=P(E) . P

( FE )

If E and F are independent, then

P( E F)=P( E). P( F)

Bayes Theorem
Partition of a sample space
A set of events E1 , E 2 , En is said to represent a partition of the sample
space S if
(a) Ei E j = ; i j ; i, j=1,2,3 ., n
105

(b) E1 E 2 . En=S
(c P( E i)>0 for all i=1,2,3,4, , n
i.e the events E1 , E 2 , En represents a partition of the sample space S if
they are pair wise disjoint exhaustive and have non-zero probabilities.
Theorem Of Total Probability
Let { E1 , E 2 , En } be a partition of the sample space S and suppose that
each of the events E1 , E 2 , En has non-zero probability of occurrence. Let
A be any event associated with S then,
P( A)=P(E 1) . P

( EA )+ P(E ). P ( EA )+ ..+ P (E ). P ( EA )
2

= P( E j ).P(A/ E j ) ; where

takes the value from 1 n .

Bayes Theorem
If E1 , E 2 , En are n non-empty events which constitute a partition of
sample space S i.e E1 , E 2 , En are pair wise disjoint and

E1 E 2

. En

= S and A is any event of any non-zero probability, then

PP

Ei
A
=P( Ei ). P
A
Ei

( )

( )

P( E j) . P (A / E j)

where j takes the value from 1 n for any i=1,2,3 , n

Random Variables And Its Probability Distribution
A random variable is a real valued function for whose domain is the
sample space of a random experiment.
Probability Distribution Of A Random Variable
The probability distribution of a random variable X is defined as

106

The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of

numbers
X :

x1 , x2 , xn

X
P ) :

Where

P 1 , P2 , P n
pi>0, p i=1; i=1,2,3, , n

The real numbers x 1 , x 2 , x n are the possible values of the random

variable

X and

i=1,2,3, , n
) is the probability of the random variable
Pi

X taking the value x i i. e P ( X=x i )=Pi

Mean Of A Random Variable
Let X be a random variable whose possible values

x1 , x2, xn

occur with

probabilities P1 , P2 , P n respectively. The mean of X denoted by is the

number.
x i Pi where i

takes the value from 1 n

is the mean of X is weighted average of the possible values of X, each

value being weighted by its probabilities with which it occurs.
The mean of random variable X is also called the expectation of X,
denoted by

E( X)== xi Pi=x 1 P1 + x 2 P2 ++ x n Pn

where i takes the value from 1 n .

Variance Of A Random Variable
Let X be a random variable whose possible values x 1 , x 2 , x n xnoccur with
probabilities P( x 1 ) P( x 2 ) P( x n ) respectively.
Let =E( X) be the mean of X . the variable of X denoted by var( X ) or
2 x is defined as the non-negative number.

107

 x = var ( x )
2
2
Also , Var (x)=E (x ){ E ( x ) }

Bernoulli Trials And Binomial Distribution

Bernoulli Trials

i)
ii)
iii)

Definition: Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials,

if they satisfy,
There should be a finite number of trials
The trials should be independent
Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure
The probability of success remains the same in each trial.
The probability of x successes P( x=x) is denoted as

P( x)

and is

given by
P( x)= n C x . q nx p x , x=0, 1, 2,3 n
(q=1 p) .

This P(x) is called the probability function of the binomial

distribution.
A binomial distribution with n-Bernoulli trials and probability of
success in each trial and probability of success in each trial as P is
denoted by B (n , p) .

108

PROBABILITY
1. If A speaks truth in 60% cases and B in 90% cases. In what percent of
cases are they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact?
2. A problem in Mathematics is given to three students whose
1

chances of solving it are 3 , 5

and 6 . What is the probability that

atleast one of them solves the problem?

3. 10% of the bulbs produced in a factory are of red colour and 2%
are red and defective. If one bulb is picked up at random, determine the
probability of its being defective if it is red.
4. A company has two plants to manufacture scooters.Plant-1
manufactures 70% of the scooters and plant-2 manufactures 30 %. At
plant-1, 80% of the scooters are rated of standard quantity and atplant-2,
90% of scooters is chosen at random and is found to be of standard
quantity. Find the probability that it has come from plant-2.
5. Suppose that 6% of the persons with blood group O are left handed
and 10% of those with otherblood groups are left handed. It is given that
30% of the persons have blood group O. If a left handed person is
selected at random, what is the probability that the person has blood
group O.
6. A letter is known to have come from TATANAGAR or from
CALCUTTA on the envelope, just two consecutive letters TA visible.
What is the probability that the letter has come from TATANAGAR.
7. A dice is thrown thrice. Find the mean and variance of the number
of times a Six is obtained?
8. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defective bulbs, a sample of
4 bulbs is drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability
distribution of the number of defective bulbs. Also, Find its mean.
9. Two Cards are drawn one after the other (without replacement)
form a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean and variance
of the number of red cards.
10. The probability of a man hitting a target is . If he fires 7 times,
what is the probability of his hitting the target atleast twice?
109

11. Find the minimum number of tosses of a pair of dice so that the
probability of getting the sum of the Digits on the dice equal to 7
on atleast one toss is greater than 0.95?
12. A pair of dice is thrown 5 times. If getting a doublet is
considered a success. Find the probability of 2 Success.
13. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards
of the pack, two cards are drawn at random and both are found to
be spade. Find the probability of the lost card being a spade?
14. A pure contains 2 silver and 4 copper coins. A second purse
contains 4 silver and 3 copper coins. If a coin is pulled at random
from one of the two purses, what is the probability that it is a
silver coin?
15. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die
and reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a
Six?
16. In a hurdle race, a player has to cross 10 hurdles. The
probability that he will cross each hurdles successfully is 5/6.
What is the probability that he will knock down fewer than 2
hurdles?
17. Bag I Contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red
and 5 black balls. Two balls are transferred at random from Bag I
to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from BagII. The ball so drawn is
found to be red in colour . Find the probability that both the
transferred balls were black.
18.Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without
replacement) from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean
variance and standard deviation of the number of aces.
19.A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls. Another bag contains 2
red and 6 black balls. One of the bags is selected at random and a
ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be red. Find the
probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag
20.A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random and are
found to be white. What is the probability that all balls are white?

110

21.A pair die is rolled. If 1 turns up ,a ball is picked up at random

from bag A, if 2 or 3 turns up, a ball is picked up at random from
bag B. Otherwise a ball is picked up from bag C. Bag A contains 3
red and 2 white balls, bag B 3 red and 4 white balls, and bag C
contains 4 red and 5 white balls. The die is rolled, a bag is picked
up and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, What is the
probability that bag B was picked up?
22.Find the mean and the variance 2 for the following distribution:
X
P(X)

0
1/6

2
3/10

3
1/30

23.A dice is thrown 6 times. If getting an even number is a success,

what is the probability of (i) exactly
5 success ? (ii) atmost 5 success ?
24.If A and B are the events associated with a random experiments
and p(A)=0.2; p(B)=0.3; p(AB)= 0.4 Find (i) p(AB) (ii) p

( AB )

25.A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered

a success, Find the probability distribution of number of
successes.
26. How many times must a man toss a fair coin, so that the
probability of having atleast one head is more than 80%
27. Probabilities of solving a specific problem independently by A and B
are and 1/3 respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently,
Find the probability that (i) the problem is solved,(ii) exactly one of them
solves the problem.
28.Find the probability of throwing atmost 2 sixes in 6 throws of a
single die.
29.Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is
40%. If is also assumed that a Meditation and yoga course
reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and the prescription of
certain drug reduces its chances by 25% At a time a patient can
choose any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is
given that after going through one of the two options the patient
111

selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability

that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga.
30.From a set of 100 cards numbered 1 to 100, one card is drawn at
random. Find the probability that the number on the card is
divisible by 6 or 8 but not by 24.
31. A pair of dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting a total of
11, if it is given that the second die shows a prime number.
32. A and B are two candidates seeking admission to IIT. The probability
that A is selected is 0.5 and probability that A and B selected is at most
0.3. is it possible that the probability of B getting selected is 0.9.
33. five cards drawn one by one with replacement, from a well shuffled
deck of 52 cards. Find probability that
i) all the above 5 are diamond.
ii) only 3 are diamond
iii) none is diamond
34. A bag contains 10 marbles, out of which 4 are black and 6 are white.
One marble is drawn at random , its colour is noted and the marble is
replaced in the bag. A marble is again drawn from the bag and its colour
is noted. Find the probability of the event:
i) black is followed by the white
ii) black follows white
31.

black and white is any order

iv) both have same colour

35. A box contains 10 bulbs , out of which 4 are defective . if a random
sample of 5 bulbs is drawn . find the probability that the sample contains:
i) exactly 2 defective bulbs
ii) at least 1 defective bulbs
iii) at most 2 defective bulbs

112

36. A bag contains 30 bolts and 40 nuts. Half of the bolts and half of the
nuts are rusted. If 2 items are drawn at random , what is the probability
that either both are rusted or both are bolts.
37. 12 cards numbered 1 to 12 are placed in the box mixed up thoroughly
and then a card is drawn at random from the box , if it is known that the
number on the drawn card is more than 3. Find the probability that it is
even no.
38. Five defective pens are accidently mixed with 20 good ones .if 4 pens
are drawn at random from this lot . find the probability distribution of the
no. of defective pens.
39. A coin is biased so that head is 3 times likely to occur as tail .if the
coin is tossed twice find the probability distribution and expectation of no.
of tails .
40. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered
success, find the probability distribution and hence find its mean and
variance.
41. In a group of 50 students in a camp , 30 are well trained in first aid
techniques while the remaining are well trained in hospitality but not in
first aid . Two scouts are selected at random from one group. Find the
probability distribution of no. selected scouts who are well trained in first
aid. Find the no. of distribution also.
42.Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well
shuffled packof 52 cards. Find the mean and variance of the number of
red cards.
43. A doctor claims that 60% of the Patients he examines are suffering
from fever. What is the probability that
i) exactly 3 of his next patients are suffering from fever
ii) none of his next 4 patients are suffering from fever
44. A drunk man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backwards
with probability 0.6. find the probability that the end of 11 steps, he is just
one step away from a starting point.
45. An experiment succeeds thrice as often it fails, find the probability
that in the next five trails there will be atleast three success.
113

46. 3 bags A,B,C contains 6 red , 4 black; 4 red , six black; and 5 red, 5
black respectively. One of the bag is selected at random and a ball is
drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability that it is drawn
from bag A.
47. A certain college, 40% of boys and 1% of girls are taller than 1.75mts.
Further more 60% of students in the college of girls. A student is selected
at random and is found to be taller than 1.75 mts.Find the probability that
the selected student is a girl.
48. In answering a question on multiple choice test a student either
knows the answer or guess. Let 3/5 be the probability that he knows the
answer and 2/5 be he guess. Assuming that a student who guess the
answer will be correct with probability 1/3. What is the probability that the
student knows the answer, given that he answered correctly.
49. Two groups are competing for the position on the board of directors of
a corporation. The probabilities that the first and second group will win
are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further if the first group wins the probability
of introducing a new product is 0.7 and corresponding probability is 0.3, if
second group wins. Find the probability that the new product was
introduced by second group.
50. The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B
hits is 2/5. If each one of A & B shoots at the target, what is the
probability:
i) The target is hit
ii) Exactly one of them hits the target.

114

CHAPTER TEST
hrs
PROBABILITY

TIME: 1
MARKS: 50

PART A (4x1=4)
1. Two independent events A and B are given such that p(A)=0.3 and
p(B)=0.6. find p(A and not B).
2. If X has a binomial distribution B(4,1/3). Write P(x=1).
3. A pair of coin and unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event head
appears on the coin and B be the event 3 on the die. Check
whether A and B are independent events or not.
4. A four digit number is formed by using the digits 1,2,3,5 with no
repetation .find the probability that the number is divisible by 5.
PART- B (7x4=28)
5. A random variable X has the following p.d
X : 0

1 2

P(X): 0 K 2K 3K 3K K2 2k2

7
7k2 +k

6. How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability
of having at least
one head in more than 80%.
7. There are 3 urns A,B and C. Urn A contains 4 white and 3 black. Urn
c contains and
4 black. One ball is drawn from of these urns. What is the
probability that out of these
three balls drawn , two are white and one is black.
8. The probability of two students A and B coming to the school are in
time 3/7 and 5/7
respectively. Assuming that the events A coming in time and B
coming in time
are independent. Find the probability of only one of them coming
to the school in time.
9. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a
success. Find the
115

probability distribution of no. of success and find mean.

10. Find probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a

single die.
11. If two dice are rolled 12 times, obtain the mean and variance of
the distribution of
success. If getting a total greater than 4 is considered a
success.
PART C (3x6=18)
12.Three bags contain balls as shown in the table below:
bag
I
II
III

no.of white bag

1
2
4

no.of black bag no.of red bag

2
3
1
1
3
2

A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it. They happen
to be white and red. What is the probability that they came from bag III?
13. From a lot of 30 bulbs which includes 6 defectives a sample of 4 bulbs
is drawn at random with replacement. Find and variance of the no. of
effective bulbs.
14. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and
reports that is a six. Find the probability that is actually a six.

______________________ALL THE BEST____________________

116

IMPORTANT MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

1. Radian=180

2. 1 = 180

Radian

3. 1 Radian =

180

2
2
4. sin + cos = 1
2
2
5. 1+t an = sec
2
2
6. 1+cot = cosec

1
7. cosec= sin
1
8. sec= cos
1
9. cot= tan
cos
10. cot= sin

11.
12.

tan =

sin
cos

II

(S)

(A)

117

sin cosec

All Positive

are positive ; rest are negative

III (T)

IV(C)

tancot are positive cossec are positive ;

rest are negative rest are negative

13. Ratios of ( )
sin ( )=sin cosec ( )=cosec
cos ( )=+ cos sec ( )=+ sec
tan ( )=tan cot ( ) =cot

Ratios of ( 90 ) , ( 90+ ) , ( 180 ) , (180+ ) , ( 270 )

( 270+ ) , ( 360 )( 360+ ) .

14. 1 sin x 1 ;1 cos x 1 ; tan x

15. i) sin ( A + B )=sin A cos B+cos A sin B
sin ( AB ) =sin A cos Bcos A sin B
cos ( A+ B )=cos A cos Bsin A sin B
cos ( AB )=cos A cos B+sin A sin B
tan ( A+ B )=

tanA +tanB
1tanA tanB

tan ( AB )=

tanA tanB
1+ tanA tanB

118

cot ( A + B )=

cotA cotB1
cotA +cotB

cot ( AB ) =

cotA cotB+1
cotA cotB

2
2
ii) sin ( A + B ) sin ( AB )=sin A sin B

cos ( A+ B ) cos ( AB )=cos 2 A sin 2 B

iii)

( A + B ) + sin ( AB )=2 sinAcosB

sin

sin ( A + B )sin ( AB )=2 cosAs inB

cos ( A+ B ) +cos ( AB )=2 cosAcosB
cos ( A+ B )cos ( AB ) =2 sinAsinB

iv) sinC + sinD=2 sin

(C+ D)
(C+ D)
cos
2
2

sinC sinD=2 cos

(C+ D)
(CD)
sin
2
2

cosC +cosD=2 cos

(C+ D)
(CD)
cos
2
2

cosCcosD=2 sin

(C+ D)
( CD)
sin
2
2

16. sin 2 A=2 sinAcosA

2 tanA
1+ tan 2 A

119

cos 2 A=cos Asin A=12 sin A=2 cos A1=

17.

tan 2 A=

18.

1tan2 A
1+ tan2 A

2 tanA
1tan 2 A

A
A
A
2
19. sinA=2 sin 2 cos 2 =
A
1+ tan 2
2
2 tan

A
A
A
A
A
2
cosA=cos2 sin 2 =12 sin2 =2cos 2 1=
2
2
2
2
A
1+ tan 2
2
1tan 2

20.

A
2
21. tanA=
A
1tan 2
2
2 tan

1+cos 2 A
2
22. cos A=
2

sin A=

1cos 2 A
2
1+cos 2 A=2 cos 2 A

1cos 2 A=2 sin 2 A

23.

1+cos=2 cos2

1cosA =2 sin 2

120

24. sin 2 =

1cos
2

1+cos
cos =
2
2

1cos
tan =
2
1+ cos
3
25. sin 3 A=3 sinA4 sin A
3

cos 3 A=4 cos A3 cosA

3 tanAtan 3 A
tan 3 A=
13 tan 3 A

26. If sin =0 then=n , n z

If tan=0 then=n , n z

If cos=0 then=( 2 n+1 ) 2 , n z

n
27. If sin=sin , then =n +(1) , n z

If cos=cos , then =2n , n z

If tan=tan ,then =n + , n z
28. 1+2+3 .+ ( n1 ) =

n(n1)
2

2
12+ 22+3 2+ ..+ (n1) =

n ( n1 ) (2 n1)
6

3
3
3
3
1 + 2 + 3 + ..+ (n1) =

n (n1)
4

29. n !=n ( n1 ) !

121

n Pr=

n!
( nr ) !

n Cr =

n!
r ! ( nr ) !

30. In a A.P
S

n=

t n=a+(n 1) d

n
[ 2 a+( n1) d ]
2

n
n= (a +l)
2

t n=ar (n1 )

31. In a G.P
S

n=

a (r n1)
r1

n=

a (1r )
1r

S n=na

, if r >1
, if r <1
, if r=1

a
32. The slope of ax+by+c=0 is m= b

33. If (

x1 , y1

), (

x2 , y2

) are 2 points in the line, then m =

y2 y1
x2 x1

34. Slope m=tan where = angle between line and x-axis.

35. Two point form of a line

y y 1
xx 1

122

y2 y1
x2 x1

36. Perpendicular distance from a point ( x 1 , y 1 ) to the line a x 1 +b y 1

+c is equal to

a x1 +b y 1 +c

( a2 +b 2 )

|
x1

37. Distance from (0,0) to the line a

+b

y1

+c is

c
(a +b 2)
2

38. Distance between two parallel lines a x 1 +b y 1 + c 1 and a x 1 +b

y1

c2

is equal to

| |
C 1C 2

( a2 +b2 )

39. Equation of circle with centre (h,k) and radius r units is

( xh )2

2
2
+ ( yk ) =r

40. Equation of circle with centre at origin(0,0)and radius r is

( x )2

2
2
+ ( y ) =r

41. EQUATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARABOLAS

2

A) Right Handed Parabola -

y =4 ax

B) Left handed parabola

y 2=4 ax

C) Upward Parabola

x 2=4 ay

D) Downward Parabola

x 2=4 ay

42. ELLIPSE
A) The equation of ellipse where major axis is on X-axis is

x2
a2

y2
+ b2

B) The equation of ellipse where major axis is on Y-axis is

x
b2

y
+ a2

43. Distance between points ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is

123

=1

=1

 ( z z ) +( y y ) + ( x x )
2

D=
44.

x na n
xa

lim

na

lim sin x

45.

x 0

(n1 )
= na

lim tan x
=1= x 0
x

lim a x 1

46.

47.

x 0

=log a

x
lim log
x 0

48. lim
x 0

1+ x
=1
x

e x 1
=1
x

'
49. f ( x )=lim
h0

'
f ( a ) =lim

F ( x +h )F ( x )
h

h0

F ( a+h )F (a)
h

50.
Verbal Description
Notation
Not A

Equivalent Set Theoretic

A

A or B

A B

A and B

A B

A but not B

A B

Neither A nor B

A B

At least one of A, B or C

A B C

Exactly one of A and B

( A B ) (A B)

All the three of A, B and C

A B C
C
A B

Exactly two of A, B and C

124

A B=

51. A and B are mutually exclusive events if

52. If A 1 , A 2 , . A n are Exhaustive events if

A 1 A 2 A3 .. A n=S

53. P ( A) = 1P ( A )
54. If A and B are any two events then,
55. If A and B are disjoint events, then

P ( A B )=P ( A ) + P ( B )P( A B)
P ( A B )=P ( A ) + P( B)

56. P ( A B C )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P ( C )P ( A B )P ( B C )P ( C A ) + P ( A BC )

UNITWISE
UNIT
S
I
II
III
IV
V
VI

MARKS

DISTRIBUTION

(BY CBSE)
NAME OF UNITS
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
(FUNCTIONAL ALGEBRA)
ALGEBRA
ALCULUS (DIFFERENTIAL AND
INTEGRAL)
VECTORS AND THREE DIMENTIONAL
GEOMENTRY
LINEAR PROGRAMING
PROBALITY
TOTAL

MARK
S
1O
13
44
17
06
10
100

DESIGN OF THE QUESTION PAPER

S.NO
TYPOLOGY OF
VERY
LONG
LONG
QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER ANSWER
ANS
I
II
(VSA)
(LAI)
(LA-II)
1
4 MARKS 6 MARKS
MARKS
125

TOTAL
MARKS

01
02
03
04

REMEMBRING
UNDERSTANDING
APPLICATIONS
HIGH ORDER
THINKING SKILLS
EVALUTION AND
MULTI
DISIPLINARY
TOTAL

05

TYPES OF
QUESTION

MARK PER
QUESTION

VSA
LA-I
LA-II
TOTAL

2
2
1
1

3
2
3
2

1
1
2
2

20
16
25
21

2+1
(VALUE
BASED)

18

TOTAL NO.
OF
QUESTIONS

1
4
6

6
13
7
26

TOTA
L
MARK
S
06
52
42
100

LEARNING OUTCOMES AND TESTING COMPETENCIES

REASONING
ANALYTICAL SKILLS
CRITICAL THINKING
PERIVATIVE
REMEMBERING
Knowledge based simple recall questions, to know specific facts,
principles or theories, identify, define or recite, information.
UNDERSTANDING
Comprehension to be familiar with meaning and to understand
conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase
information.
APPLICATION

126

Use abstract information in concrete situation to apply knowledge to

new situation. Use given content to interpret a situation, provide an
example or solve a problem.
HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS
Analysis and synthesis, classify, compare, contract or
differentiate between different pieces of information, organize and /
or integrate unique pieces of information from a variety of sources.
EVALUATION AND MULTIDICIPLINARY
Appraise, judge, and /or justify the value or worth of a decision or
outcome or to predict outcomes based on values.

127