Lecture - 5

2.4.1 The Radiated Power

The time average complex Poynting vector in the far field of the center-fed dipole is
S

2
1
1
1 E E
E H E a Ha E ar ar
2

2
2
2

kl

kl
cos cos
2 cos
I 0 2

2 a
2 2
r

sin
8 r

The radiation intensity function for the center-fed dipole is given by

U , r 2 S

U ( , )

I0
8 2

kl

kl
cos cos cos
2

sin

We may plot that normalized radiation intensity function U B0 F to determine the effect of the
antenna length on its radiation pattern.

kl

kl
cos cos cos
2

2
F

sin

The total real power radiated by the center-fed dipole is

2

Prad

U , sin d d
0 0

I0

kl

kl
cos cos
cos

2
2
d
sin

The -dependent integral in the radiated power expression cannot be integrated analytically. However,
the integral may be manipulated, using several transformations of variables, into a form containing some
commonly encountered special functions (integrals) known as the sine integral and cosine integral.

Si x

sin x
dx
x

Ci x

(sin integral)

cos x
dx
x

(cosine integral)

1 cos x
Cin x
dx
x

(related integral)

=C+ln x Ci x
C 0.5775

(Euler's constant)

The radiated power of the center-fed dipole becomes

2

Prad

I0
1
C 1n kl Ci kl sin( kl ) Si 2kl 2 Si kl
4
2

cos( kl ) C 1n kl / 2 Ci 2kl 2Ci kl

2

2.4.2 Radiation resistance

The radiated power is related to the radiation resistance of the antenna by
Prad

1 2
I 0 Rr
2

which gives the radiation resistance of a Center-fed dipole

Rr

1
C ln kl Ci kl sin( kl ) Si 2kl 2 Si kl
2
2
1

cos kl C ln kl / 2 Ci 2kl 2Ci kl

2

2.4.3 Directivity and Effective aperture

The directivity function of the center-fed dipole is given by
D , 4

U ,
Prad
2

U ,

I0
8 2

kl

kl
2
cos cos cos
2

2 I 0 F ,

sin
8 2

The radiated power is expressed as

Prad

I0

4 2

f kl

f kl C ln( kl ) Ci kl

1
sin kl Si 2kl 2 Si kl
2

1
cos kl C ln kl / 2 Ci 2kl 2Ci kl
2

Directivity of the dipole is

1
F ,
F ,
2
D , 4 2
f kl
f (kl )

The maximum directivity is

D0 2

F ,
max
f kl

Effective aperture
Ae

2
D0
4

Ae

2 F , max
2
f kl