SYSTEM GOVERNMENT INDONESIA

Paragraph IV of the 1945 Constitution states that the independence of Indonesian nationhood
was compiled in the Constitution of the State of Indonesia is established within the structure of
the Republic of Indonesia is people's sovereignty. Under Article 1 Paragraph 1 of the 1945
Constitution, the State of Indonesia is a unitary state is a republic. Based on this it can be inferred
that Indonesia is a unitary form of the state, while the form of government is a republic.
Apart form the unitary state and the republican form of government, the President of the
Republic of Indonesia holds the power as well as the head of state and head of government. This
was based on Article 4 paragraph 1, which reads, "The President of the Republic of Indonesia
holding the executive power under the Constitution." Thus, the system of government in
Indonesia adopts a presidential system of government. What is a presidential system of
government? To find out, first discussed about the system.
I. Understanding Governance System
The term system of government comes from combination of two words and governance systems.
Said system is a translation of the system (in English) which means the composition, structure,
network, or how. While the government is derived from the government, and which comes from
the word command. those words mean:
a. Command is meaningful words told to do some thing
b. Government is the governing authority of an area, region, or state.
c. Adalaha government works, how, things, matters in ruling
So in the broadest sense, is an act of government ruled by legislative bodies, executive, and
judiciary in a State in order to achieve the objectives of the country. In a narrow sense, is the act
of governing goverment undertaken by the executive branch and its staff in order to achieve the
objectives of the country. System of government is defined as a complete order consisting of
various components of government work interdependent and influence in purpose and function
of government. Power in the State according to Montesquieu classified into three, namely the
Executive Power, which means the power to run any law or rule to govern; Legislative Powers
which means the power to make laws; And Judicial Power which means the power to prosecute
violations of the law. These components include the outline of the executive, legislative and
judicial branches. Thus, the state government system describing the state institutions, the
relationship between state institutions and the workings of state institutions in achieving the
objectives of government of the country concerned.
Purpose governments are generally based on a dream or goal state. For example, the purpose of
government is to protect the whole Indonesian nation Indonesian nation and to promote the
general welfare, the intellectual life of the nation, as well as participate in the establishment of
world order based on freedom, eternal peace and social justice. Institutions that are in the
Indonesian system of government work together and support each other for the realization of the

purpose of government in the country of Indonesia.

In a country which is a republic form of government, the president is head of state and is obliged
to establish departments that will fulfilling their executive powers and fulfilling the law. Each
department will be headed by a minister. If all the ministers that there is coordinated by a prime
minister, it can be referred to the council of ministers / cabinet. Can form a presidential cabinet,
and the Ministerial Cabinet.
a. Presidential Cabinet
Presidential cabinet is a cabinet in which accountability for government policies held by the
president. President doubled as prime minister so that the ministers are not accountable to
parliament / Parliament but to the president. Examples of countries that use the presidential
cabinet system is United States
and Indonesia
b. Ministerial Cabinet
Ministerial cabinet is a cabinet in the run goverment wisdom, either a minister individually or
jointly kebinet all members accountable to Parliament / DPR. Examples of countries that use the
system cabinet are the countries in Western Europe.
When viewed from the manner of its formation, Ministerial cabinet can be divided into two,
namely cabinet extra-parliamentary and cabinet.
Parliamentary cabinet is a cabinet formed by observing and taking into account that there are
voices in the parliament. If seen from the composition (membership composition), parliamentary
cabinet is divided into three, namely the coalition cabinet, the national cabinet, and the cabinet
party.
Extra-kebinet the cabinet formation is not paying attention and taking into account the voices in
parliament and state / DPR.
II. Parliamentary And Presidential System of Government
System of government, is divided into two major classifications, namely:
1. presidential system of government;
2. parliamentary system of government.
In general, countries in the world belong to one of the government system. Any other system of
government is considered as a variation or combination of the above two systems of government.
British state is considered as an ideal type of country that adheres to the parliamentary system of
government. Bhakan, England called the Mother of Parliaments (parent parliament), while the
United States is an ideal type of state with a presidential system of government.

Both countries are referred to as the ideal type for implementing features that executable. Britain
was the first country to run a model of parliamentary government. United States as well as a
pioneer in the presidential system of government. The two countries until now remained
consistent in running the principles of the system of government. Of the two countries, then the
system of governance adopted by other countries part of the world.
Classification of presidential and parliamentary systems of government based on the relationship
between the executive and legislative powers. Referred to a parliamentary system of government
where the executive branch, as the executor of executive power gets the direct supervision of the
legislature. Called a presidential system of government where the executive branch is outside the
direct supervision of the legislature.
For more details, here are the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of a parliamentary
system of government.
The characteristics of a parliamentary system of government is as follows:
Legislature or parliament is the only body whose members are elected directly by the people
through elections. Parliament has the powers of the representative body and the legislature.
MPs made up of people from the political party that won the general choice. The political
party that wins the elections have a great chance to be the majority and have great power in the
parliament.
Government or cabinet composed of the ministers and the prime minister as the leader of the
cabinet. The prime minister is elected by parliament to conduct the executive power. In this
system, the executive is the prime minister as head of government. Cabinet members generally
come from parliament.
Cabinet responsible to parliament and can last throughout the majority of MPs supported. This
means that at any time the parliament could topple the cabinet if the majority of members of
parliament expressed vote of no confidence to the cabinet.
The head of state is not as well as head of government. The head of government is the prime
minister, while the head of state is the president of the republic or the king / sultan in a
monarchy. Head of state does not have the power of government. He just acts sebgai symbol of
sovereignty and integrity of the country.
As a counterweight parliament can impose the president's cabinet or king on the advice of the
prime minister may dissolve parliament. Furthermore, another election was held for a new
parliament that created.
Excess Parliamentary System of Government:
Policymakers can easily be handled quickly because the adjustment of opinion between the
executive and the legislature. This is because the executive and legislative powers are at a party
or coalition.
Lines of responsibility in the creation and implementation of public policy is clear.
Strong oversight from parliament to the cabinet so that the cabinet be please be careful in
running the government.

Disadvantages Parliamentary System of Government:

Position of the executive / cabinet is very dependent on the support of the majority of
parliament that the cabinet at any time be imposed by the parliament.
Continuity of the executive or cabinet position bias not determined in accordance with the end
of his term because any time the cabinet can be dissolved.
Cabinet can control parliament. It happened when the members of the cabinet are members of
parliament and party affiliations meyoritas. Because of their great influence in parliament and
parties, cabinet members can master the parliament.
Parliament became a place of regeneration for executive positions. Their experience of being a
member of parliament and became an important aspect of life used to be a minister or other
executive positions.
In a presidential system of government, the executive and legislative bodies have an independent
position. Both of these entities are not directly connected as in the parliamentary system of
government. They are elected by the people separately.
For more details, here are the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the presidential
system of government.
The characteristics of the system are as follows presidential goverment.
State officials in the hands of the president. President is head of state and head of government.
President is not elected by the parliament, but elected directly by the people or a council board.
Cabinet (Council of Ministers) is formed by the president. Cabinet responsible to the president
and is responsible to the parliament or legislature.
President is not accountable to parliament. That's because the president is not elected by the
parliament.
The president can not dissolve parliament as in the parliamentary system.
Parliament has legislative power and as a representative institution. MPs elected by the people.
The president is not under the direct supervision of the parliament.
Excess Presidential System of Government:
The executive branch is more stable because it does not depend on the position of parliament.
Tenure of the executive branch more clearly to a specific period. For example, the U.S.
presidential term is four years, the President of Indonesia is five years.
Constituent programs easily adapted to cabinet work period of his tenure.
Legislature is not the place for succession planning for executive positions can be filled by
outsiders, including members of parliament itself.
Disadvantages Presidential System of Government:
Executive power beyond the direct control of the legislature so as to create absolute power.

Accountability system is less clear.

Decision-making or public policy generally results bargaining between the executive and
legislative decisions that can occur and the firm does not take a long time.
III. The influence of the State Government System Against Other Countries
System of government in the world countries vary according to the wishes of the country
concerned and in tune with the state and nation. As noted earlier, the presidential system of
government and a parliamentary system of government is a system of government that the two
models used as reference by many countries. U.S. and UK respectively are considered pioneers
of the presidential system of government and a parliamentary system of government. Of the two
models, then emulated by other state-nation bloc.
Examples of countries that use the presidential system of government: the United States, the
Philippines, Brazil, Egypt, and Argentina. And examples of countries that use the parliamentary
system of government: the UK, India, Malaysia, Japan, and Australia.
Although both use a presidential or parliamentary system, there are variations tailored to the
constitutional development of the country concerned. For example, Indonesia's presidential
government system will not be exactly the same with a presidential system of government which
is running in the United States. In fact, certain countries use a mixture of the presidential system
and the parliamentary (mixed parliamentary presidential system). For example, the country of
France today. The country has a president as head of state who has great power, but also a prime
minister appointed by the president to run the day-to-day administration.
Governance system of a country is useful for other countries. One of the important uses of
government system is the system of government of a country to be able to make comparisons to
other countries. A country may make comparisons with the system of government-run system of
government that other countries. Countries can search and find some similarities and differences
between systems of government. The next goal is to develop a system of state government that is
considered better than ever after making comparisons with other countries. They can also adopt
other state government system as a system of government of the country concerned.
State officials, politicians, and state lawmakers held frequent visits to overseas or interstate. They
make observations, assessment, comparison of system of government which visited the country's
system of government. After the visit of the members of the parliament have the knowledge and
insight to be able to develop a more extensive system of state government.
Development of the system of government in Indonesia is also not free from the system of
government make comparisons between countries. As a country with a presidential system,
Indonesia has adopted governance practices in the United States. For example, direct presidential
elections and cheks and balance mechanism. Golkar convention before the election of 2004 was
also modeled on the practice of convention in the United States. However, not all governance
practices in Indonesia merely a pale imitation of the U.S. system of government. For example,
Indonesian institutions recognize the People's Consultative Assembly, whereas in the U.S. there
is no such institution.

Thus, the system of government of a country can be used as a comparison or model that can be
adopted as part of the governance system of another country. United States and Britain have each
been able to prove itself as a country that follows a presidential system of government and
parliamentary Seara ideal. System of government of the two countries subsequently much
imitated by other countries in the world that must be adjusted to the country concerned.
IV. Indonesian Government System
a. Indonesian State Government System Based on Prior Amended 1945.
Principles of the system of government of Indonesia based on the 1945 Constitution before the
amendment of the 1945 Constitution stated in the description of the seven key principal
governance system of the country as follows.
Indonesia is a country based on law (rechtsstaat).
Constitutional system.
Supreme state power in the hands of the People's Consultative Assembly.
President is the organizer of the highest state government under the People's Consultative
Assembly.
President is not accountable to the House of Representatives.
Minister of state is assistant to the president, ministers of state are not accountable to the
House of Representatives.
Heads of state power is not unlimited.
Based on seven key principal system of government, the Indonesian system according to the
1945 presidential government system. The government system is run during the New Order
regime under President Suharto. Characteristics of the system of government that time is a
tremendous power in the presidency. Almost all presidential authority that is set according to the
1945 Constitution without involving consideration or approval of Parliament as representatives
of the people. Therefore, the lack of oversight and without the approval of Parliament, the
powers of the president are very large and tend to be abused. Mekipun weakness, greater power
to the president there is also the positive impact that the president can control the entire
administration of the government so as to create a compact and solid. Governance system is
more stable, not easily fall or change. Conflict and conflict between state officials can be
avoided. However, in practice the system of government in Indonesia trip turned out great
powers in the president himself more harm than benefit the state and nation are didapatkanya.
Entering the Reformation, the Indonesian nation is determined to create a democratic system of
government. For Therefore, a constitutional government or a government based on the
constitution. Constitutional government that characterized the country's constitution contains
the restrictions on the power of government or executive,
guarantee of human rights and the rights of citizens.
Accordingly, reforms to do is make changes or amendments to the 1945 Constitution. to amend
the 1945 constitution to be constitutional, the system is expected to form a better government
than the previous one. Amendment of the 1945 Constitution had been carried out by the

Assembly four times, namely in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. based on the 1945 Constitution as
amended that guide the system govermant Indonesia today.
b. Indonesian state government system Based Upon the 1945 Amended
Now this system of government in Indonesia is still in transition. Prior to the enactment of a new
system of government based on the results of the fourth amendment of the 1945 Constitution in
2002, the Indonesian system is still based on the 1945 Constitution with a few changes in line
with the transition to the new system of government. New system of government is expected to
run from 2004 subsequent to the 2004 elections.
Principles of the Indonesian system are as follows.
A unitary state with broad principles of regional autonomy. Country is divided into several
provinces.
Form of government is a republic, while the presidential system of government.
President is head of state and head of government as well. President and vice president elected
directly by the people in a single package.
Cabinet or a minister appointed by the president and is responsible to the president.
Parliament consists of two parts (bicameral), House of Representatives (DPR) and the
Regional Representative Council (DPD). The board members are members of the Assembly.
Parliament has legislative power and authority oversee the running of the government.
Judicial power is run by the Supreme Court and judicial bodies underneath.
The government system also takes the elements of the system of parliamentary government and a
reform to eliminate the weaknesses that exist in the presidential system. Several variations of the
presidential system of government in Indonesia is as follows;
President can be dismissed at any time by the Assembly upon the recommendation of the
House of Representatives. So, Parliament still has the power president overseeing though
indirectly.
Appoints an acting president in the country need consideration or approval of Parliament.
President in issuing certain policies need consideration or approval of Parliament.
Parliament was given greater powers in terms of shaping the law and the right budget (budget)
Thus, there are new changes in the Indonesian system. It was intended to fix the old presidential
system. The new changes, such as the direct election, the bicameral system, the mechanism
cheks and balance, and giving greater powers to the parliament to conduct oversight and
budgetary functions.
Conclusion
Describe the system of government, institutions that work and walking interconnected with each
other towards achieving the objectives of the country. State institutions in a political system
includes four main institutions, namely the executive, bureaucratic, legislative, and judicial
branches. In addition, there are other institutions or other elements such as parliament, elections,
and the council of ministers.

Division of the system of government in a modern state divided into two, namely the presidential
and ministerial (parliament). Distribution of presidential and parliamentary systems of
government based on the relationship between the executive and legislative powers. In a
parliamentary system, the executive gets the direct supervision of the legislature. Conversely, if
the executive branch is beyond the legislative oversight is a presidential system of government.
In a republican system of government, state institutions it operates according to democratic
mechanisms, while the monarchical system of government, the institutions work according to
different principles.
Different system of government of a country with a system of government that is run in other
countries. However, there are also some similarities between the country's system of government.
For example, the two countries have the same system of government.
Change of government in the state occurred at a critical time, when the transfer of power or
leadership in the country. Change of government occurred in Indonesia between 1997 and 1999.
It stems from the financial crisis and the economic crisis.