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Igneous
Metamorphic
M t
hi
Sedimentary
What do Geologists
g
Do?
Economic Geologists
Engineering Geologists
Environmental Geologists
Geochemists
G
Geochronologists
h
l i t
Geomorphologists
Geophysicists
y
Glacial Geologists
Hydrogeologists
Hydrologists
Marine Geologists
Mineralogists
Geological Oceanographers
Paleoecologists
Paleontologists
Petroleum Geologists
Petrologists
Planetary Geologists
Sedimentologists
g
Soil Scientists
Seismologists
Stratigraphers
Structural Geologists
Volcanologists
History of Petroleum
First Use: Egyptians: oil to preserve mummies
Chinese: natural gas for fuel
Babylonians: oil to seal walls and pave streets
Americans: tar to seal canoes
First Drilling: Chinese using bamboo: to 800 in 347 AD
Americans using cable tool: to 70 in 1859 AD
First Product: Kerosene for lamps
Gasoline was unwanted by
by--product
Demand Industrial Revolution
Increase:
- Internal Combustion Engine (1885)
- Global
Gl b l E
Economic
i G
Growth
th
What is Petroleum?
Petroleum:
a natural yellow
yellow--to
to--black flammable
liquid hydrocarbon found beneath
th earths
the
th surface
f
y
an organic
g
compound
p
made up
p
Hydrocarbon:
of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Petroleum Products
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
Gasoline - 19.5
19 5 gallons
One Barrel =
42 gallons
Refining
g Petroleum
Fuel Gas
Gasoline
Kerosene
Jet Fuel
Heating
Oil
Crude Oil
Vapor
Liquid
Li
id C
Crude
d Oil
after World Book Encyclopedia
Lubricating
Oil
Residual Products
Asphalt,
Heavy Fuel Oil 24803
Petrochemical Products
More Than 3,000 Products
Detergents - Cosmetics
Fertilizers - Weed Killers
Medicine
M di i - Antiseptics
A ti
ti - Anesthetics
A
th ti
Plastics (CDs, furniture) - Synthetic Fibers
Synthetic Rubber
Rust Preventatives
Liquid Petroleum Gas
U. S. Energy
gy Demands
Consumption:
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
37%
30%
22%
4%
7%
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
1990 s
May 2005
15%
20%
36%
42%
50%
67%
American Petroleum Institute, 2006
U. S. Energy
gy Demands (2006)
(
)
U S
U.
S. Demand for Electricity
Source
Coal: 55%
Nuclear: 21%
Hydroelectric: 9%
Natural Gas: 9%
Refined Petroleum: 3.5%
Other (renewable biomass,
biomass solar,wind,
solar wind
geothermal): 0.5%
World Population
((Millions))
(Quadrillion BTU)
10,000
500
8,000
6 000
6,000
400
4,000
300
2,000
0
1500
1700
1900
2100
1975
1985 1995
2005 2015
Natural Gas
from 19801980-2010: 100% increase
from 19921992-2010: 53% increase
Country
Netherlands
UK1
Italy1
France1
Germany1
Japan1
S i 1
Spain
Canada1
USA2
Venezuela
City
Pump
Price
Amsterdam
London
Milan
Paris
Frankfurt
Tokyo
Madrid
M d id
Calgary
Kalamazoo
Caracas
7.13
5 99
5.99
5.96
5.57
5.54
4.55
4 24
4.24
4.10
2 94
2.94
0.12
Carbonates
40%
Oil
Carbonates
30%
Sandstones
70%
Gas
Organic-rich
OrganicSource Rock
Thermally Matured
Organic Matter
Oil
Thin
Laminae
1 Inch
Measured Values
Total
Organic
Carbon
Hydrogen
Index
3.39
378
In-Place
Petroleum
S1
Pyrolytically
Generated
Petroleum
S2
2.24
12.80
Types of Petroleum
Oil and gas are formed by the thermal
cracking
ki off organic
i compounds
d b
buried
i d iin
fine--grained rocks.
fine
Algae
g = Hydrogen
y g rich = Oil
Oil--p
prone
Wood = Hydrogen
y g p
poor = Gas
Gas--p
prone
Gas
Cap
Oil
Accumulation
Entrapment
Water
Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120 F
Source Rock
Generation
350 F
2480
Reservoir Sandstone
Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum
Pores
(blue)
Anticlinal Theory
Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure
Gas
Oil
Water
Gas
Oil
Water
Global
Oil
and Gas Fields
G
E
Gas
Oil
80
Solar, Wind
Geothermal
Crude
C d Oil
20
1900
Nuclear Electric
Decre
easing
Fossil Fuels
Billion
Barrels
of Oil
Equivalent 60
per
p Year
(GBOE)
40
100 BILLION
BARRELS
Hydroelectric
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
New
w Techno
ologies
1993
Careers in
Oil & Gas
Remain Important
2060
2080
3000
024839-2
after Edwards,
24929
AAPG 8/97
Geologic
g
Mapping and Sampling
JMA
Gravity
Seismic Reflection
Magnetics
Geologic Mapping
Stratigraphy:
Depositional Systems
Sequence Stratigraphy
Petrophysics and Paleontology
Clastic Sedimentary
Rock Physics
PE
ERMIAN
L
Upper
Permian
Sedimentary Modeling
PENN.
MISS.
Forward
Modeling
CARBONIFER
ROUS
M-U
Pennsylvanian
C b
Carbonate
t
Analogues
Kerans, 1998
Importance
of Combining
Outcrop and
Modern Analogs
Grammer, 2003
AAPG Distinguished Lecturer
Seismic Imaging
3D Marine Data Acquisition
Silicon Graphics
Vibrator Truck
(Energy Source)
p
Geophone
(Receivers)
Returning
Sound Waves
Milliseconds
1000
000
2000
3000
1 km
Why?
Supply
Supp
y of
o Refined
e ed Products
oducts
Explorer Pipeline:
Pipeline: (shut down)
1400 miles long,
15,000
15 000 gallons
ll
per minute
i t
72 kinds of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel to
16 states in Midwest
Colonial Pipeline:
Pipeline: (25% capacity)
5500 miles long
100 million gallons per day
12 States and D.C. in southeast and east
Geology in Society
Resource Assessment:
Fossil Fuels
Water Supplies
Stratigraphic Minerals
Environmental Quality:
Water Quality
Waste Management
D
Documentation,
t ti
P
Prediction
di ti
Coastal Management
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