Lecture01 - Introudction To IT Infrastructure

Grid Computing
Jun Ni, Ph.D. M.E.

Department of Computer Science
The University of Iowa
Oct. 15, 2005
Outline
IT Infrastructure Evolution
Values of Grid Computing
Overview of Grid Computing
Technology
Classifications of Grids
The Open Grid Services Architecture
(OGSA)
Creating and Managing Grid Services
Resources for this Lecture
Grid Computing: A Practical Guide to

Technology and Applications
by Ahmar Abbas ISBN:1584502762
Charles River Media 2004 (408
pages)
Outline
Desktop SupercomputingNative
Programming for Grids
Web Services and Utility Computing
Grid-Enabling Software Applications
Application Integration
Grid-Enabling Network Services
Management of Grid Environments
Grid-enhanced Applications in Research
and Industry
Grids in Sciences
Grids in Industries
Introduction to IT
Infrastructure and Evolution
IT Highlights
IT hyper growth with the law of

exponentials (microprocessor
speeds, storage, and optical network
capacity).
Ensemble new technologies.
The significant developments in the
past.
Microprocessor Technology
In a 1965 article in Electronics

magazine, Intel founder-to-be
Gordon Moore predicted that circuit
densities in chips would double every
1218 months.
His proclamation in the article,
Cramming More Components onto
Integrated Circuits, has come to be
known as Moores Law.
Although Moores original statement

was in reference to circuit densities
of semiconductors, it has more
recently come to describe the
processing power of microprocessors.
Over the past 40 years, Moores Law
has successfully predicted the
exponential growth of component
densities
Table 1.1: Exponential Growth of

Transistors on a Single Chip
Year
Transistors
1970
2,300
1975
6,000
1980
29,000
1985
275,000
1990
5,500,000
2000
42,000,000
Top Ones
Todays PCs processes one billion

floating point operations per second,
giving it more computing power than
some of the worlds largest
supercomputers circa 1990.
The peak performance of the fastest
supercomputer in 1993 was 57.9
Gflops as compared to 40 TFlops in
June of 2003
Top Ones
Todays fastest computers

(supercomputing)
Top500 (http://www.top500.org/)
Top Ones
Order of fastest supercomputers
IBM Blue Gene/L placed at Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory , that has
reached more than 136 trillion operations a
second and plans to double that by year's end.
SGI Altix
Earth Simulator
Detailed please see
http://www.top500.org/lists/plists.php?Y=2005&M=0
6
June 2005s report
http://www.top500.org/lists/2005/06/Top500Report-0605.pdf
Top Ones
What Is The Next Major Goal In

Supercomputing?
over 1,000 Trillion Operations per
Second!!
Please read this article:
http://news.softpedia.com/news/WhatIs-The-Next-Major-Goal-InSupercomputing-6715.shtml
Second Law: Cost
Increase of densities and processing

power of microprocessors also
increases manufacturing costs.
Moores Second Law, by Leyden,
Peter, 1997, an interview with Wired
as:
Second Law: Cost

The cost of manufacturing facilities doubles every
generation. In the late 1980s, billion-dollar plants
seemed like something a long way in the future.
They seemed almost inconceivable. But now,
Intel has two plants that will cost more than $2.5
billion. If we double it for a couple of generations,
were looking at $10 billion plants. I dont think
theres any industry in the world that builds $10
billion plants, although oil refineries probably
come close.
by Leyden, Peter, 1997, Wired
Future Alternatives
It is expected that optical lithiography

the main technology in wafer
developmentwill bump up against the
laws of physics in 2017.
In the meanwhile, researchers are busy
working on new technologies such as
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Ion Traps,
Quantum Dots, Atomic Computers,
Josephson Junctions, and optical chips
that will take computing power on its next
exponential journey.
Optical Networking Technology
Heavy traffic in a second, on a single

strand of fiber, than all of the traffic on
the whole Internet in a month in 1997.
This phenomenon has been made possible
by developments in fiber optics and
related technologies.
These developments enable us to put
more and more data onto optical fiber.
In the mid 1990s, George Gilder

predicted that the optical capacity of
a single fiber would treble every 12
months. Therefore, it is no surprise
that Gilders Law is now used to refer
to the exponential improvements in
optical capacity.
One of the key optical technologies is

called dense wave division multiplexing
(DWDM).
DWDM increases the capacity of the fiber
by efficiently utilizing the optical
spectrum.
Certain frequency bands within the optical
spectrum have better attenuation
characteristics and have been identified as
suitable for optical data communications.
The increase in optical capacity of a

fiber occurs on two dimensions.
The number of wavelengths utilized
within the spectrum is increased
The amount of data pushed through
each wavelength is increased.
In the early 1980s, systems supported

two widely separated wavelengths: one
in 1310 nm and another in 1550 nm
Optical networking
spectrum
Each wavelength supported a few

megabits per second. The next generation
of systems that followed allowed 28
wavelengths on fiber.
Over the years, the spacing between the
wavelengths has decreased from 400 GHz
to 12.5 GHz while the bit rate of each
wavelength has increased from a few
Mbps to 10 Gbps (Myrinet), more than 40
Gbbs.
A typical fiber system can now carry up to
640 Gbps.
Key developments in amplification

technologies allow deployments of optical
systems that run thousands of kilometers
without any regeneration.
All optical switches based on MEMS (Micro
Electro Mechanical Systems) and other
technologies allow switching to occur in
the optical domain, thereby taking out
costly electrical interfaces.
The advancement in optical technologies,

telecommunication deregulation, and
general euphoria around the dot-com
economy led to a boom in construction of
optical fibers all around the world.
Thousands of miles of terrestrial and
submarine cables were laid in the
anticipation of demand that, to date, has
not materialized.
Today only 10 percent of potential

wavelengths on 10 percent of
available fiber pairs is actually lit as
Bandwidth utilization in major U.S. cities.
This represents 12 percent of

potential bandwidth that is actually
available in the fiber system
However minor this portion might
seem, the amount of lit capacity it
represents is staggering.
For instance, in New York City alone,
23.5 Tbps run through the city on
domestic and international networks.
The result of this severe imbalance

between supply and demand has
understandably led to tremendous
price erosion of bandwidth products.
Annual STM-1 (OC-3, 155 Mpbs)
prices on major European routes
have fallen by 8590 percent from
1990 to 2002.
During the first quarter of 2000, an

OC-3 (155 Mbps) lease between Los
Angeles and New York went for US
$18 million and two years later, the
same lease traded at under US
$190,000.
At the time this chapter was written,
the prices continued to spiral
aggressively downward.
Storage Technology
Fujitsu Corporation recently announced

that it had developed a new read/write
disk head technology that will enable hard
disk drive recording densities of up to 300
gigabits per square inch. Current 2.5-inch
hard disks can store around 30GB per disk
platter. When Fujitsu commercializes its
new disk head technology in two to four
years time, it will lead to capacities of
180GB per plattersix times current
capacities.[8]
Storage Technology
Current 2.5-inch hard disks can store

around 30GB per disk platter.
Fujitsu Corporation recently announced
that it had developed a new read/write
disk head technology that will enable hard
disk drive recording densities of up to 300
gigabits per square inch.
When Fujitsu commercializes its new disk
head technology in two to four years time,
it will lead to capacities of 180GB per
platter six times current capacities.
Storage Technology
This growth in storage capacity is, in

fact, not new. Over the last decade,
disk storage capacity has improved
faster than Moores Law of
processing power.
Al Shugart, founder and former CEO
of Seagate predicted the
exponential increase in storage
density --- Shugarts Law.
Storage Technology
Storage capacity is not the only issue.

The rate with which data is an
important factor that may also
determine the useful life span of
magnetic disk-drive technology.
Although the capacity of hard-disk
drives is surging by 130% annually,
access rates are increasing by a
comparatively tame of 40% annually.
Storage Technology
To enhance access rates, manufacturers

have been working to increase the
rotational speed of drives.
But as a disk spins more quickly, air
turbulence and vibration can cause misregistration of the tracksa problem that
could be corrected by the addition of a
secondary actuator for every head.
Storage Technology
Other possible enhancements include

the use of fluid bearings in the motor
to replace steel and ceramic ball
bearings, which wear and emit
noticeably audible noise when
platters spin at speeds greater than
10,000 revolutions per minute.
Storage Technology
There will be a bifurcation in the

marketplace, with some disk drives
optimized for capacity and others for
speed.
The former might be used for mass storage,
such as backing up a companys historical files.
The latter would be necessary for applications
such as customer service, in which the fast
retrieval of data is crucial.
Storage Technology
As storage densities have improved, their price

has come down substantially. The price elasticity
from storage remains greater than that of
bandwidth or microprocessors.
For every 1 percent decrease in price there is a 4
percent increase in usage.
However, manufacturers also have found it hard
to turn their technical expertise into profit.
As price of hard disk storage has fallen from US
$11.54 per megabyte in 1988 to US $.01 per
megabyte today, the number of independent
manufacturers has dropped from 75 to 13.
Storage Technology
Declining storage costs
Storage Technology
The demand for storage, however, is

insatiable and will remain so for a long
while.
For example, 80 billion digital photos that
would take more than 400 petabytes to store
are taken each year.
Also, the demand for storage is not only on the
rise in traditional segments such as personal
computers and servers, but in other areas
such as laser printers, GPS systems, set top
boxes, digital cameras, and the gaming
industry.
Wireless Technology
There is no luminary been granted a

law of exponential growth in his or
her name in the field of wireless
technology.
Perhaps it is because wireless
technology has not seen the
exponential gains in raw capacity
that other technologies have.
Wireless Technology
Nonetheless, the adoption rate of mobile

wireless in particular has been no less
than spectacular around the world.
Many countries have started deployment
of 3G technology that promises to bring
data at a rate of 1 Mbps to a wireless
device.
The deployment of 3G now has more to do
with the financial condition of the carriers,
and whether they can actually afford to
deploy these systems, than with the
robustness of the underlying technology.
Wireless Technology
Fixed wireless, another technology that

was supposed to revolutionize bandwidth
access, has not fared that well.
The adoption rate of licensed spectrum
fixed wireless technologies such as MMDS
(Multipoint Microwave Distribution
System) and LMDS (Local Multipoint
Distribution System) has been extremely
disappointing.
Wireless Technology
Sad news
In the United States, AT&T announced that it
will not be deploying an MMDS network, and
another major carrierSprintrecently
announced that it would stop all MMDS
deployment until next generation systems are
available, sometime in 2005.
WorldCom, one of the largest holders of MMDS
licenses in the United States, has them on the
auction block for reasons that can be
determined from the headlines of any popular
newspaper.
Wireless Technology
However, there is a bright star in the

wireless world. If early numbers are
any indication, then deployment of
wireless LAN networks is expected to
be widespread and quite rapid.
Wireless Technology
Wireless LAN is governed by the

802.11 standards being developed at
the IEEE. This is actually a family of
standards:
Basically four standards:
Wireless Technology
802.11applies to wireless LANs and

provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the
2.4 GHz band using either
frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or

direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).
802.11aan extension to 802.11 that

applies to wireless LANs and provides up
to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a
uses an orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing encoding scheme rather than
FHSS or DSSS.
Wireless Technology
802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High

Rate or Wi-Fi)an extension to 802.11
that applies to wireless LANs and provides
11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to
5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band.
802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999
ratification to the original 802.11 standard,
allowing wireless functionality to be
comparable to Ethernet.
802.11gapplies to wireless LANs and

provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
Wireless Technology
The most widely deployed standard

is 802.11b, or Wi-Fi, which allows
transmission of wireless data at
speeds as fast as 11Mbps and has a
range of 300 feet to 800 feet.
Boosters such as sophisticated
antennas can be added to improve
the range of the wireless network.
Wireless Technology
802.11gapplies to wireless LANs

and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4
GHz band
Wireless Technology
The cost of deploying a wireless LAN

has come down substantially.
There are now hundreds of thousands of
hot spotsor Wi-Fi-enabled
locationsaround the world in airports,
cafs, and other public places that
provide unprecedented roaming
capabilities
Wireless Technology
The benefits of 802.11b and 802.11a are not

limited to mobile users or home applications, but
will be some of the key technologies that
reshapes the manufacturing and production
operations in much the same way as the electric
motor led the transformation of the sector in the
early part of the 20th century.
They will play an extremely important role in
seamlessly deploying wireless networks at
manufacturing plants, factory floors, and
warehouses, thus providing a real-time view of
operations, production, and inventory..
Wireless Technology
They will play an extremely

important role in seamlessly
deploying wireless networks at
manufacturing plants, factory floors,
and warehouses, thus providing a
real-time view of operations,
production, and inventory..
Sensor Technology
Sensor technologies in one form or

another have been with us for a while.
However, recent advancement in certain
types of technologies have brought their
price and performance capabilities within
reach for pervasive deployment.
Paul Saffo of the Institute of the Future
goes so far as to say that if the 1980s was
the decade of the microprocessor and the
1990s the decade of the laser, then this is
the decade of the sensor.
Sensor Technology
A key advancement in sensors has

been the ability to not only collect
information about their surroundings,
but also to pass the information
along to upstream systems for
analysis and processing through
various integrated communication
channels.
Sensor Technology
Type of Sensors
Fiber Optic Sensors
Wireless Sensors
Fiber Optic Sensors

Optical fiber sensors have been around since
the 1960s.
Technology and applications of optical fibers
have progressed very rapidly in recent years.
Optical fiber, being a physical medium, is
subjected to perturbation of one kind or
another at all times. It, therefore, experiences
geometrical (size, shape) and optical
(refractive index, mode conversion) changes to
a larger or lesser extent depending upon the
nature and the magnitude of the perturbation.
Fiber Optic Sensors

In communication applications, one tries
to minimize such effects so that signal
transmission and reception is reliable.
In fiber optic sensing, on the other hand,
the response to external influence is
deliberately enhanced so that the
resulting change in optical radiation can
be used as a measure of the external
perturbation.
Fiber Optic Sensors

In communication, the signal passing
through a fiber is already modulated,
while in sensing the fiber acts as a
modulator.
Fiber also serves as a transducer and
converts measurands like temperature,
stress, strain, rotation, or electric and
magnetic currents into a corresponding
change in the optical radiation.
Fiber Optic Sensors

Because light is characterized by
amplitude (intensity), phase, frequency,
and polarization, any one or more of
these parameters may undergo a
change.
The usefulness of the fiber optic sensor,
therefore, depends upon the magnitude
of this change and ability to measure
and quantify the same reliably and
accurately.
Fiber Optic Sensors

The advantages of fiber optic sensors
include freedom from EMI, wide
bandwidth, compactness, geometric
versatility, and economy.
Absence of EMI and geometric
versatility make them great candidates
for biomedical applications.
Fiber Optic Sensors

Many of the new smart structures, such as
bridges being built today, have an array of
fiber optic sensors deployed to check for
corrosion and other flaws that can lead to
catastrophic failures.
Fiber optic sensing, for example, is being used
to detect damaged rails and faulty wheels on
trains by firmly attaching ultra sensitive optical
fibers to the rails.
An environmental change, such as the weight
of a passing train or the strain created by a
cracked, broken, or buckled rail, is
immediately detected and analyzed
Wireless Sensors
Another set of sensors are being
developed with embedded RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification Devices) tags.
A consortium of companies under the
aegis of the Auto-ID Center, have
developed technologies that will in the
very near future replace bar codes.
These product codes will be embedded
in a RF-enabled smart tag that will be
attached to products and automatically
read by scanners.
Wireless Sensors
A 96-bit code of numbers, called an
Electronic Product Code (ePC), is
embedded in a memory chip (smart tag)
on individual products.
Each smart tag is scanned by a wireless
radio frequency reader that transmits
the products embedded identity code to
the Internet or intranet where the real
information on the product is kept
Wireless Sensors
Some features of this technology have
already been implemented in the
manufacturing and retail industries.
For example, all clothes sold at Pradas

flagship store in downtown New York City
have these wireless smart tags. As soon as
one of the items is brought into the dressing
room, the LCD monitor there displays
detailed information about the product to
the customer.
Wireless Sensors
Some features of this technology have
already been implemented in the
manufacturing and retail industries.
Meanwhile, Prada is collecting invaluable

and real-time information about customer
behavior and preferences
Wireless Sensors
Additionally, there are sensors that
integrate with RFID tags and provide
information about the condition of
products, in addition to their location, as
they move through the supply chain.
Such sensors can detect various types
of damaging events, including impact,
tilt, rollover, and load shifting.
For example: such sensor technology
can diagnose the damages in advanced
for quality-control and assurance.
Wireless Sensors
In the distribution of products from
manufacturers to consumers, damage,
due to improper packing and handling,
totals more than $4 billion in unsaleable products per year.
Studies show that nearly 50 percent of
un-saleable goods resulted from
products being crushed, dented, or
collapsed.
Wireless Sensors
The ultimate goal is to have everything
connected in a dynamic, automated
supply chain that joins businesses and
consumers together in a mutually
beneficial relationship.
Global Internet Infrastructure

The Internet started in the late 1960s when
the United States Defense Departments
Advanced Research Projects Agency developed
ARPANET technology to link up networks of
computers and, thus, make it possible to share
the information they contained.
During the 1980s, the National Science
Foundation invested about $10 million per year,
which motivated others (universities, states,
private sector) to spend as much as $100
million per year to develop and support a
dramatic expansion of the original ARPANET.
The National Science Foundation

Network (NSFNET) that resulted
gave U.S. universities a nationwide,
high-speed communications
backbone for exchanging information.
The network initially served
academic researchers, nonprofit
organizations, and government
agencies.
To meet a new demand for

commercial Internet services, NSF, in
1991 decided to allow for-profit
traffic over the network. During the
next four years, NSFNET was
privatized and became the global
Internet we know today .
The privatization of the Internet in

the United States and the frenzy
around the World Wide Web, ecommerce, and the like coincided
with another key global event:
the beginning of the deregulation of the
telecommunications companies.

In the United States, this started with
the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Led by the World Trade Organization,
deregulation around the world started
shortly thereafter with 90 percent of the
global telecommunications deregulation
to be completed by 2004 and 99
percent by 2010
The privatization of the Internet and the

deregulation of the telecom industry collided with
a force that led to some of the most spectacular
infrastructure investments of the century.
The capital markets and the venture capitalists
poured money heavily into Internet dot-com
companies. The markets, with equal vigor,
funded companies that were building the
networks, the data centers, and the equipment
that would serve the growing bandwidth
demands of the Internet-based economy.
Unfortunately, the demand for

bandwidth and related services never
materialized as the Internet economy
ran into some old economic realities,
such as the importance of free cash
flow and profits
The Internet boom lasted five years

and collapsed in March of 2000. The
telecommunication bubble, which
started in 1996, today leaves in its
wake more than 200 bankruptcies
and liquidations. But it was exciting
while it lasted.
Impact of the dramatic meltdown of

the Internet and telecommunications
segments cannot be understated.
There is clearly a silver lining in the
debacle. There are three
developments that occurred during
the boom period that we think are
extremely encouraging.
The first, and the most significant, change

that has occurred over the last few years
is a deep appreciation for open and
standards-based systems.
Many of the companies that were
adherent to proprietary, closed end
systems were forced to take a close look
at open systems and by the end of the
1990s most were converted.
There are dozens of standards bodies

such as the Optical Internetworking Forum,
Metro Ethernet Forum, 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Alliance, W3C, Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)that were formed in this
bubble period and are still around today
and doing excellent work in delivering
standards.
The acceptance of open, standard-based
systems will have far reaching benefits in
the years to come.
UUNET network in January of 1996
UUNET network in September of 1999
The second key benefit is the

substantial research, development,
and implementation of security,
security standards, and encryption
for the public Internet. Although
there is still a lot of work to be done,
over the past few years the public
Internet has become a powerful
conduit for commerce and business.
The third important development is the

deployment of an impressive global networked
infrastructure that is now ready to be harvested
by new technologies, such as Grid Computing.
The Internet was successfully transformed from a
playground for academics to one that can
withstand the scale and complexity of commercial
deployment.
There are now more than 2000 data centers
available globally, 140 global peering points, and
broadband deployment initiatives in all
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) countries.
Korea, for example, has 85 percent

broadband penetration.
China will be deploying 1,000,000
Ethernet connections directly to the home
in its 10th Five Year Plan 20012005.
Technologies, such as grid computing,
that rely on a networked infrastructure,
will no doubt take advantage of the
deployed infrastructure.
World Wide Web and Web

Services
The Internet was 23 years old.

In 1993, the World Wide Web (through
HTTP/Mosaic browser) was introduced to
the public.
The World Wide Web, much more so than
e-mail, turned out to be the killer app
that led to the expansive growth of the
Internet.
Today there are roughly 200 million hosts
on the Internet, up from 1 million in 1993.

Services
The Internet and the World Wide

Web have had a substantial impact
on the lives of peoples throughout
the world.
Many credit the Internet for the
business productivity miracle in the
U.S. economy that started in 1995
the same year that Netscape went
public.

Services
It is estimated that U.S. companies

have saved US $251400 billion in
the past five years by using the
Internet.
It has also been determined that
much of the savings comes from
bringing mundane transactions that
involve information flow, ordering,
invoicing, filing claims, etc., online.

Services
This number represents 11.5 percent of the

total U.S. economy.
Web today to be consumer focused.
In other words, we are living in the age of the
consumer Web.
Today, a set of standards widely embraced by the
software and hardware vendors are setting the
foundation for the business Web, where the
value of the Internet can be truly brought to bear
to increase corporate productivity. These
standards are collectively called Web Services.

Services
Web Services promise to do away with the ad hoc

interaction among businesses by providing a
systematic and extensible framework for
application to application interaction, built on
existing Web protocols and based on open
standards.
Unlike traditional client/server models such as
the Web server/Web page system, Web Services
may not provide the user with a graphical user
interface. Web Services, instead, share business
logic, data, and processes through a
programmatic interface across a network.

Services
Web Services allow different

applications to communicate with
each other without time consuming
custom coding.
Web Services, being XML-based, are
not tied to any one operating system
or programming language.
For example, Java can now talk to
Perl and Windows applications can
now talk to Unix applications

Services
The Web Services framework is

divided into three areas
communication protocols,
service descriptions,
service discovery
Each has its specification.

Services
The Web Services framework is

divided into three areas
communication protocols,
service descriptions,
service discovery
Each has its specification.

Services
The Web Services framework is divided

into three areas
SOAPSimple Object Access Protocol enables
communication among Web Services.
WSDLWeb Services description language
provides a formal, computer-readable
description of Web Services.
UDDIUniversal Description, Discovery, and
Integration directory serves as a registry of
Web Services descriptions.

Services
Examine their application to the

travel industry.
The global travel and tourism industry
generates US $4.7 trillion in revenues
annually and employs 207 million
people directly and indirectly.
It also drives 30 percent of all ecommerce transactions.

Services
Examine their application to the

travel industry.
However, one of the dominant features
of travel and tourism is supply side
fragmentation, extreme heterogeneity
and diversity in terms of focus and size
of the travel service providers.
On the demand side, there is a need to
cater to a consumers total trip and
deliver a total experience.

Services
Examine their application to the travel industry.
Web Services would allow each provider to advertise

their services.
XML would be used to describe the data and WDSL
would specify the Web Service.
UDDI would be used to list the service in a directory
SOAP protocol would be used for communication on the
Internet. An online travel agency would be able to
perform searches for various services and book the
services for the customer.
The same agent would be able to connect to the
customers bankagain using Web Servicesto order
travelers checks. The agent would also be able to put
customers newspaper subscription and mail on hold
through Web Services-based interactions with the
newspaper and the post office

Services
Web services are being championed

by many companies
IBM, SUN, and Microsoft are
the key players in the market space.
IBM Web Service Work Tasks
Sun Microsystems SUN One
Microsoft .NET initiative
Open-Source
The ubiquity of the Internet and the

World Wide Web has also spawned a
powerful movement for open-source
software development.
The open-source movement is
helping turn significant chunks of the
IT infrastructure into commodities by
offering free alternatives to
proprietary software.
Open-Source
The promise of the past several

years has begun to materialize as,
one by one, the hurdles to opensource adoption have dropped away.
Major enterprises are running
mission-critical functions on opensource IT.
Big vendors have lined up to support
it or port their applications to it.
Open-Source
CIOs (chief information officers) who

have implemented it report
significant reductions in total cost of
ownership.
Starting in 2001 and 2002, major
vendors such as Dell, HP, IBM,
Oracle, and Sun announced in
various ways that they would begin
supporting open-source products.
Highlights (Conclusion)
Great Achievements in
microprocessor, networking, and
storage technologies
The technologies ensemble a new
powerful infrastructure for high-end
applications.
Right timing for new technologies,
such as Grid computing and Web
services computing.
Desktop computers become

extremely powerful resources.
Being integrated to empower new by
technologies to make a substantial
impact on applications in academics
and business.
The global telecommunication

infrastructure just begins to play
functions.
The price of telecommunication
services dramatically comes down,
thus making it easier to build and
acquire high-speed networks for Grid
Computing applications.
Appreciation to the standards.

This benefits the evolution of IT.
Vendors commitments to open
standards also benefits the
development in Grid computing
technology.

Lecture01 - Introudction To IT Infrastructure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture01 - Introudction To IT Infrastructure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grid Computing

Jun Ni, Ph.D. M.E.

Resources for this Lecture

Grid Computing: A Practical Guide to

IT hyper growth with the law of

In a 1965 article in Electronics

Although Moores original statement

Table 1.1: Exponential Growth of

Todays PCs processes one billion

Todays fastest computers

Order of fastest supercomputers

IBM Blue Gene/L placed at Lawrence

June 2005s report

What Is The Next Major Goal In

Second Law: Cost

Increase of densities and processing

Second Law: Cost

It is expected that optical lithiography

Optical Networking Technology

Heavy traffic in a second, on a single

Optical Networking Technology

In the mid 1990s, George Gilder

Optical Networking Technology

One of the key optical technologies is

Optical Networking Technology

The increase in optical capacity of a

Optical Networking Technology

In the early 1980s, systems supported

Optical Networking Technology

Each wavelength supported a few

Optical Networking Technology

Key developments in amplification

Optical Networking Technology

The advancement in optical technologies,

Optical Networking Technology

Today only 10 percent of potential

Bandwidth utilization in major U.S. cities.

Optical Networking Technology

This represents 12 percent of

Optical Networking Technology

The result of this severe imbalance

Optical Networking Technology

During the first quarter of 2000, an

Fujitsu Corporation recently announced

Current 2.5-inch hard disks can store

This growth in storage capacity is, in

Storage capacity is not the only issue.

To enhance access rates, manufacturers

Other possible enhancements include

There will be a bifurcation in the

As storage densities have improved, their price

Declining storage costs

The demand for storage, however, is

There is no luminary been granted a

Nonetheless, the adoption rate of mobile

Fixed wireless, another technology that

However, there is a bright star in the

Wireless LAN is governed by the

802.11applies to wireless LANs and

frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or

802.11aan extension to 802.11 that

802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High

802.11gapplies to wireless LANs and