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REVIEW ARTICLE
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K D Hinsch
(a)
(b)
Object wave
(scattered
particle light)
Particles
Off-axis
reference wave
Hologram
Virtual
particle images
Original
reference wave
Photographic
plate
(c)
Hologram
Real
particle images
Conjugate
reference wave
(1)
.
(2)
2
When = 0.2, we find values of 5 and 25, respectively.
Obviously, the longitudinal resolution length is poorer than
the transversal resolution length. Thus, should be made
as large as possible. Here, the narrow cone of forward
scattering in conjunction with the limited dynamic range of
the photographic material are disadvantagous. Around 90
viewing there is a much larger angular range of almost constant
average valuealbeit some pronounced lobes in the scattering
pattern.
In view of these conflicting requirements, many
researchers have chosen to maintain the advantage of the
superior light efficiency in forward scattering (two to three
orders of magnitude more than for perpendicular viewing)
in the so-called in-line holography where the spare light of
a collimated beam passing the particle field unaffected is
used for the reference light (Thompson 1989). This set-up
benefits additionally from the simplicity and low requirements
with respect to the coherence and film resolution. The small
xl
K D Hinsch
3. State-of-the-art in HPIV
We have seen that particle holography can be operated in
various schemes for velocimetry. The most advanced is
to superimpose holographic recordings from two subsequent
K D Hinsch
Particle P(t)
rK
ki
r
P(t+ t)
P(t+
ko
K
To observer
From laser
4. Holographic interferometry
We have seen that holography obtains its unique properties
from storing phase information about a light wave. When
the object wave field is reconstructed it is a direct copy of
the original version including the phase of the light field.
This provides the possibility to reproduce three-dimensional
images of objectsa feature that we have exploited so far.
However, there is more to the utilization of phase information
and that is interferometry. Retardation of a light wave by an
optical path of just half a wavelength produces a profound
effect when superimposed with the original wave, i.e. the
waves cancel and darkness is observed. Bear in mind that
it takes less than half a micron of change to impose this effect!
Different from classical interferometry where both interfering
object states had to be represented by their wave-equivalent
at the same time, in HI object states from different instants of
time can be compared by superimposing their reconstructed
versions. A vast collection of metrological tools to measure
object changes with sub-lambda sensitivity has grown and finds
application in different fields (Vest 1979).
In fluid-mechanical applications HI has been mainly
applied in the analysis of transparent fluids to visualize phase
changes invoked by temperature, concentration or pressure
gradients. For a direct comparison of recordings in particle
velocimetry, however, there are only a few early examples
restricted to liquid flows at low velocities of some 1 mm s1
(Ueda et al 1982). The present status of HPIV suggests
one should revisit HI since it opens a sub-micron range of
sensitivities that is a factor of ten or a hundred better than
in particle imaging (Arroyo et al 2000). There are typical
situations in 3C flow analysis where one of the velocity
components is much smaller than the other (often the outof-plane component), yet all are to be measured with similar
relative accuracy.
Let us introduce the essential features of a HI measurement
of a particle displacement (figure 2). Assume a particle to move
within a time interval t from its original position P (t) by a
displacement vector r to a new position P (t + t). The
displacement produces a phase change in the scattered
light which is measured by interference when superimposing
the wave fields from both the particle positions.
We characterize the optical situation by wavevectors ki
of the illuminating light and ko of the observation light. The
resulting phase shift due to the altered path of the light is then
given as
(3)
= K r
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K = ko ki =
2
(uo ui )
(4)
Particles in
plastic block
Light sheet
Light sheet
ki
ki
K2
K1
K3
ko
ko
y
x
Flow
z
Cylinder
Hologram
Observer
position
.
2 sin
(5)
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Figure 6. HI of a vortex-street flow behind a cylinder in a wind-tunnel experiment; the flow is from left to right at 0.63 m s1 . Regular
parallel fringes are extrapolated from the pattern along the top and bottom and are due to changing viewing direction. The irregular fringe
pattern in the vortex-street region represents the velocity component parallel to the cylinder axis (from Andres et al 2001a). At the sample
point marked by the black ring the fringe is displaced by almost one fringe spacing, which yields a velocity of 50 mm s1 .
Light-sheet
45
K
Beam combiner
CCD-chip
ko
ki
Reference beam
(a)
(b)
-31.5
-31.5
-31.5
-31.5
-31.5
20
-31.5
20
-63.0
Z (mm)
15
.5
31
63.0
10
63.0
94.5
.5
-94
-126
31.5
-94.5
31.5
.0
63
15
Z (mm)
25
10
0 0
0
0
10
15
20
25
10
X (mm)
15
20
X (mm)
Figure 8. Light-sheet ESPI study of a vortex-street flow behind a cylinder in a wind-tunnel experiment. The optics is set to yield contour
lines of the vertical in-plane velocity component vy . (a) Iso-velocity contours for vy obtained from a traditional PIV record. (b) ESPI fringes
for a similar situation in the same flow.
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Hologram
Aperture stop
CCD
Reference
wave
Hologram
Particle
Reconstructing
wave
Real particle
image
fiber
Fourier
transform lens
Optical
or digital
processor
8. Conclusions
The past years have seen particle holography develop to such
a state that it has become a tool to be considered when the
fluid-dynamical problem under study requires an extended
measuring region to be investigated at a single instant of
time. Several impressive applications in flow facilities also
illustrate the size of the data set obtained from a single
holographic record and the need for economic extraction,
processing and visualization of the material. There are
constant novel developments improving the performance such
as noise suppression by short-coherence recording, to name
but one. In view of the unpopular photographic processing
involved in present-day high-resolution holography serious
efforts are undertaken to turn particle holography into a purely
electronic and digital technique. Such work has good chances
in the future because it is supported by the constant boom in
powerful electro-optic devices and computers. The presently
preferred type of holography is still a three-dimensional
extension of particle imaging. However, there are approaches
to apply otherwise established interferometric methods such
as HI and electronic speckle pattern interferometry to the task
of measuring particle displacements. At least an order of
magnitude in sensitivity can be obtained in this way. Finally,
even some schemes for optical processing of the holographic
particle data are applied successfully that save time and provide
sub-micron sensitivity during interrogation.
Acknowledgments
The work presented in this paper has benefited from a long
period of cooperative contacts with colleagues throughout the
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