Professional Documents
Culture Documents
continuous casting
Romain Forestier, Frederic Costes, Olivier Jaouen, Michel Bellet
"# $
%%&
) %%&* &.#$%
!" #
!
$
1 23
9 5
; * * 9
* ,
5
*
*,
5
2
5,
5
"
<
9
+
*
*
5,
*
@
) 3
, ; 5
9
, 5
9
A'B
" ,
3 2
>9
5
5,
5 5
9 5
;2
"
9
28
*
*
@
*
, ,
*
5,
5
5,
3
5,
"
,
,
5 2
5
"
5
9,
5,
; 3
,
*
*
< *
9 5 3 <
5 6
,
, 5
2 "
9
5
5 *
*
5
, ,
9
5 2 +, 5
*
*
9
5
2
95
A B
*
5,
,,
2
5
5 65
5, 5
"
9
+ 5,
3 ,
"
9 5
, 5
5
*
;
2
* 9
5
A B
,
,
=
92 * ,
2 +,
5, +
2
2 3
,
*
2 ;
9 5
5 65
5
+ 5, $ <
A B
<
* 9
5
;; * * ?
9
99
5,
95
9 +,
9
:; * * 9,
9 9
,
; 6
9
, < * ")!
"
;
9
,
5
, 5
*
9
9
,
2
,
;2 + 5,
9
,,
*
5
* ,
:
5
23
*
, , 9
93
;
5 5
@
* , 9 5
2
5 65
5
29
9
;
99
*
4* ,9 5
*
9
* 9
5
5 "
5
;=
9 ,, 2 *
7
, ,
*
,
$ %&&'( (% & ) *
"
,
,
! ! - . /
%0 (
,
,
*
:
,,
>
3
"
5
"
'
")!
93
")!
,
5
5
*
3
9 ;
"
"
"
9 5
9,
"-;
,
,,
")!
,
9
9 5
2;
"
* 9
5
9
,
4
* 7
>
;
2 # * *
!
#!
5, + ;
9
92 *
2
,
2 5 2
5
9
7
5
# * *
9 5
3
<
5
. 3
6
, < * 9
6
;
A(B 7
5
@
55
2
*
5 65
7
,
,
@
6. 3
2
*
* #!
5,
,
, ,
;5 *
88
!.
5
" 5
9
=
9
!
552 ;
5
;2 ,
; *
* ,
*
3 9
9
,
9*
"
C ;
.
26
,,
2 , ,
;2
)
A0B , 5
* ;
5 5
5
* 9
,
7
5
5
9
D
5
D
3
2 ,
; 5
;
2
,
,
*
8
,
3
*
; * * ,
/ *
C. 9 5
2
5
*5
5,
5
2 +,
*
*
5
5
*
2 99
+ 5
,, 8
9
5
5
, 9 5
*
+
E 5
*
*2
5 5
5
*
A%BAFB
Liquid metal
injection
9
*
*5
9 5
AGBAFB
25
9 ,
Heat transfer
Heat transfer
Bloom
Copper mould
Cooling spray
Supporting rolls
Imposed
casting speed
C ;
* 9
5
3
,,
26
<
!@
*
*
2
, 9 5
5 65
5,
5
91 8 3<
A &B 9 $
9
5
, 5
9
99
;
3
;2
A B
15
7
5,
,
1 8 3<
A &B 3
9
*
5
; 3
&6
&60 6
9
5,
77 9 1 8 3 <
A &B
; 9 5
9
3
= ( )
*
3 <
3
99
9 3
5,
,
7
@
@
*
2
5,
;
. 3
3
;
"
2
@
99
A B
9
" ;
A B
3 *
9 69
69
9
, ; 5
A B 3
9
<
3
; 3
4
,
G(& H
;
'&& H
,
99
9 5
9
"
3
,
2
@
5,
4
( )
=
3
5,
5,
<
=(
I
3
, 5
5
"
) (
5
, ; 5
; 3
<2
2
E,
(
=
= =
,
5
9 +
5,
"
,
>
9 +
2
9
; 3
4 = (
7
5
2
,
"
)
*
)3
+
5
,
,,
9 +
@
*
*
5
9 +
2
"
<
9
85
* , 3
5
;2
5
5
2
<
5
3
5
9 6
, 5
5
6 2, ;
*
, 2
2 A 'BA (BA 0B "
99
9 5
>&
34
=&
3
9
"
2 5,
+,
9 + "
*
5
.
,
* ,
2
2
5
, 5
5
*
5
;
5
3
* 3
5,
@
;
2 9
I=
9 +
34
3; 3
I=
"
3
* 5 ,
@
5,
* 5
*
A 0B
9
3
,
9 K 5 <
"
5
E
A FB ,
+,
A %B ,
9
34
= L
3
5 * * 5,
2
* 3
;
?
5,
*
9
9
A GB "
A B
;
5
+
,
9 5
23
5,
,
9
,
7
;
;2 5 6
*
A& G:& GGB K
5 28
2 9
"
5
")!
)
C ,
9
5
;
=
2
; 3
2 7
" >
*
5
*
* ,9 5
@
* 5
;
2 99
* , A5B 9 5
9
2
* ,9 5 *
2 9
9
@
,
<
9
29
* 7
3
5
,
9
5 2 ,,
5
*
3 ")!
" 9*
9*
< 5 29 5
*
5 65
5
9
,,
3
,, ,
,
3
"
"
<
2,
5,
9
*
,
5
5
3
' ?
; 5
3
*
, 9 5
*
,
3
*
3
5
9
,
*
3
A B
3 4
5,
" 5,
; 5
3
9
9
AH B
,4
5
5,
3 +
5
;
< * 3
5
9 52
< ?
*
; 3
5
, 2*
9
9 5 "
,
5
9
,
* ,3
9
9*
' "
+ 5,
* 9
9
,
* ,9 5
*
*
5,
5 *
29 5
5
*
, 5 5
5 3
,
5
, 5 5
, )
9
5
* ,
9 5 ?
5
< *
;
5,
9*
(
9
3, 9 2
5
< * "
;
* 95
, A &B
1.4
1.2
Shrinkage (mm)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
95
< * 3
9 5
* ,
* "
2 9
9
9 @
; 5
3
* ,
0
" 5
,
,
; 9
9
;
*
3
;
5
* >
5 65
5
A'B
A B
9
5
*
5
5,
3
,
;2 $ <
E 9
,
,
*
* ,
9
; 5
5* ;
9
)
5
5,
3
3
6 ,
,
@
5
? 9
;
99
* ,
3
9*
0;
*
9
;2 K 5 <
A FB
* 9
2
*
; 5
9
6 ,
5
"
9
9
6 ,
5
* ,9 5 *
9*
% )
5
*
5
;
5,
*
9*
a)
non-tapered
*
0
; K 5
tapered
7 9
<
95
A FB
b) non-tapered
,
*
, =
tapered
* , A5B 9 5
9
0.1
6 ,
A&:& B
0.0
*
)
"
"
% #@
5 65
5
5,
5
*
K
*
9
,
9
*
F "
)
;
9
9
* , 5
;
, *
9
5
5 2
;
5,
2 9*
55 5 ;
;
A B
2 ; *
9
, 5 2
3
,,
9 5
2
5
3 *
9
*
Mould exit
Supporting
roll
9
9
9 ;
G
3
,
, ; ; 2 ) 3
A FB
M4
2 3
5 2
,,
*
F
5,
,
9 5 +5 5
K 5 <
3
5
*
,
5
3
3
, 9 5
* ,
9*
9
,
99
& "
* ,
5
;
7 , 5
2 9 , 2
* ,
3 *
*
2
5,
,
0.01
G K 5
<
2
A FB
*
, 5 2
*
9,
@
* <
5
5
2
Casting speed : V
*
5
& 7 9
")!
;
9
9K 5
"
;
9
9
*
"
K 5
, 5
<
5
9*
9
<
;
2,
;
" ,
9
3
5,
*
9
+
N
9 ;
;
A FB
3
< 5 29 5
a) Pressure field
<
*
+
"
* ,
A FB
K 5
<
93
")!
"
2
9
9 5
9
@
; 5
; 3
5
;
7
;
3
>9
5 5
*
9
5 65
;
9
9
, 5
;
5,
9,
, 5
9 5
9 9
7
2
9 ,, ,
;
*
, 3
5 5
9
5
2 , 5
5
5
3
,
* "
9
5,
*
* 5
3
6
;
7
3
5
5
;
5
5,
9,
5 9
@
2 9
2
5
"
+ 5,
3 3 2
5
5
2
, 5
@
2 9
,
,
2 9
5
A B 1 $ <
C " 5 7J
5
<
2
9
5 5
;
;
*3
99
5
7 5 < *
5 < * G &&
6 %
A B . "
#
$
; 2
5 5
5
* 9
*
5
;
9
@
2 #
5
* 7" &
&&( ' 6 (
A B K
?
" K
>
1)
3
9
<9 5
2
"
&&& %%G %G'
3 >
= $> #
1
"
99
9 5
9 + , ,
A'B
5 65
;
*;
* 7 7 7 '% &&% G(6 &'
A(B
J>
#! 5
9
9
5
*
5,
,,
! ** G
&&' ' ((6' F
)
3 6 5
9
5
5 5
,,
A0B
* ;
6
2
9
* 7 7 7 '' &&' 0F06 0G(
A%B
)
>
5 5
5
9
2
9
* 9
* ?
*
*8
9
* $
& 7
9
$
"
&&
G 6'&&
AFB
5 5
@
5
,
5
9
N
$ >
!
.
,
$
&&'
AGB
5
,
5
9
,
O
2
5 5
@
9
5
,P
$ >
!
.
,
$
GGF
A &B $ 1 8 3 <
C " 5
88 ) ? * 5,
@
9
* 5,
*
"
GG G& 6G F
A B
$
5
!+, 5
2
2
9
* 6
5,
5
, ,
9
*
7
9
5,
!+, 5
5 $
&&( %(% - %0F
A B>
K
?
" K
1)
1 $ <
) K5 )*
5,
9 5
;
9 ;
69
*
7 7 7
G GGG G 6
GF
>. #
;
9
;
*
A B1) 15 1)
*
,
J
' .
GG0 ,, & 6 &%
A 'B
/
8 )
9
*3
3 6
, 2
*
2
* 8
9
* ,
$
0G
5 < *
9
?
*
J 0G
<
GF0 ( 6(
A (B )
; C 1
1 ?Q
; * )
9
2
2
*
*
9
9
7 5 < *
5 < *
GF'
6 '(
A 0B
!6
2 . # <
)
<
5
9
*
2
*8
*,
7 5 < *
5 < *
GG( '06 ((
A %B
K
)
*
*
9
- !+, 5
8
5 5
5
*
! ! *
"
& &&F 6%
A FB
K 5 < 1 . < =5 1 K 5
) 1 3
5 1 . <
5
9
9
9
< *
?
9
$
J
,, 8
"
GG
%G6 F'
A GB
,
R
9
+, 5
5
5 5
@
$ >
!
.
,
$
&&%
A &B
9
C " 5 C # / >
*
"
, 58
95
, 9
7 6> 5
; 5
#
*
G
H ' GG' 0&G60 &
#
C " 5
+5 5
* ,
9
;
;
;6
A B
5
; * * 5,
F(
5 < *
9 $
7
?
$
&&
&G6 &