S K R ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
EE 2351 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
Introduction
PART A
1.What is Power system? What are the principle components of electrical
power
system?
2. What is power system analysis?
3. What are the functions of power system analysis?
4. What are the components of power system? (MAY 2012)
5.
What is single line diagram?(NOV 2011)
6. How are the loads represented in reactance or impedance diagram?(NOV
2011)
7.
What is the purpose of using single line diagram?
8. What is the need for system analysis in planning and operation of power system?
(NOV 2008)
9. How are the base values chose in per unit representation of a power system?
(NOV 2008)
10. Draw the equivalent circuit of a 3 winding transformer(May 2013)
11. Give the equation for load impedance and load admittance per phase of a
balanced delta connected load?
12. What are the advantages of per unit method over percentage method?(May
2011)
13. What is the need of base values?
14. Why the value of voltage and 3-phase KVA are directly used for per unit
calculation in 3-phase system?
15. If the reactance in ohms is 15,find the p.u. value for a base of 15 KVA & 10KV
(MAY 2012)
16. A generator rated at 30MVA, 11KV has a reactance of 20% calculate its p.u
reactance for a base of
50 MVA and 10KV.
17.
The base KV and base MVA of a 3-phase transmission line is 33KV and 10
MVA respectively calculate the base current and base impedance?
18. Draw a simple per phase model for a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine
(APRIL 2011)
19. What are the advantages of per unit system (APRIL 2011)
20. What are the disadvantages of per unit system?
21. Define per unit value of an electrical quantity. Write the equation for base
impedance with respect to 3 circuit (MAY 2009)
22. What are the criteria for the selection of the base values?
23. Draw the - circuit representation of a transformer with off nominal tap ratio a
24. Give equation for transformation base KV on LV side to HV side of transformer
and vice versa.
25. Write the equation for per unit impedance if change of base occurs (APRIL 2010)

26. What is the relation between % value and pu value

27. What is bus admittance matrix?
28. What are the methods available for forming bus admittance matrix?
29. What is impedance diagram? What are the approximations made in impedance
diagram?
30. What is reactance diagram?
31. What are the factors that need to be emitted for as impedance diagram to
reduce it to a
reactance diagram? (OR) What are the approximations made in
reactance diagram?
32. What is Tap changing transformer? State its types.
33. What is off nominal transformation ratio?
34. What is regulating and booster transformer?
35. What is the purpose of providing third winding (tertiary) in a transformer?
1.

3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

PART B
What are the advantages of per-unit computations? (4) (JUNE 2012)
2.
Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in figure
given below. Neglect resistance and use a base of 100 MVA, 220 KV in 50
line. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformer are given
below.
Generator: 40 MVA, 25 KV, X = 20 %.
Synchronous motor: 50 MVA, 11 KV, X = 30 %.
Y Y Transformer: 40 MVA, 33 / 220 KV, X = 15 %,
Y Transformer: 30 MVA, 11 / 220 KV ( / Y), X = 15 %. (12) (JUNE 2012)
Find the bus impedance matrix for the 4-bus system shown in given figure.
Consider bus-4 as the reference bus. (16) (JUNE 2012)
With the help of single line diagram, explain the basic components of a power
system.(8)(MAY 2011)
Write detailed notes about the per-phase model of a three phase transformer. (8)
.(MAY 2011)
Draw the impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in given figure
showing all impedance in per unit on a 100 MVA base.
Choose 20 KV as the
voltage base for generator. The tree-phase power and line-lie
ratings are given
below. (16) (MAY 2011)
Generator G1: 90 MVA 20 KV X = 9 %
Transformer T1: 80 MVA 20 / 200 KV X = 16 %
Transformer T2: 80 MVA 200 / 20 KV X = 20 %
Generator G2: 90 MVA 18 KV X = 9 %
Line: 200 KV X = 120
Load: 200 KV, S = 48 MW + j64 MVAr
The parameters of a 4-bus system are as under:
Bus Code
Line impedance (p.u)
Charging admittance (p.u)
12
0.2 + j0.8
j0.02
23
0.3 + j0.9
j0.03
24
0.25 + j1.0
j0.04
34
0.2 + j0.8
j0.02
13
0.1 + j0.4
j0.01
Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix. (10)(NOV2011)
Determine Zbus for system whose reactance diagram is shown in given figure,
where the impedance is given in p.u. Preserve all the nodes(NOV 2011)

9.

A three phase, -Y transformer with rating 100 KVA, 11 KV / 400 V has its
primary and
secondary leakage reactance as 12 / phase and 0.05 / phase
respectively. Calculate the p.u. reactance of transformer. (6)(NOV2011)
10. The sub transient reactance of a 500 MVA, 18 KV generator is 0.25 p.u. on its
ratings. It is connected to a network through a 20 / 400 KV transformer. Find out
the sub transient reactance of the generator on a base of 100 MVA and 20 KV. (4)
(APRIL 2010)
11. A transformer interconnects a strong 400 KV and a weaker 200 KV system and is
provided with a tap changer on the 400 KV side. What is the effect of setting the
tap such that the voltage ratio is 410 / 200 KV on the 400 and 220 KV sides? (4)
(APRIL 2010)
12. Draw the p.u. reactance diagram of a three-winding transformer whose threephase ratings are: primary (P), wye-grounded, 15 MVA, 66 KV; secondary (S), wyegrounded, 10 MVA, 13.2 KV; tertiary (t), delta connected, 5 MVA, 2.3 KV. Mark the
appropriate values ofthe impedances. The measured data for impedances are ZPS
= 7 % on 15 MVA and 66 KV;
ZPT = 9 % on 15 MVA and 66 KV; ZST = 8 % on 10 MVA and 13.2 KV. (8)
(APRIL2010)
13. The data for the system whose single-line-diagram is shown in given figure is as
follows:
T1: 5 MVA, 13.2 / 132 Y KV, X = 10 %,
T2: 10 MVA, 138 Y / 69 KV, X = 8 %,
Transmission Line: ZL = 10 + j100 /phase,
Load: ZLoad = 300 /phase.
Choose the base power as 10 MVA and appropriate base voltage for different
parts. Draw the impedance diagram with values of per unit impedances of various
components clearly marked. Also find the generator current, the transmission line
current, the load current and the load voltage.(APRIL 2010)
UNIT II
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
PART A
What is a bus?
What is infinite bus?
What are the different types of buses in a power system? What are the quantities
specified in each bus?(NOV 2011)
4. What is slack or swing bus? (May 2011)
5. What is the need of slack bus?
6. What is load bus?
7. Why power flow analysis is made?
8. What is power flow study or load flow study?
9. What are the informations that are obtained from a load flow study?(MAY 2012)
10. What is the need for load flow study?
11. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in the load flow solution algorithm. How
will you account for voltage controlled buses in this algorithm?
12. What is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are determined?
(MAY 2011)
13. When the generator bus is treated as load bus?
1.
2.
3.

14. State the major steps involved in load flow studies?

15. What is acceleration factor?
16. Why acceleration factor is used in the G-S method?
17. What is meant by a float voltage profile?
18. Why Ybus is used for load flow solution instead of Zbus?
19. What are the advantages of G-S method?
20. What are the disadvantages of G-S method?
21. How approximation is performed in N-R method?
22. What are the advantages of N-R method?
23. What are the disadvantages of N-R method?
24. How the disadvantages of N-R method are overcome?(NOV 2011)
25. How the convergence of N-R method is speeded up?
26. Compare Gauss-Seidal and Newton-Raphson methods of load flow solutions. ?
(MAY 2012)
27. Give the matrix equation from which the corrections to be added to the real and
imaginary parts of the bus voltages are determined during the iterative process in
the N-R method?
28. What are the approximations made in FDLF method?
29. What are the assumptions made in FDLF?
30. What are the advantages of decoupled method over N-R method?
31. Why B-bus matrix is used in FDLF instead of Ybus matrix?
32. What are the advantages of FDLF over N-R method?
33.
What is the need for voltage control in a power system?
34. What is the reason for changes in bus voltage?
35. How the reactive power of a generator is controlled?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

PART B
What is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are computed? (4)
(JUNE2012)
Write the step by step procedure for load flow analysis by Newton-Raphson
method.(JUNE 2012)
With neat flow chart explain the computational procedure for load flow solution
using fast decoupled method when the system contains all types of buses.(MAY
2011)
Explain the step by step computational procedure for Gauss-Seidel method of
load flow studies.(MAY 2011).
For a network shown in given figure form the bus admittance matrix.
Za = j0.6; Zb = j0.4; Zc = j0.5 = Zd; Ze = j0.2; Zm = j0.1. All data are in p.u.
(APRIL 2010)
Draw the flow chart of fast decoupled load flow method. (10)(NOV 2011)
Briefly explain the importance of power flow analysis. ( NOV 2011)
The parameters of a 4-bus system are as under:
Line no.
Line starting
Line ending
Line
impedance
Line charging
bus
bus
(p.u.)
admittance(pu)
1
j0.02
2
j0.9

0.2 + j0.8

0.3 +

0.25 +

j0.03
3

j1.0

j0.04

4
+ j0.8

1
3
+ j0.4
j0.01
Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix. (APRIL 2010)
9.
10.

0.2

j0.02
0.1

Draw the flow chart of fast decoupled load flow method. (10)(NOV 2011)
Briefly explain the importance of power flow analysis. ( NOV 2011)
UNIT III
FAULT ANALYSIS - BALANCED FAULT

1.
2.
3.
4.

PART A
What is meant by a fault?(MAY 2012)
What is meant by fault calculations?
Name the diagonal elements and off diagonal elements of bus impedance
matrix.
How to conduct fault analysis of an power system network?

5.
6.
7.

Give the various assumptions made for fault analysis.

What are the types of faults
List the symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults that occur in a power system?
(MAY 2012)
8.
Mention the objectives of short circuit studies ((May 2011)
9.
Write down the balanced and unbalanced faults occurring in a power system.
(MAY 2011)
10. What is bolted fault or solid fault?
11. Name any methods of reducing short circuit current.
12. What are the models used to represent generators in short circuit analysis?
(APRIL 2010)
13. The three-phase fault level of 220 KV bus is 40 p.u. on 100 MVA base. What is the
positive sequence Thevenin impedance looking into the bus in Ohms? Neglect
resistance.(APRIL 2010)
14. What is the need for short circuit studies? (NOV 2011)
15. What is SCMVA and how it is calculated?
16. What is synchronous reactance?
17. What is the significance of transient reactance in short circuit studies?
18. What is the significance of sub - transient reactance in short circuit studies?
19. What is bus impedance matrix?
20. What are the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix?Write the four
ways of adding an impedance to an existing system so as to
modify bus
impedance matrix.
21. Write the equation to connect a link between existing buses.
22. What are the factors to be considered for selecting the C.B.?
23. What you mean by doubling effect.
24. What you mean by transient and sub transient reactance?
25. What is the application of transient reactance?
1.

PART B
A three phase, 5 MVA, 6.6 KV alternator with a reactance of 8 % is connected to a
feeder of series impedance of (0.12 + j 0.48) ohms / phase per Km. The
transformer is rated at 3 MVA, 6.6 KV / 33 KV and has a reactance of 5 %.

Determine the fault current supplied by the generator operating under no-load
with a voltage of 6.9 KV, when a three phase symmetrical fault occurs at a point
15 Km along the feeder. (16)(JUNE 2012)
2.

The bus impedance matrix of 4-bus system with values in p.u is given by,In this
system generators are connected to buses 1 and 2 and their sub-transient
reactances were included when finding ZBus. If prefault current is neglected, find
sub-transient current in p.u. in the fault for a three phase fault on bus-4. Assume
prefault voltage as 1 p.u. If the subtransient reactance of generator in bus-2 is 0.2
p.u, find the sub-transient fault current supplied by generator. (16) (JUNE 2012)

3.

For the three-bus system given in the Table, formulate the Zbus using the ZBus
building algorithm. Take bus 1 as reference.
Element No.
From Bus
To Bus
Impedance (p.u.)
1
1
2
j 0.1
2
2
3
j 0.1
3
3
1
j 0.1
4
1
0
j 0.25
5
2
0
j 0.25
4.
Two synchronous motors are connected to the bus of large system through a
short
transmission line as shown in given figure. The ratings of the various
components are:
Motor (each): 1 MVA, 440 V, 0.1 p.u. transient reactance, Line: 0.05
(reactance,
Large system: Short circuit MVA at its bus at 440 V is 8.When the motors are
operating at 400 V, calculate the short circuit current (symmetrical) fed into a
three-phase fault at motor bus. (MAY 2010)
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

Explain symmetrical fault analysis using Zbus matrix with eat flow chart. .(MAY
2011)
A 11 KV, 100 MVA alternator having a sub-transient reactance of 0.25 p.u is
supplying a 50 MVA motor having a sub-transient reactance of 0.2 p.u through a
transmission line. The line reactance is 0.05 p.u on a base of 100 MVA. The motor
is drawing 40 MW at 0.8 p.f leading with a terminal voltage of 10.95 KV when a 3phase fault occurs at the generator terminals. Calculate the total current in
generator and motor under fault condition. .(MAY 2011)
The given figure shows a generating station feeding a 132 KV system. Determine
the totalfault current, fault level and fault current supplied by each alternator for a
3-phase fault at the receiving end bus. The line is 200 Km long.(NOV 2011)
What are the basic assumptions made in fault calculations? (6)(NOV 2011)
Explain how the fault current can be determined using Z bus with neat flow chart.
(10)(NOV 2011)
UNIT IV
FAULT ANALYSIS UNBALANCED FAULT

PART A
1. Name the faults in which all the three sequence component currents are equal
and in which
positive and negative sequence currents together is equal to
zero sequence current. ?(MAY 2012)
2.
Write the matrix notation of the operator a which relates the phasors V a, Vb and
Vc with Va0,Va1 and Va2. ?(MAY 2012)

3.
4.

Write the symmetrical components of a three phase system?(MAY 2012)

Draw the equivalent sequence network for a L-L bolted fault in power system.
(APRIL 2010)
5.
Draw the zero sequence network for Y/ connected transformer (APRIL2010)
6.
Define negative sequence impedance.(NOV2011)
7.
Define +ve sequence impedance.
8.
Name the faults which do not have zero sequence currents flowing.(NOV 2011)
9.
Name the fault in which positive, -ve and zero sequence component currents
are equal.
10. Name the faults involving ground.
11. Which is the most severe fault in power system?
12. How will you choose reference bus for sequence networks?
13. In what type of fault the +ve sequence component of current is equal in
magnitude but opposite in phase to ve sequence components of current?
14. In which fault the ve and zero sequence currents are absent?
15. Write the boundary condition in single line to ground fault?
16. What are the boundary conditions in line-to-line fault?
17. Write down the boundary condition in double line to ground fault?
18. Give the boundary condition for the 3-phase fault.
19. Write a short notes on Zero sequence network.
20. Write a short notes on negative sequence network.
21.Write a short notes on positive sequence network.
1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

PART B
Derive the necessary equation to determine the fault current for a single line to
ground fault. Draw a diagram showing the inter-connection of sequence networks.
(8) (JUNE 2012)
A 30 MVA, 11 KV generator has Z1 = Z2 = j0.2 p.u, Z0 = j0.05 p.u. A line to
ground fault occurs on the generator terminals. Find the fault current and line to
line voltages during fault conditions. Assume that the generator neutral is solidly
grounded and that the generator is operating at no-load and at rated voltage at
the occurrence of fault. (8) (JUNE 2012)
A 50 MVA, 11 KV, three phase alternator was subjected to different types of
faults. The fault currents are; three phase fault 1870 A, line to line fault 2590 A,
single line to ground fault 4130 A. the alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Find
the p.u values of the three sequence reactances of the alternator. (16) (JUNE2012)
What are the assumptions to be made in short circuit studies? Deduces and thaw
the sequence network for a line fault at the terminal of an unloaded generator. .
(MAY 2011)
Two 11 KV, 20 MVA, three phase, star connected generator operate in parallel as
shown in given figure; the positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of
each being,respectively, j0.18, j0.15, j0.10 p.u. The star point of one of the
generators is isolated and that of the other is earthed through a 2.0 resistor. A
single line to
ground fault occurs at the terminals of one of the generators.
Estimate
(i) The fault current
(ii) Current in grounding resistor, and
(iii) The voltage across grounding resistor. .(MAY 2011)
6. Derive the relationship for fault currents in terms of symmetrical components
when there is a line-to-ground (L-G) fault on phase a(MAY 2010)
7. Show that for a three phase transmission line the sequence networks (positive,
negative and zero) are not decoupled if the mutual impedance between the lines is
not equal. (8) (MAY 2010)

8. Show that positive and negative sequence currents are equal in magnitude but
out of phase by 180 degree in a line-to-line fault. (8) (MAY 2010)
9. The given figure shows a power system network. Draw the positive sequence
network, negative sequence network and zero sequence network. The system data
is given
below. (8) (NOV2011)
Equipment
MVA rating
Voltage rating
X1 (p.u)
X2 (p.u)
X0 (p.u)
Generator G1
100
11 KV
0.25
0.25
0.05
Generator G2
100
11 KV
0.2
0.2
0.05
Transformer T1 100
11 / 230 KV
0.06
0.06
0.06
Transformer T2 100
11 / 220 KV
0.07
0.07
0.07
Line 1
100
220 KV
0.1
0.1
0.3
Line 2
100
220 KV
0.1
0.1
0.3
22. Derive an expression for fault current for a Line-Line fault. (8)(NOV2011)
23. A 30 MVA 11 KV generator has Z1 = Z2 = j0.2 p.u, Z0 = j0.05 p.u. A line to
ground fault occurs on the generator terminals. Find the fault current and line to
line voltages during limit conditions. Assume that the generator neutral is
grounded and that the generator is operating at no load ad at rated voltage at the
occurrence of fault.(NOV 2011)
UNITV
STABILITY ANALYSIS
PART A
1. What is stability
2. What are the approximations made in stability analysis.
3. Define load angle of a generator.
4. Define Dynamic stability of a power system.
5. Define transient stability and transient stability limit?(MAY 2012)
6. Define voltage stability (Nov 2010)
7. What is critical clearing time?(MAY 2012)
8. Define critical clearing angle.(MAY 2011)
9. Write swing equation.(MAY 2011)
10.Mention the methods used for the solution of swing equation.
11.What is meant by power angle curve?
12.Define swing curve.
13.Write swing equation for a multi-machine power system.
14.What are the classifications of angle stability?
15.Define steady state stability.(APRIL 2010)
16.Distinguish between steady state and transient state stability.
17.Give methods used for improving the transient stability.
18.Mention methods of improving the steady state stability limit.
19.A 50Hz, 4 pole turbo alternator rated at 20 MVA, 13.2 KV has as inertia constant H
= 4 KW sec/ KVA. Find the K.E stored in the rotor at synchronous speed.
20.What are the causes of oscillatory and non-oscillatory instabilities in power
systems? (APR 2010)

21.State equal area criterion (NOV2010)

22.What are the applications of equal area criterion?
23.What are limitations of equal area criterion?
24.Explain the use of equal area criterion to investigate sudden loss of parallel lines.
25.Draw the stable and unstable system response as a function of fault clearing time.
26. State two techniques to improve stability of a power system (Nov 2010)
27.On what basis do you conclude that the given synchronous machine has lost
stability?
28.Define the term synchronizing power coefficient of a synchronous machine?
PART B
Derive the power angle equation for a SMIB system. Also draw the power-angle
curve. (10) (JUNE 2012)
2.
A Generator having Xd = 0.7 p.u delivers rated load at a power factor of 0.8
lagging. Find Pe, Qe, E and . (6) (JUNE 2012)
3.
Using equal area criterion, derive an expression for critical clearing angle for a
system having a generator feeding a large system through a double circuit line.
(10) (JUNE 2012)
4.
A three phase generator delivers 1.0 p.u, power to an infinite bus through a
transmission network when a fault occurs. The maximum power which can be
transferred during prefault, during fault and post fault conditions is 1.75 p.u, 0.4
p.u, 1.25 p.u. Find critical clearing angle. (JUNE 2012)
5.
Describe the Runge-Kutta method of solution of swing equation for multimachine systems. .(MAY 2011)
6.
Derive an expression for the critical clearing angle and clearing time.(MAY 2011)
7.
The given figure shows transmission network. The p.u. reactances of the
equipments are as shown. The voltage behind transient reactance of generator is
1.2 p.u. The generator is delivering 1.0 p.u. power under prefault condition.
Determine,
(i) Transfer reactance for prefault, during fault and post fault conditions
(ii) Critical clearing angle. (MAY 2010)
8.
The synchronous machine shown in given figure is generating 100 MW and 75
MVAr. The voltage of the infinite bus q is 1 + j0 p.u. The generator is connected
to the infinite bus through a line of reactance 0.06 p.u. on a 100 MVA base. The
machine transient reactance is 0.2 p.u. and the inertia constant is 6 p.u. on a 100
MVA base. A 3- fault occurs at bus p for a duration of 0.1 sec. Compute the rotor
angle at t = 0.03 sec (t = 0.03 sec) using modified Euler method. The frequency
of the supply is 60 HZ.(MAY 2010)
9.
A generator is operating at 50 Hz delivers 1.0 p.u power to an infinite bus
through a
transmission circuit in which resistance is ignored. A fault takes place reducing
the maximum power transferable to 0.5 p.u whereas before the fault, this power
was 2.0 p.u and after the clearance of the fault, it is 1.5 p.u. By the use of equal
area criterion, determine the critical clearing angle. (10)(NOV 2011)
10. Discuss the methods by which the transient stability can be improved. (6)(NOV
2011)
11. Derive the swing equation of a single machine connected to an infinite bus
system and explain the steps of solution by Runge-Kutta method. (NOV 2011)
1.