Leccture--4

7.6.2 Minimum
M
mean-squa
m
are error
If sufficiient knowled
dge of the desired
d
signaal is availabble, a referennce signal ccan be generrated.
These refference sign
nals are used to determin
ne the optimaal weight veector by miniimizing the m
mean
square errror (MSE) of the refereence signal and the outpput of the N
N-element anntenna array. Fig.
7.10 desscribe the method
m
to minimize the
t
error w
while iteratiing the arraay weights.. For
beamform
ming considerations, thee reference signal is usuaally obtainedd by periodic transmissiion of
a training sequence,, which is a priori kno
own at the rreceiver andd is referredd to as tem
mporal
referencee.

Fig. 7.10
0 MSE Systeem.
The
T signal d(k
(k) is the refeerence signall. Preferablyy the referencce signal is eeither identiccal to
the desirred signal s(k) and un
ncorrelated with the innterfering siignals in k . If s k is not
distinctly
y different from
f
the inteerfering sign
nals, the miinimum meaan-square teechnique willl not
k is
work pro
operly. The signal
s
i the error siignal such thhat

k d k wH x k

(7.20)

Through some simple algebra, it can be show

wn that the M
MSE is givenn by
k d k 2d k w H x k w H x k x H k w
2

(7.21)

For the purposes of simplification, we will suppress the time dependence notation k. Taking the
expected value of both sides and simplifying the expression we get
2
2
E E d 2 w H r w H Rxx w

(7.22)

where the following correlations are defined:

r E d x E d xs xi n

(7.23)

Rxx E x x H Rss Ruu

(7.24)

Rss E xs xsH

(7.25)

Ruu Rii Rnn

(7.26)

The expression in Eq. (7.22) is a quadratic function of the weight vector w . This function,
sometimes is called as the performance surface or cost function and forms a quadratic surface in
M-dimensional space. Since the optimum weights provide the minimum MSE, the extremum is
the minimum of the function. As the desired angle-of-arrival (AOA) changes with time, the
quadratic surface minimum changes with time in the weight plane.
In general, for an arbitrary number of weights, we can find the minimum value by taking the
gradient of the MSE with respect to the weight vectors and equating it to zero. Thus the WienerHopf equation is given as:
2
w E 2 Rxx w 2r 0

(7.27)

Simple algebra can be applied to Eq. (7.27) to yield the optimum Wiener solution given by:
1
wMSE Rxx
r

(7.28)

If we allow the reference signal d to be equal to the desired signal s, and if s is uncorrelated with
all interferers, we may simplify the correlation r . Using Eqs. (7.9) and (7.23) the simplified
correlation r is:
r E s x S a0

where

(7.29)

2
S Es

The optimum weights can then be identified as

1
wMSE SRxx
a0

(7.30)