LEVEL OF THE TELENCEPHALON AND OLFACTORY ORGANS

STRUCTURE
Telencephalon

FUNCTION

- region is paired
- each unit is roughly
hemispherical but
flattened at the
midline

LOCATION

ORIGIN

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

FATE

- Anterior division
of the
prosencephalon

formed by the
evagination of
the side of the
neural tube at
the anterior end
of the
neurocoel

Lateral ventricle

Layers of the Brain:

1) Ependymal Layer

DESCRIPTIONS

- one cell thick,

ciliated layer

Cilia

- immediately
surrounding the
neurocoel
aid in the
movement of
the
cerebrospinal
fluid in the
ventricles of
the brain and
in the central
canal of the
spinal cord

2) Mantle Layer

- broad layer

3) Marginal Layer

- contains neuroblasts
from the inner layers
and nerve fibers

- adjacent to
the ependymal
layer
- outermost layer

- Gray
matter of
CNS
- White
matter of
CNS

Nasal Organ

- tubular

External naris

- opening of the
nasal cavity to the
outside

Internal naris

- opening of the
nasal cavity into the
buccal region
- contain
photoreceptors

Frontal organ

Jacobsons organ

Buccal cavity

Oral papillae

third eye

- lying
ventrolateral to
the
telencephalon

- olfactory
nerve
connecting
the olfactory
lobes to the
brain ARISES
FROM the
olfactory
epithelium
- marks the
point of the
original
ectodermal
invagination

- beneath the
epidermis, it
migrates forward
from the region
of the
diencephalon to
the region of the
telencephalon

- arises as an
evagination of
the
diencephalic
roof together
with the
epiphysis

picking up
smell of food
from the
buccal
region
- where nasal cavity
and mouth opens
- lined with epithelium
- jaws are tipped with
horny material and
tooth germs
external to the jaws;
lobose structures

- the
invagination of
the ectoderm

evagination of
the nasal organ

- derived from
the
stomodeum

Prechordal cartilage

- a hyaline cartilage
- chondrocytes
present using HPO

- beneath
telencephalon

Melanocytes

- stellate cells

- scattered over
the dorsolateral
region of the
brain
- lateral to the
nasal organs

melanin

- forms
chondrocran
ium- a
cartilaginous
cranium

fine granules (light

brown individually;
black in aggregate)

Mesenchyme

- stellate,
mesodermal cells

- fills space
between the
organs and
epidermis

Epidermis

- composed of 2
strata of ectodermal
cells

- outer layer of
the skin

**note free melanin

granules and some
melanocytes

- form a
loose
reticulum,
with the
outermost
cells forming
the dermis of
the
integument

LEVEL OF THE DIENCEPHALON AND THE EYE

STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTIONS

Diencephalon

- ventrally elongated
- has III ventricle: a
cavity

Infundibulum

- funnel-like
- in more posterior
sections of the
diencephalon, this is
seen as a smaller,
ventral component
of the diencephalon
with thin roof and
thick sides

Mesencephalon

cerebral
aqueduct:
Pituitary
body/Hypophysis

FUNCTION

LOCATION

ORIGIN

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

FATE

- posterior
subdivision of the
prosencephalon
- evagination
of the
diencephalic
floor
- subsequently
evaginates the
posterior or
neural lobe of
the pituitary
together with
the
stomodeum
- bears 3rd
and 4th
cranial
nerves

- middle region
of the brain
- dorsal to the
diencephalons

cavity
- an oval mass
- an endocrine gland

- beneath the
thin floor of
infundibulum

- derived from
the
infundibulum
and a solid
ingrowth from
the
stomodeum

if tracing is
continued
posteriorly,
the
hypophysis
disappears
and the tip
of the
notochord,
flanked by
parachordal
cartilages will
be seen

Eye: Layers of the

Optic cup ->
1) Retina

- thick

- inner layer

Differentiate
d into:
Layer of the
ganglian
cells.
Innermost
sublayer of
the retina:
-the axons of
the nerve
cells in this
sublayer
form the
optic nerve
- the region
where the
optic nerves
cross in the
floor of the
diencephalo
n is known as
the optic
chiasma
Layer of the
bipolar
neurons:
-middle layer
of the cells
that will
synapse the
receptor
and the
ganglian
cells
Rods and
cones:
- outermost

Pigmented
epithelium

Lens

lens epithelium

lens fibers

Cornea

Choroid and Sclera

- outer wall of
the optic cup

- spherical body
- partly enclosed by
the optic cup
-:
-:
one-cell thick outer
layer
columnar cells at the
core of the lens ->>
will later become
long fibers arranged
in layers
- covering of the eye

- outer investments of
the optic cup
- at this stage:
represented by the
mesodermal cells
aggregating outside
the pigmented
epithelium

- formed from
the medial half
of the optic
vesicle
- formed by the
thickenings of
the inner wall
of the lens
vesicle

- superficial

- formed by an
assembly of the
ectodermal
and
mesodermal
cells between
the ectoderm
and lens

sublayer of
the retina
where the
photorecept
oral process
is formed
- iris of the
eye

Pharynx

Hypobranchial
cartilages

Thyroid

Skeletal muscle

Oral suckers

- broad gut
- lined by
endodermal cells
- long masses of
cartilages

- a pair of small
endocrine bodies
- associated with the
pharynx
- mesodermal masses
- cross-striations
present (HPO)
- a pair of glandular
structures
- composed of
elongated columnar
cells, on the ventral
surface of the tadpole
that produce a sticky
slime for attachment to
floating objects

-support the
pharynx
- make up
parts of the
visceral
skeleton

- under the floor

of the foregut

- beneath the
hypobranchial
cartilages
- lying on the
lateral and
ventral side of
the pharynx

LEVEL OF THE MYELENCEPHALON AND AUDITORY VESICLE

STRUCTURE
Myelencephalon

DESCRIPTIONS
- with a thick floor
(basal plates)

FUNCTION

LOCATION

ORIGIN

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

- most posterior
region of the
brain

- in later
developmen
t, its thin roof
becomes
vascularized
to form the
posterior
choroids
plexus

IV ventricle

Auditory vesicle
1) Endolymphatic
duct

Cavity of
myelencephaon
- completely closed,
hollow organ
- thick-walled tube

- on each side of
medulla
- between
medulla and the
ear vesicle

2) Utriculus
3) Semicircular
canals
4) Sacculus

FATE

- marks the
course of the
invagination of
the auditory
vesicle from the
ectoderm

- large, dorsal
chamber of the ear
vesicle
- 3 mutually
perpendicular folds
of the auditory
vesicle
- sensory epithelium is
represented by the
thickened horizontal
canal
- ventral
chamber

- cochlea
(higher
vertebrates)
- lagena
(lower
vertebrates)

STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTIONS

Auditory capsule

Mesenchymal cells
surrounding the
auditory vesicle

Auditory ganglion
(aka acoustic
ganglion )
Notochord

Mass of nerve cells

Parachordals

Cartilages flanking
the notochord on
each side
Lightly coiled tube
twisted on the right
Chamber

Heart

Pericardial
cavity

Conus arteriosus
(aka bulbus cordis)

Ventricle

Defines the
anterior/posterior axis
of the embryo

Atrium
Sinus venosus

LOCATION

ORIGIN

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

FATE
Forms the
cartilaginous
ear capsule
surrounds
and protects
the inner ear

Skeletal
support
during early
development

Encloses heart
Connects the
ventricle with
the ventral
aorta

Medial side of
the auditory
vesicle
Dorsal to the gut
Ventral to
hindbrain

Most anterior
region of heart

-Heart chamber
-thick muscular wall
-follows and is
connected to the
conus

Dorsal, thin walled

chamber

FUNCTION

Receives
venous blood
and delivers it
to ventricle
Receives
venous blood
and delivers it
to atrium

Dorsal

Most posterior
chamber on the
right, anterior to
the liver

Mesoderm

Mesenchym
al cells will
give rise to
the
NOTOCHORD
AL SHEATH

STRUCTURE
Opercular cavity
(aka gill chamber)

Dorsal aorta
Aortic arches

Ganglia
Facial ganglion (VII)
(aka geniculate
ganglion)

DESCRIPTIONS

FUNCTION

Paired chamber
continuous with the
gut; contains internal
gills w/ brachial
blood vessels
Blood vessel
Blood vessel;
3-6 aortic arches
because they are gill
bearing
Large mass of nerve
cell bodies

LOCATION

Connect
dorsal and
ventral aorta

Above each gill

chamber
Within branchial
arches and
encircling the
pharynx
Anterior to
auditory
ganglion
Fusion of facial
and auditory
ganglia

Trigeminal ganglion

Larger mass of nerve

cell bodies

Glosopharyngeal

mass of nerve cell

bodies

ganglion (IX)

Operculum
Metencephalon

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

On each sie of
the heart

acoustico-facialis
ganglion

(V) (aka semilunar

ganglion)

ORIGIN

External wall of the

opercular cavity
Anterior subdivision of
the
rhombencephalon

Anterior and
dorsal to the
acousticafacialis ganglion
Below each
auditory vesicle
Formed by a
body fold
Behind the optic
lobes and
medial to the V
ganglion

FATE

LEVEL OF THE PRONEPHROS AND THE FIRST SPINAL GANGLION

STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTIONS

FUNCTION

LOCATION

Spinal cord

Neural canal
(aka central canal)

Gray matter

White matter

Meninges
First spinal ganglia
Myotomes

ORIGIN
From posterior
region of the
neural tube

Cavity that is laterally

compressed by the
thick lateral walls of
the spinal cord
Lined by Ependymal
cells that have cilia
and pigment
granules
Inner layer of the
spinal cord clos to
ependymal
Composed of
neuroblast and
neuroglia
-Peripheral layer of
the spinal cord
- contains the axons
of the neurons in the
gray matter
Membranous
covering of the CNS
Masses of nerve cell
bodies
-Thickened primordia
of skeletal muscles
-Arranged

LONGITUDINALLY

Ventrolateral to
the spinal cord
On each side of
the notochord

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

FATE

STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTIONS

Pleroperitineal cavity

Coelomic cavity
containing the viscer
except heart
Contains the lungs
Contains digestive
organs, associated
glands, kidney and
reproductive organs

Pleural cavity
Peritoneal cav

Esophagus
Dorsal aorta

Tubular organ w/
folded muscular lining
Paired blood vessel

Pronephros

Paired excretory
organs

Pronephric tubules

Ducts of pronephros
lined by cuboidal
epithelium
Blood vessels

Posterior cardinal
veins
Nephrostome

Nephric duct

FUNCTION

Opening of the
pronephric tubules
ino the coelom
-Lone duct observed
at mos caudal
section of pronephros
-moves medially and
joins cloaca where it
empties its contents

LOCATION

ORIGIN

Below the
notochord
Between
notochord and
esophagus
*they will fuse
into a single
blood vessel
posteriorly
Ventrolateral
region of the
body cavity

Supplies
pronephros
w/ blood

w/in pronephros

nephrotome

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

FATE

STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTIONS

FUNCTION

LOCATION

Glomus

-2 triangular shaped
structures
-tufts of small blood
vessels surrounded on
their lateral and
ventral surfaces by
coelom

-functional
components
of pronephric
kidney
-diffuses
waste
products into
coelomic
fluid

Ventral to dorsal
aorta tha hang
down into the
coelomic cavity

Stomach

Posterior continuation
of the esophagus w/
folded lining and
thick muscular walls

Duodenum

Region of the gut

Intestine

Filed with yolk

platelets
Highly vascularized

Liver

sinusoids

Gallbladder
Bile duct
Pancreas

Evaginations
of the
endodermal
lining form the
rudiments of
the gastric
gland

Stores bile

Between pyloric
end of stomach
and intestine
Posterior to the
duodenum
Right of the
midline

Spaces in the liver

One cell thick
Associated w/ liver
Thick walled tube
that appears in place
of gallbladder
Identified by
presence of nest of
cells (alveoli)
surrounding small
ducts

ORIGIN

Secretes bile
-Within curvature
of stomach
-located to the
right of the liver
and bile duct

HOW IS IT
FORMED?

FATE