Pipe Flow Analysis: Laminar & Turbulent Flow (40

Topic 1-Part 1:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under steady and uniform
conditions
1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits under steady and uniform conditions
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
1.5 Separation losses
1.6 Equivalent length
UiTMKS2/EC/BCBIDAUN/ECW321/301
Douglas Chapter 10.1-10.2
Learning Outcomes
Able to discuss laminar and turbulent flows in circular

pipes (CO1-PO1)
Able to apply Hagen Poisseuille Equation to solve laminar
flow problems (CO1-PO3)
1.0 Introduction
Deals on the analysis of pipe flow flowing full under

steady condition : laminar & turbulent.
Head loss : due to friction & separation losses.
Examples & discussions emphasize on turbulent flow
pipes flow is turbulent in nature.
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under

steady and uniform conditions
Theoretical analyses on the behavior of laminar flow in

circular pipes under steady and uniform condition can be
done by applying momentum equation to an element of
flow within the pipe.
The relationship between shear stress and velocity
gradient, and no slip condition will be utilized to obtain
the velocity distribution within the cross section
velocity distribution varies as a function of distance from
the centre of pipe.
Consider the flow element of an annulus of radius r

with an elemental thickness r.
Forces acting on the element

1.
2.
3.
Forces due to static pressure at both ends : p, p+p

Forces due to shear stress acting on the inner and
outer parts of the annulus:, +
Weight of the annulus acting downwards : W
Forces dues to static pressure
In the direction of the flow
p 2r r p2rr
In the opposite direction of the flow
p p 2r r p p 2rr
dp
p x 2rr
dx
Forces due to shear stress

On the inner part (direction of the flow) of the element,
2r x 2rx
On the outer part (opposite direction of flow)
of the element,
d
2r r r x r 2 r r x
dr
r 2rx(ignoring higher order terms)

dr
Weight of element
W mg
2r.r.x g
2r.r.x.g
Summation of forces in the flow direction,
dp
d
p 2rr p x 2rr 2rx r 2rx W sin 0

dx
dr
Substituting the followings,
Cancelling out terms,
W 2rrxg
dz
sin
dx
Simplifying,
dp 1 d
r g dz 0
dx r dr
dx
d
p gz 1 d r 0
dx
r dr
Integrating with respect to r,

r2 d
p gz r C 0
2 dx
Where when r = 0, C = 0
Modifying the shear-stress-velocity gradient
relationship for distance measured from the centre of
pipe,
du

dr
Substituting into previous equation,

r2 d
du
p gz r
2 dx
dr
Rearranging,
r d
p gz dr
du
2 dx
Integrating,
r2 d
p gz D
u
4 dx
Applying boundary equation condition, r = R,

R2 d
p gz
D
4 dx
Substituting D back into the equation, the velocity

distribution across the pipe cross section,
R
u
r2 d
p gz
4 dx
u velocity at a specific point in any cross section

R internal radius of the pipe
r distance of the point measured from the centre of pipe cross - section
dynamic viscosity
p pressure
density of the fluid flowing
z elevation
dx incrementa l distance along the pipe
Maximum velocity occurs at the centre of the pipe

where r=0
umax
R2 d
p gz
4 dx
Integrating the incremental flow Q through an

annulus of radius r and thickness r across the flow
from r=0 to r=R,
Q u.2r.r
R
Q u.2r.r
r2 d
p gz 2r.dr
4 dx
R
d
p gz R 2 r r 3 dr
2 dx
0
R
2r
d
r
p gz R
2 dx
2 4 0
d
p gz R 4
Q
8 dx
Average velocity,
vQ
Cross sectional area,

2
d
A
Therefore,
Comparing with umax,
R 2
R2 d
p gz R 4
8 dx
v
R 2
R2 d
p gz
v
8 dx
1
v umax
2
d
p gz
dx
Substituting
per length of pipe),
with p (pressure drop

L
p 4 p d 4
Q
R
8 L
8 L 16
pd 4
128 L
Rearranging,
128LQ
p
d 4
Hagen Poisseuille equation
Head loss due to friction,
p
hf
g
Substituting into Hagen-Poisseuille equation,
128LQ
hf
gd 4
Head loss due to

friction (laminar
flow only)
Example 1.1
Water at viscosity of 1.14 x 10-3 Pa s and density of 998

kg/m3 flows in a horizontal pipe 85 m long with a
diameter of 5 mm. If the flow rate is 25 L/hr, determine
the pressure drop in the pipe.
Re - Prove that the flow is

laminar in order to use Hagen
Solution
vd
Re
1.14 10 3 Pas
998kg / m 3
998 0.354 5 10 3
1.14 10 3
1550 2000 Laminar flow,
use Hagen Poisseuille
L 85m
d 5mm
Q 25 L / hr
25 10 3
Q
6.94 10 6 m 3 / s
3600
5 10 3
A
v
1.963 10 5 m 2
Q
0.354m / s
A
128LQ
d 4
128 1.14 10 3 85 6.94 10 6
5 10 3
43.8 103 Pa
Example 1.2
Water is pumped through a horizontal pipe 20 mm

diameter at a rate of 20 L/hr. Determine the maximum
local velocity in the pipe and the velocity in the pipe at a
point located 3 mm from the wall of the pipe.
Solution
maximum local velocity in the pipe
centre of the pipe
3 mm
r
R
velocity in the pipe at a point

located 3 mm from the wall of
the pipe.
Solution
vd
Re
1.14 10 Pas
3
1000kg / m 3
1000 0.0177 20 10 3
1.14 10 3
310 2000 Laminar flow,
use Hagen Poisseuille
L 50m
d 20mm
Q 20 L / hr
20 10 3
Q
5.55 10 6 m 3 / s
3600
A
20 10
3 2
Q
v 0.0177 m / s
A
3.142 10 4 m 2
128LQ
d 4
128 1.14 10 3 50 5.55 10 6
20 10 3
80.56 Pa
umax 2v 0.0354m / s
Distance from the wall 3mm
Distance from the centre, r 10-3 7mm
R 2 r 2 p
u
4
L
20 10 7 10
3 2
4 1.14 10 3
0.01802m / s
3 2
80.56
50
Example 1.3
A horizontal circular pipe conveys a liquid at a rate where

the flow is laminar. The average velocity is v and the pipe
has a diameter d. Determine how far from the wall is the
velocity equal to 0.9vmax.
Let the distance from the wall y

r R y
r
R
R
u
R
r 2 p
4
L
u 0.9vmax
R 2 p
r 2 p
0 .9

4
L
4
R 2 r 2 0 .9 R 2
r 0.01R
r 0.01
d
2
y Rr
d
R 0.01
2
d
d
0.01
2
2
0.495d
End of Part 1
Part 2: Douglas 10.3
Topic 1-Part 2:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under steady and uniform conditions
1.2Turbulent flow in bounded conduits under steady and uniform
conditions
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
Learning Outcomes
Able to discuss laminar and turbulent flows in circular
pipes (CO1-PO1)
Able to discuss Chezy Equation and its application (CO1PO1)
Able to apply Darcy Weisbach Equation to solve
turbulent flow problems (CO1 PO3)
Douglas Chapter 10.3 & 10.5
1.2 Turbulent flow in bounded conduits

under steady and uniform conditions
Most civil engineering application, the flow is turbulent in
nature.
An expression for head loss due to friction in conduit
under steady and uniform flow for turbulent condition
will be derived.
This expression is applicable for both closed and open
conduit.
Consider the fluid element within a conduit.
Forces acting
Forces due to static pressure at both ends : p1, p2
Forces due to shear stress opposing the wall acting
along the conduit wall:
Weight of the element acting downwards: W
Summing the forces along the pipe axis:

p1 A p2 A LP W sin 0
Substituting,
W gAL
z
sin
L
Therefore,
Dividing through by AL and rearranging the equation,
p1 p2 A LP gAz 0
1
P
p1 p2 gz 0
L
A
dp *
dx
Simplifying by substituting the first term with

which
is the piezometric pressure loss over the distance L,
dp*
P
0
dx
A
Introducing the hydraulic mean depth, m, ratio of flow

area A divided by wetted perimeter P,
A
m
P
Substituting,
dp *
0
dx m
dp *
m
dx
The shear stress is a function of the type of surface that

the wall of the conduit is made of.
The stress is dependent on the resistance offered by the
surface of the wall of the conduit and measured by
dimensionless friction factor f.
f is a measure of the roughness of the surface and given as,
fv 2
Rewriting previous equation,

f v 2
dp *
m
2
dx
dp * fv 2
dx
2m
10
Let frictional head loss over the length be,

dp*
hf
g
Substituting dx with L,
dp* gh f
fv 2
L
L
2m
11
Rearranging the equation,

fLv 2
hf
2 gm
Applicable for both open and closed conduits
h f frictional head loss over length L

f flow friction factor
L length of conduit over which head loss occurs
v average velocity
g gravitatio nal accelerati on
A
m hydraulic mean depth
P
A cross sectional area of flow
P wetted perimeter
12
Rearranging previous equation,

fv 2
L 2 gm
hf
Where
hf
L
i hydraulic gradient ,
fv 2
i
2 gm
2g
v2
mi
f
v
13
2g
mi
f
Letting
2g
C
f
v C mi
Chezy formula, usually

applicable for open channel
but can also be applied for closed
conduit
C Chezy coefficien t which is dependent on the typeof surface

i hydraulic gradient
m hydraulic mean depth
v average velocity in the conduit
14
Consider turbulent flow in circular pipes running full,

d 2
A
4 d
P
d
4
fLv 2
4 fL v 2
hf
2 gd
d 2g
4
m
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
15
Darcy-Weisbach equation for

head loss in circular pipes (laminar
& turbulent flow)
Q
Q
v 2
A d
4Q
2
d
32 fLQ 2
hf 2 5
gd
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
fLQ 2
hf
3d 5
16
Sometimes it is convenient
to write Darcy equation in
terms of Q when flowrate
is known and velocity is not.
The answer differs by only
1% but still acceptable.
Example 1.4
A pipe 500 m long conveys water at a rate of 2.0 L/min. If

the pipe has a diameter of 30 mm and is made of a
material with an absolute roughness of 0.09 mm,
determine the head loss due to friction using DarcyWeisbach equation. Take density of water as 1000 kg/m3
and friction factor f as 0.01289.
17
Solution
Q 2.0 L / min
L 500m
Q 2.0 L / min
d 30mm
f 0.01289
2 10 3 m 3
60 s
33.33 10 6 m 3 / s
1000kg / m 3
1.14 10 Pas
3
30 10
3 2
7.068 10 4 m 2
Q
v 0.047m / s
A
18
vd
Re
1000 0.047 30 10 3
1.14 10 3
1241 2000 laminar
use either Hagen or Darcy
Darcy
Hagen
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
hf
4 0.01289 500 0.047 2
3
30 10
2 9.81
97.5mm
19
128LQ
gd 4
128 1.14 10 3 500 33.33 10 6
1000 9.81 30 10 3
97.5mm
End of Part 2
Part 3: Douglas Chapter 10.4
20
Topic 1-Part 3:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
Learning Outcomes
Able to explain the use of Moody Chart in determining
flow friction factor (CO1 PO1)
Able to solve different categories of pipe problems (CO1PO3)
Douglas Chapter 10.4
1.3 Moody Chart

Friction factor f was shown experimentally by researchers
to a function of many parameters:
f fn (v, d , , , k )
v velocity
d diameter
density
viscosity
k absolute roughness (mm)
Size of wall roughness

dependent on the type of
pipe material
Table 1.1:Absolute roughness of pipe materials
Material
Absolute roughness k (mm)
Riveted steel
1-10
Concrete
0.3-3
Wood
0.2-1
Cast iron
0.25
Galvanized steel
0.15
Asphalted cast iron
0.12
Commercial steel
0.045
Drawn tubing
0.0015
By combining some of the parameters into

dimensionless forms, the expression can be further
simplified as,
vd k
k
f fn (
, ) fn (Re, )
d
d
The relationship between friction factor, Re and

absolute roughness is identified from experimental
works represented in the form of charts or equations
i.e. Moody Chart and Colebrook White equation.
Reynolds number, Re
Relative roughness, k/d
Friction factor, f
k
1
1.26
4 log
f
3.71d Re f
What is a Moody Chart?

Moody Chart is a logarithmic plot of f vs Re for different
values of k/d.
The chart is divided into 3 parts:
Laminar regime
Transition regime
Complete turbulence
10
Laminar regime
f is obtained from the straight line curve for laminar flow.

Can also be calculated by equating Darcy and Poisseuille
equations.
128LQ
d 2
hf
but Q
v
4
gd
4
128L d 2
32 Lv
hf
v
gd 4 4
gd 2
32 Lv 4 fL v 2
hf
2
gd
2g d
16
f
vd
11
16
f
Re
Fanning friction factor
Transition regime
For particular k/d, f decreases with increasing Re.

Transition regime is represented before the curve
becomes horizontal - Colebrook White equation.
12
Complete turbulence
f is independent of Re but dependent on k/d.

This part is represented by the horizontal curve.
13
Example 1.5
A pipe 500 m long conveys water at a rate of 2.0 L/min. If

the pipe has a diameter of 30 mm and is made of a
determine the head loss due to friction. Take density of
water as 1000 kg/m3 and the viscosity as 1.14x10-3 Pas.
14
Solution
Q 2.0 L / min
L 500m
Q 2.0 L / min
d 30mm
k 0.09mm
2 10 3 m 3
60 s
33.33 10 6 m 3 / s
1000kg / m 3
1.14 10 Pas
3
30 10
3 2
7.068 10 4 m 2
Q
v 0.047m / s
A
15
Re
vd
1000 0.047 30 10 3
1.14 10 3
1241 2000 laminar
f
16
16
0.01289
Re 1241
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
128LQ
hf
gd 4
4 0.01289 500 0.047 2
3
30 10
2 9.81
97.5mm
16
128 1.14 10 3 500 33.33 10 6
1000 9.81 30 10 3
97.5mm
Example 1.6
A pipe 500 m long conveys water at a rate of 30x10-3m3/s.

If the pipe has a diameter of 150 mm and is made of a
determine the head loss due to friction. Take density of
water as 1000 kg/m3 and the viscosity as 1.14x10-3 Pas.
17
Solution
L 500m
3
Q 30 10 m / s
d 150mm
k 0.09mm
3
1000kg / m 3
0.152
4
1.767 10 3 m 2
Q
v 1.698m / s
A
1.14 10 3 Pas
18
Re
vd
1000 1.698 0.15
1.14 10 3
223375 2000 turbulent use Darcy
Re 2.23 105
Moody's chart, f 0.00479

k 0.09mm
0.0006
d 150mm
4 fL v 2
hf
d 2g
4 0.00479 500 1.6982
0.15
2 9.81
9.385m
19
1.4 Pipe problems
20
Category
Known parameters
Parameter
to be solved
I
II
III
L, k , , Q, d (v, Re, k/d, f)

L, k , , d, hf
L, k , , hf, Q
hf
Q
d
Category I
Straightforward to find hf
Known: Q, d used to determine v, Re, k/d
Moody chart is used to determine f.
Apply Darcy equation to determine hf.
4 fLv 2
hf
2 gd
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
21
Category II
Use iterative method to find Q
4 fLv 2
Known: hf
hf
2 gd
1. Assume a value of f typically 0.01
fLQ 2
2. Use Darcy equation to determine Q
hf
5
3
.
03
d
3. Using Darcy determine v and Re
4. Moody chart find new f
5. Use new f to calculate new Q
6. Compare new Q with previous Q
7. Repeat steps until values of f and Q do not change
22
Category III
Use iterative method to find d
Known: hf
fLQ 2
hf
1. Assume a value of f typically 0.01
3.03d 5
2. Use Darcy equation to determine d
3. Using Darcy determine v and k/d, hence, Re
4. Moody chart find new f
5. Use new f to calculate new d
6. Compare new d with previous d
7. Repeat steps until values of f and d do not change
23
Example 1.7
Water flows in a concrete pipe 500 mm in diameter at a

rate of 500 L/min. Calculate the head loss due to
friction over a distance of 5 km.
24
Solution (Category I)
d 500mm 0.5m
Q 500 L / min 8.33 10 3 m3 / s
L 5km 5000m
k 0.9mm(Table 1.1 - concrete)
Q
v 0.0424m / s
A
vd
Re
1000 0.0424 0.05
1.14 103
18615 2000 turbulent
25
k 0.9mm
1.8 10 3 0.0018
d 500mm
Moody's chart,
f 0.00745
Re 1.86110 4
4 fLv 2
hf
2 gd
4 0.00745 5000 4.24 10

2 9.81 0.5
0.0273m
26
2 2
fLQ 2
hf
3.03d 5
0.00745 5000 8.33 10 3
3.03 0.55
0.0273m
Example 1.8
The pipe in the previous question is now replaced with a

pipe of size 600 mm diameter. If the head loss is to
remain the same, what should the discharge be?
27
Solution (Category II)

d 600mm 0.6m
1. Assume f 0.01
Q 500 L / min 8.33 10 3 m 3 / s

L 5km 5000m
k 0.9mm(Table 1.1 - concrete)
h f 0.0273m
4 fLv 2
2. Calculate v using h f
2 gd
4 fLv 2
hf
2 gd
4 0.01 5000 v 2
0.0273
2 9.81 0.6
v 0.0401m / s
28
vd
3. Calculate Re
1000 0.0401 0.6

Re
1.14 10 3
21113
2.1110 4
k
4. Calculate
d
k 0.9mm
0.0015
d 600mm
29
5. Moody's chart f
f 0.0073
4 fLv 2
6. Recalculat e v using h f
2 gd
4 0.0073 5000 v 2
0.0273
2 9.81 0.6
v 0.047m / s
Repeat steps
vd
3. Calculate Re
1000 0.047 0.6

Re
1.14 10 3
24717
2.47 10 4
k
d
k 0.9mm
0.0015
d 600mm
4. Calculate
30
5. Moody's chart f
f 0.0070
4 fLv 2
6. Recalculat e v using h f
2 gd
4 0.0070 5000 v 2
0.0273
2 9.81 0.6
v 0.048m / s
Comparing f & v,
Previous
0.047
0.0073
v (m/s)
f
New
0.048
0.0070
f & v converge, therefore, take v = 0.048 m/s

Q Av
0.6 2
4
13.6 L / s
31
0.048
Example 1.9
A cast iron pipe is used to convey water at a rate of 45

L/s. If the pipe is 1 km long and the head loss over that
distance is to be 12 m, what pipe diameter should be
used?
32
Solution (category III)

Q 45L / s 45 10 3 m 3 / s
L 1km 1000m
h f 12m
1. Assume f 0.01
fLQ 2
2. Calculate d using h f
3.03d 5
fLQ
d
3.03h
f
0.011000 0.045

3.0312
0.223m
33
3. Calculate Re
4 Q
d
4 1000 0.045
Re
0.223 1.14 10 3
224935
2.25 105
5. Moody's chart f
f 0.0053
fLQ 2
6. Recalculat e d using h f
3.03d 5
fLQ
d
3.03h
f
k
4. Calculate
d
k 0.25mm
0.001119
d 223mm
34
0.0053 1000 0.045

3.03 12
0.197m
4 Q
3. Calculate Re
d
5. Moody's chart f
4 1000 0.045
Re
0.198 1.14 10 3
253836
2.53836 105
fLQ 2
6. Recalculat e d using h f
3.03d 5
fLQ
d
3.03h
f
k
4. Calculate
d
k 0.25mm
0.00126
d 198mm
35
f 0.0054
0.0054 1000 0.045

3.03 12
0.198m
Comparing f & d,
d (m)
f
Previous
0.197
0.0053
New
0.198
0.0054
f & d converge, therefore, take d = 0.198 m
36
End of Part 3
Part 4: Douglas 10.8
37
Topic 1-Part 4:
Pipe flow analyses
Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.3 Moody Chart
1.4 Pipe problems
Learning Outcomes
Able to identify and solve problems related with different
types of separation losses (CO1-PO1:PO3)
Douglas Chapter10.8

Sometimes called as minor losses especially when friction
losses predominate.
Divided into:
Loss due to enlargement

Loss due to contraction
Losses in pipe fittings, bends and pipe entry & exit
1.5.1 Loss due to a sudden enlargement

Eddy created within the vicinity of the sudden change in
cross sections will result in pressure loss hence head loss.
Figure above illustrates a

sudden enlargement;
consider a control
volume ABCDEF as
shown and let p1 and p2
be the pressures at
sections 1 and 2
respectively.
By applying momentum equation between 1 & 2,
Resultant force in flow

direction
Rate of change of
momentum in flow
direction
p1 A1 p' A2 A1 p2 A2 Qu2 u1
Q A2u2
p' p1
p1 p2 u2 u2 u1
.(10.63)
Applying Bernoullis equation between 1 & 2 and a term h

as the separation loss,
p1
u1
p2 u 2
Z1
Z2 h
2g
2g
Z1 Z 2
p1 p2 u1 u2
h
2g
Substituting equation (10.63),
u1 u2
h
Head loss due to enlargement
2g
Applying continuity equation,
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
A1u1 A2u 2
A1u1 A2u 2
A2
u1
u2
A1
A1
u2
u1
A2
u1
A1
1
h
2 g A2
2
10
u2
h
2g
A2
1
A1
1.5.2 Loss due to a sudden contraction
11
Impossible to apply
momentum equation
between sections 1 & 2 due
to uncertain pressure
distribution across ABCD.
Through experiment, most
pressure loss occurs as a
result of the eddies formed
as the flow area expands
from vena contracta area up
to the full cross-section of
the downstream pipe
resulting similar situation as
sudden enlargement
v2 A2
v2 1
h
1
1
2 g AC
2 g CC
CC coefficien t of contraction
2
Head loss due

to contraction
AC cross sectional area at the vena contracta
A2/A1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
CC
0.61
0.632
0.673
0.73
1.0
v
hL K 2
2g
12
Head loss due to contraction
A2/A1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
Loss coefficient,
K
0.41
0.34
0.24
0.14
1.5.3 Losses in pipe fittings, bends and pipe

entry & exit
For pipes with a succession of these fittings, the individual head

loss will be add up.
v2
hL K
2g
13
14
Fittings
Gate valve (open to 75%

shut)
0.25 25
Globe valve
10
Spherical plug valve (open)
0.1
Pump foot valve
1.5
Return bend
2.2
900 elbow
0.9
450 elbow
0.4
Large-radius 900 bend
0.6
Tee junction
1.8
Sharp pipe entry
0.5
Exit into reservoir
1.0
Equivalent length is the length of pipe substituting the

fitting that will cause a frictional head loss equal to the
separation loss due to the fitting.
2
4 fLe v 2
v2
K
2g
2 gd
kd
Le
4f
4 f Le L v 2
hf
2 gd
15
Example 1.10
A pipe having a diameter of 100 mm is used to convey

water at a rate of 3.0 m3/min. The pipe undergoes a
sudden enlargement to a diameter of 200 mm.
a)
b)
c)
16
Determine the head loss due to enlargement

What is the pressure difference between two points located
just before and after the enlargement?
If the enlargement is gradual instead of sudden, what would
be the pressure difference?
Solution (a)
A1
0.12
7.854 10 m
4
0 .2 2
A2
0.031m 2
4
Q 3m 3 / min 0.05m 3 / s
Q
v1
6.366m / s
A1
hL
v1 v2
2g
6.366 1.592
2 9.81
1.162m
Q
v2
1.592m / s
A2
17
Solution (b)
H1 H 2
2
p1
v
p v
1 z1 2 2 z 2 h
2g
2g
p1
v1
p 2 v2
h
2g 2g
v12 v2 2
2 g 2 g h p2 p1
v12 v2 2
2 g 2 g h p
6.366 2 1.592 2
1.162 9810 p
2g
2g
7.60kPa p
18
Solution (c)
Gradual enlargemen t, h 0
v12 v2 2
p p2 p1
2
g
2
g
6.3662 1.5922
9810

2g
2g
19.0kPa
19
Example 1.11
A pipe discharging water at a rate of 0.5 m3/min

undergoes a sudden change in cross section from a
diameter of 200 mm to a diameter of 150 mm.
Determine the head loss due to the sudden contraction.
What is the pressure difference between two points just
before and after the contraction?
20
Solution
A1
0 .2 2
0.031m 2
4
0.152
A2
0.018m 2
4
Q
v1
15.92m / s
A1
Q
v2
28.29m / s
A2
21
A2 0.018
0.581
A1 0.031
K 0.198
2
v2
hC K
2g
28.29 2
0.198
2 9.81
8.077 m
H1 H 2
2
p1
v1
p 2 v2
z1
z 2 hC
2g
2g
p1
v
p v
1 2 2 hC
2g 2g
v12 v2 2
h
C p2 p1
2g 2g
v12 v2 2
h
C p
2g 2g
15.92 2 28.29 2
8.077 9810 p
2g
2g
352.674kPa p
22
Example 1.12
The figure shows the plan view of a group of horizontal pipes

made of galvanized steel connected in series. Determine total
head loss between the ends A and B if the pipes are 100 mm
diameter conveying water at a rate of 15 L/s.
23
Solution
Galvanized steel, k 0.15mm
Elbows, K 0.9
Globe valve, K 10
d 100mm 0.1m
Q 15 L / s 0.015m 3 / s
24
L 3 3 4 10m
A
v
0.12
4
7.854 103 m 2
v2
helbow K
2g
1.912
0 .9
2 9.81
0.167m
Q
1.91m / s
A
Re
vd 1000 1.91 0.1
1.7 105
3
1.14 10
hvalve
v2
K
2g
1.912
10
2 9.81
1.859m
k 0.15mm
d 100mm
f 0.023(M oody chart)
hT h f 2 helbow hvalve
4 fL v 2 4 0.023 10 1.912
hf
1.711m
d 2g
0.1 2 9.81
25
1.71 2 0.167 1.859

3.903m
Example 1.13
Determine the equivalent length of a globe valve

operating in a pipe of 100 mm diameter. The pipe has a
friction factor of 0.01.
26
Solution
K 10
Kd
Le
4f
10 0.1
4 0.01
25m
27
End of Topic 1
Topic 2: Douglas Chapter 14.1-14.5
28

Pipe Flow Analysis: Laminar & Turbulent Flow (40

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Pipe Flow Analysis: Laminar & Turbulent Flow (40

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Topic 1-Part 1:

Pipe flow analyses

Douglas Chapter 10.1-10.2

Able to discuss laminar and turbulent flows in circular

Deals on the analysis of pipe flow flowing full under

1.1 Laminar flow in circular pipes under

Theoretical analyses on the behavior of laminar flow in

Consider the flow element of an annulus of radius r

Forces acting on the element

Forces due to static pressure at both ends : p, p+p

Forces dues to static pressure

In the direction of the flow

In the opposite direction of the flow

Forces due to shear stress

r 2rx(ignoring higher order terms)

Summation of forces in the flow direction,

p 2rr p x 2rr 2rx r 2rx W sin 0

Substituting the followings,

Cancelling out terms,

Integrating with respect to r,

Substituting into previous equation,

Applying boundary equation condition, r = R,

Substituting D back into the equation, the velocity

u velocity at a specific point in any cross section

Maximum velocity occurs at the centre of the pipe

Integrating the incremental flow Q through an

Cross sectional area,

Comparing with umax,

with p (pressure drop

Hagen Poisseuille equation

Head loss due to friction,

Substituting into Hagen-Poisseuille equation,

Head loss due to

Water at viscosity of 1.14 x 10-3 Pa s and density of 998

Re - Prove that the flow is

Water is pumped through a horizontal pipe 20 mm

velocity in the pipe at a point

A horizontal circular pipe conveys a liquid at a rate where

Let the distance from the wall y

Douglas Chapter 10.3 & 10.5

1.2 Turbulent flow in bounded conduits

Consider the fluid element within a conduit.

Summing the forces along the pipe axis:

Dividing through by AL and rearranging the equation,

Simplifying by substituting the first term with

Introducing the hydraulic mean depth, m, ratio of flow

The shear stress is a function of the type of surface that

Rewriting previous equation,

Let frictional head loss over the length be,

Rearranging the equation,

Applicable for both open and closed conduits

h f frictional head loss over length L

Rearranging previous equation,

Chezy formula, usually

C Chezy coefficien t which is dependent on the typeof surface

Consider turbulent flow in circular pipes running full,

Darcy-Weisbach equation for

A pipe 500 m long conveys water at a rate of 2.0 L/min. If

4 0.01289 500 0.047 2

128 1.14 10 3 500 33.33 10 6

Douglas Chapter 10.4

1.3 Moody Chart