Eee-Viii-electrical Design Estimation and Costing 10ee81 - Solution

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing
10EE82
VTU Question Solution
Unit-1
1.Define the estimating and mention the purpose of estimating and costing.
(Jan-2016)
Estimating is an art of assessment of quantities of different items and cost thereof to plan the
amount required for executing a work before actually carrying out the work.
OR
Estimating means to determine the quantities of various items required to execute a job and to
assets the cost of execution.
2.Write a short note on comparative statement.
(Jan-2016)
Bidding goods and services is important for several reasons. The bidding process:
allows "comparison shopping" for the best pricing and service
allows for an informed and objective choice among potential suppliers
encourages competition among suppliers provides a standard for comparing price, quality, and
service
provides a list of qualified suppliers for future bids
provides access to University business for suppliers
The bid process begins with the development of a set of specifications or objectives. The
Contract Administrator (CA) in conjunction with the requester must define the requirements
exactly. Colleagues, technical personnel, trade manuals, and suppliers may be consulted for
assistance in developing specifications. The requirements are then communicated to the selected
suppliers by a Request for Quotation (RFQ) or a Request for Proposal (RFP).
3.Briefly explain the modes of tendering.
(Jan-2016)
Prepare Reasonable Cost Estimates Project cost estimating is not an exact science; however,
estimators are expected to prepare reasonable project cost estimates that represent the cost to
complete the project. These costs include those required not only for the contractor to construct
Department of EEE, SJBIT
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the project but, also includes the costs for the purchase of right of way, mitigation of
environmental issues and any other costs that will be incurred to complete the project.
Project alternatives and their associated cost estimates must be thoroughly compiled by diligently
using all of the available data, modifying that data with good judgment and using past cost
estimating experience so that the cost estimates can be used with confidence. Coordination
between the project planning cost estimates, the project design cost estimates, and the
specifications and policies that will be in place during the construction of the project is required.
Cost Estimates are Not Static Cost estimates, in a sense, are never completed. They are not static,
but have to be reviewed continually to keep them current. The Project Manager (PM) is
responsible for keeping the project cost estimate up-to-date throughout the project development
process, reviewing all project cost estimates and ensuring that the current project cost estimates
are entered into the Project Management data base and a hard copy is in the project file.
4. What is estimating and what are the importance of the estimating and costing(Jun -2015)
Electrical estimating is a process used by electricians, construction managers and engineers to
determine the amount and cost of electricity required for a specific location or process. There are
two general methods of creating accurate electrical estimates: computer software or manual
calculations. Both methods have value, benefits and risks. Original electrical estimating software
options were quite clumsy to use, but recent enhancements have vastly improved this tool for
electrical estimation.
Electrical estimating computer software has increased in popularity as it has improved in quality
and performance. This tool is designed for use by electricians, architects and electrical engineers.
There are different versions available for residential, commercial or prototype development.
An estimating technique is an approach to predicting cost or revenue. Using a consistent
methodology is important to achieve reliable and comparable results. Firms may have specific
policies their personnel have to follow when making estimates to ensure that the approach will
be similar no matter who prepares the estimate. This can help reduce problems associated with
variances in methodology, like an offer from one mechanic in a shop of a very low price for
service while another indicates the cost of a job will be much higher.
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When preparing estimates, people can broadly divide them into detailed and approximate types.
Approximate estimates offer a rough guess of the cost, based on similar projects, experience, and
quick research. They can be helpful for getting a general idea of expenses before proceeding with
a more detailed estimate. For people soliciting estimates, they can't be quoted as firm bids, but
may provide a frame of reference. A homeowner looking for a new roof, for example, could ask
for an approximate estimate from several contractors to learn more about the range of possible
prices.
5.Explain the following:1)Electrical schedules 2)Catalogues 3)Purchase system 4)Market

survey .
(Jun -2015)
Electrical Schedule:
The electrical load schedule is an estimate of the instantaneous electrical loads operating in a
facility, in terms of active, reactive and apparent power (measured in kW, kVAR and kVA
respectively). The load schedule is usually categorised by switchboard or occasionally by subfacility / area.
Catalogues:
The main objective of a catalogue is to promote the products and services offered by your
company. A catalogue layout properly designed must show your company's products or services
arranged neatly, so that they can be easily recognized; and, at the same time, it must look
attractive to improve your sales. In addition, the catalogue layout must be strategically arranged
in order to give more importance to certain items or to make the catalogue look more eyecatching. Finally, the visual coherence on which a company's corporate Image is supported must
be kept. A catalogue may promote products within promotional packages or lithe known
products; it may inform the audience about the new comfort and convenience of a service or it
can simply contain small businesses' month offers.
Market Survey and source selection:
Market research is a continuous process for gathering data on product characteristics, suppliers'
capabilities and the business practices that surround themplus the analysis of that data to make
acquisition decisions. This requires one to collect and analyze information about the market that
subsequently can be used to determine whether the need can be met by products or services
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available in the commercial market; whether commercial practices regaiding customizing,

modifying products or tailoring services are available to meet customer needs; what are the
customary terms and conditions, including warranty, buyer financing, and discounts under which
commercial sales are made; and whether the distribution and logistics support capabilities of
potential suppliers are sufficient to meet the needs of the government. Marret research
information can be used to shape the acquisition strategy, to determine the type and content of
the product description or statement of work, to develop the support strategy, the terms and
conditions included in the contract, and the evaluation factors used for source selection.
Various locational difficulties are described:
1. Remoteness
2. Confined sites
3. Labor availability
4. Weather
5. Design considerations (related to location).
6. Vandalism and site security
6. List out guidelines for inviting tenders.
(Jan -2015)
Bidding goods and services is important for several reasons. The bidding process:
allows "comparison shopping" for the best pricing and service
allows for an informed and objective choice among potential suppliers
encourages competition among suppliers provides a standard for comparing price, quality, and
service
provides a list of qualified suppliers for future bids
provides access to University business for suppliers
The bid process begins with the development of a set of specifications or objectives. The
Contract Administrator (CA) in conjunction with the requester must define the requirements
exactly. Colleagues, technical personnel, trade manuals, and suppliers may be consulted for
Page 4
10EE82
assistance in developing specifications. The requirements are then communicated to the selected
suppliers by a Request for Quotation (RFQ) or a Request for Proposal (RFP).
7. Write the necessity of estimating and costing.
(Jan-2015)
Electrical estimating is a process used by electricians, construction managers and engineers to

determine the amount and cost of electricity required for a specific location or process. There are
two general methods of creating accurate electrical estimates: computer software or manual
calculations. Both methods have value, benefits and risks. Original electrical estimating software
options were quite clumsy to use, but recent enhancements have vastly improved this tool for
electrical estimation.
Electrical estimating computer software has increased in popularity as it has improved in quality
and performance. This tool is designed for use by electricians, architects and electrical engineers.
There are different versions available for residential, commercial or prototype development.
An estimating technique is an approach to predicting cost or revenue. Using a consistent
methodology is important to achieve reliable and comparable results
8. Explain by giving examples for the following terms.

i) Contingencies ii) Overhead charges iii) Profit
(June-2014)
Estimating the cost of labor for electrical construction can vary greatly from project to project,
depending on the installation crews experience and the complexity of the project. Charging an
hourly installation rate is common for electrical contractors until installation data (number of
hours per installer for job completion) can be collected and projects can be estimated based on
the amount of work.
Electrical contractors are responsible for installing, repairing, and maintaining electrical systems
in homes and commercial buildings. Due to the differences in skills and costs between home
systems and commercial systems, most companies will focus solely on either residential or
commercial work. Fortunately, the process of pricing an electrical job is similar no matter what
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type of building is involved. For those with a basic understanding of construction and electricity,
it is fairly easy to price an electrical job and develop an appropriate estimate.
9. Explain activities of Purchase department.
(June-2014)
FUNCTION/ROLE OF A PURCHASING DEPARTMENT
To buy at the right time, right price and right terms

Ensuring the continuity of supply
Selection and evaluation of suppliers/vendors
Aware of long-term and short term effects

Preserving and enhancing reputation of company
Aware of all supply options
Maintain stock level
MAJOR PURCHASING ACTIVITIES
Obtaining and analyzing quotations of vendors/suppliers

Interview representatives and correspondence
Deciding best buying terms and conditions
Negotiating and checking contracts

Scheduling orders and following up
Work with finance department to obtain discount, matching invoices, verify receipt,
purchase journal entry,passing of invoices for payment and settlement of accounts

Disposing of surpluses
Other activities like assisting with preparation of material expenditure/purchasing budget.
Unit 2
1. Briefly explain the factors to be considered while deciding choice of wiring sys(Jan-2016)
General rules for interior wiring:
1) No lighting circuit should contain more than 10 points of lights, fans and socket outlets or a
total load of 800 W.
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2) Switches must always be placed on the live wires only.

3) Each circuit should be provided with a separate cut-out in the distribution boards for their live
wires.
4) When the total load exceeds 800 W for lighting only, 3-ph supply is to be taken and the load is
to be distributed equally among the three phases.
5) No power circuit should contain more than 3000 W load and in no case, more than two socket
outlets are allowed in one power circuit.
6) The main switch board must be fixed within 15 cms from the meter board (MB) so that it is
easily accessible to disconnect in case of emergency.
7) The meter board, main switch and distribution board are to be installed at a minimum height
of 1.5 m from the floor.
8) All sub-circuits (lighting or power circuit) should have its own continuous earth wire
(each sub-circuit is earthed separately).
9) The wall plug socket should be of 3-pin type and the third (big) terminal is always connected
to the earth. Adequate numbers of socket outlets are to be provided at suitable places in all rooms
so as to avoid use of long lengths of flexible cords. Only 3-pin, 5A socket outlets are to be used
in all light and fan circuits and only 3-pin, 5A socket outlets are to be used in all power circuits.
All socket outlets are to be mounted at a minimum height of 1.3 m above floor and are to be
controlled by individual switches which are to be located immediately adjacent to it. For 5A
socket outlets installed at a height of 25 cm above the floor, the switch may, if desired, be
mounted at a height of 1.3 m above the floor level. Socket outlets accessible to children should
be shuttered or interlocked type. No socket outlet of rating higher than 15 A is to be installed.
Appliances requiring a current of more than 15 A shall be connected through a double pole
switch of appropriate rating. Socket outlets are not to be located centrally behind the appliances
connected to them.
10) The power (or heating) circuit must be drawn separately in AEH (All Electric
Home)installations from the meter board itself.
11) When the total load exceeds 5 kVA, the installation must have an ELCB (Earth Leakage
Circuit Breaker).
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12) All the metal parts like metal sheaths / conduits of wiring and metal casings of all consumer
appliances (starter body, iron clad switches etc.) must be earthed properly to avoid danger due
to electric shock.
13) The current rating of the conductor used should be corresponding to the connected load to
ensure safety to the consumers. Also, all light conductors are to be insulated or otherwise
safeguarded to avoid danger.
15) All incandescent lamps should have a minimum clearance of 2.5 m from the floor level and
ceiling fan should have a minimum clearance of 2.75 m from the floor.
16) The height at which conduit runs on a wall (horizontal run) must be a minimum of 3 m from
the floor.
17) A switch board which contains switches, sockets, regulators etc. is to be installed such that
its bottom lies 1.25 m above the floor.
18) The distance between the ceiling and the horizontal run may vary from 0.25 m to 0.5 m and
depends on the type of building.
19) No fuse or switch is provided on an earthed conductor.
20) Each circuit is to be protected from drawing excessive current (due to overload or insulation
failure) by a fuse or automatic circuit breaker.
21) Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of supply cables by a
main switch and fuse unit. The main switch shall have two poles in case of single phase supply
three poles in case of three phase supply.
22) Depending on the size of the kitchen, one or two 3-pin, 15 A socket outlets are to be provided
to plug-in hot plates and other appliances. Dining rooms, living rooms and bed rooms, if
required, are to be provided with at least one 3-pin, 15 A socket outlets in each.
23) Every circuit or apparatus is to be provided with a separate means of isolation such as a
switch.
24) No additional load is to be connected to an existing installation without ensuring that the
installation
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25) Lamp holders used in bath rooms are to be constructed or shrouded in insulating materials
and fitted with protective shield and the earth continuity conductor shall not be less than 7/0.915
mm size.
26) The switch board and socket outlets should not be fixed at locations where there are chances
of water entering even in traces.
27) Looping of neutral and phase wires may be done on any one of the brass connectors
embedded in insulating material such as in junction box terminals or switch terminals or holder
terminals, etc.
28) After completion of work, the installations are to be tested for insulation resistance, polarity
of single pole switches, earth resistance and earth continuity before energization.
2.List out the general rules and guidelines for residential installation.
(Jun -2015)
1. Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of supply cables by 2linked main switch and a fuse unit.
2. Conductor used is to be of such a size that it carry load current safely.
3. Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fuse board.
4. A switch board is to be installed so that its bottom lies 1.25mts above the floor.
5. All plugs & socket outlets are of 3-pin type
6. All incandescent lamps are to be hung at ht of 2.5mt above the floor
7. No fuse or switch is to be provided in earthed conductor
8. In any building , light, fan power wiring are to be kept separately.
9. Unless otherwise specified, the clearance between the bottom most point of the ceiling fan and
the floor shall be not less than 2.4 m. the minimum clearance between the ceiling and the plane
of the blade shall be not less than 30 cm.
10. Each 15 A socket outlet provided in building for the use of domestic appliances such as AC,
water cooler etc.
11. Each socket outlet shall be controlled by a switch which shall preferably be located
immediately adjacent thereto or combined therewith.
12. Ordinary socket outlet may be fixed at any convenient place at a height above 20 cm from
the floor level. In a situation where the socket outlet is accessible to children, socket outlet which
automatically gets screened by the withdrawal of plug is preferable.
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3.Estimating the quantity of materials required for writing a newly constructed building
where plan is shown in fig Assume the details of the load All dimensions are in meters
(Jun -2015)
KITCHEN
HALL
BATH
3
ROOM
3.(J
VERANDAH
un
4
4
201
5)(J
Total Loadun
= 4.5kW = 4.5 x1000W = 4500W
20% additional
load = 4500 x (20/100) = 900W
201
Total Load = 4500W + 900W = 5400W
5)5
1.(Ju
n201
3
5)(Ju
n
2201
5)5
Total Current = I = P/V = 5400W /220V =24.5A

Now select the size of cable for load current of 24.5A (from Table 1) which is 7/0.036 (28
Amperes) it means we can use 7/0.036 cable according table 1.
Now check the selected (7/0.036) cable with temperature factor in Table 3, so the temperature
factor is 0.94 (in table 3) at 40C (104F) and current carrying capacity of (7/0.036) is 28A,
therefore, current carrying capacity of this cable at 40C (104F) would be
Current rating for 40C (104F) = 28 x 0.94 = 26.32 Amp.
Since the calculated value (26.32 Amp) at 40C (104F) is less than that of current carrying
capacity of (7/0.036) cable which is 28A, therefore this size of cable (7/0.036) is also suitable
with respect to temperature.
Now find the voltage drop for 100feet for this (7/0.036) cable from Table 4 which is 7V, But in
our case, the length of cable is 35 feet. Therefore, the voltage drop for 35feet cable would be
Actual Voltage drop for 35feet = (7 x 35/100) x (24.5/28) = 2.1V
And Allowable voltage drop = (2.5 x 220)/100 = 5.5V
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Here The Actual Voltage Drop (2.1V) is less than that of maximum allowable voltage drop of
5.5V. Therefore, the appropriate and most suitable cable size is (7/0.036) for that given load for
Electrical Wiring Installation
4. What are the general rules to be followed for internal wiring.
(Jan-2015)
1. Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of supply cables by 2linked main switch and a fuse unit.
2. Conductor used is to be of such a size that it carry load current safely.
3. Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fuse board.
4. A switch board is to be installed so that its bottom lies 1.25mts above the floor.
5. All plugs & socket outlets are of 3-pin type
6. All incandescent lamps are to be hung at ht of 2.5mt above the floor
7. No fuse or switch is to be provided in earthed conductor
8. In any building , light, fan power wiring are to be kept separately.
9. Unless otherwise specified, the clearance between the bottom most point of the ceiling fan and
the floor shall be not less than 2.4 m. the minimum clearance between the ceiling and the plane
of the blade shall be not less than 30 cm.
10. Each 15 A socket outlet provided in building for the use of domestic appliances such as AC,
water cooler etc.
11. Each socket outlet shall be controlled by a switch which shall preferably be located
immediately adjacent thereto or combined therewith.
12. Ordinary socket outlet may be fixed at any convenient place at a height above 20 cm from
the floor level. In a situation where the socket outlet is accessible to children, socket outlet which
automatically gets screened by the withdrawal of plug is preferable.
5. The fig shows the plan of a low income group government quarter. Draw the single line
dia for lighting and heating circuits on the sketch. Calculate total load , length and size of
the wire by taking safety factor equals to two.
(June-2014)
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Total load of Sub-Circuit 1

= (2 x 1000) + (4 x 80) + (2120)
= 2000W + 320W + 240W = 2560W
Current for Sub-Circuit 1 = I = P/V = 2560/230 = 11.1A
Total load of Sub-Circuit 2
= (6 x 80) + (5 x 100) + (4 x 800)
= 480W + 500W + 3200W= 4180W
Current for Sub-Circuit 2 = I = P/V = 4180/230 = 18.1A
Therefore, Cable suggested for sub circuit 1 = 3/.029 (13Amp) or 1/1.38mm (13Amp)
Cable suggested for Sub-Circuit 2 = 7/.029 (21Amp) or 7/0.85mm (24Amp)
Total Current drawn by both Sub-Circuits = 11.1A + 18.1A = 29.27
So cable suggested for Main-Circuit = 7/.044 (34Amp) 0r 7/1.04mm (31Amp)
Unit 3
1. List out the design consideration of electrical installation in commercial bldgs.(Jan-2016)
Design consideration of Electrical Installation in Commercial building:
i. Deciding the number of Sub-circuits: The total load in a commercial building is calculated
taking into consideration the general lighting load,the motor load and other power loads.
The total requirements are then tabulated and the number and size of sub-circuits are
determined. The load on each light-fan sub-circuits shall be restricted to 800 watts or 10
outlets and the load on each power sub-circuit should be restricted to 3000 watts or 2
outlets.
ii. Deciding the size of rating of switch boards and distribution boards: Sub circuits are fed
from sub-distribution boards, which is turn are fed from main distribution boards and to
which supply comes from the main switch board. The sub-distribution boards, maindistribution boards, sub-switch boards, and main switch boards are designed stage by stage
considering the load at different levels. The distribution fuse boards shall be located as near
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as possible to the centre of the load they are intended to control. They shall be marked
"Lighting" or "Power" as the case may be, and also marked with voltage and number of
phases of the supply. (Refer IS: 732 - 1983)
iii. Deciding the size of Cables: The size of cables or conductors feeding the different stages of
supply connection can be found out by calculating the actual current value at each stage.
For electricity distribution from a substation or main switch board to a number of subswitchboards, PVC insulated armored and PVC sheathed cable installed in under ground
trenches should be made use of.
iv. Deciding the size of conduits: The size of conduit is determined from the size of the cables
and the number of cables to be drawn though it. The conduit size is stated in term of its
outer diameter.
v. Bus bar and bus bar chamber: Bus bar camber consists of bus bars which are strips of
copper or aluminium. The incoming lines are connected to these distribution bus bars
through the main switch fuse and the load circuits are supplied from the bus bar through
the switch fuse units. In a bus-bar chamber these are fixed four of which three are for the
three phases and the fourth for the neutral. The size of busbar chamber depend on (a) size
and number of strips used, (b) number and rating of switches to be mounted on it.
vi. Mounting arrangement of switchboards and distribution boards: Switchboards and
distribution boards can be mounted on to the wall or on the floor. Any type of mounting frame
can be made with suitable angle iron. The size of angle iron depends upon the weight and size of
the switchboard or distribution board to be mounted on the frame.
2.Explain the determination of load calculation selection of size of service connection and
nature of supply.
(Jun -2015)
Conduit wiring :
Rigid non-metallic conduits are used for surface, recessed and concealed conduit wiring.
Conductors of ac supply and dc supply shall be bunched in separate conduits. The
numbers of insulated cables that may be drawn into the conduit are given in table.
Maximum permissible number of 1.1 kV grade single core cables that may be drawn into
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rigid non metallic conduits Conduit shall be fixed by saddles secured to suitable wood
plugs or other plugs with screws at an interval of not more than 60 cm. whenever
necessary, bends or diversions may be achieved by bending the conduits or by employing
normal bends, inspection bends, inspection boxes, elbows or similar fittings.
3. Fig Shows the plan of ground floor of school building .School building consists at ground
floor ,1st floor and 2nd floor having same plan that of ground floor. Draw single line
diagram for ground floor and calculate materials required for three floors.
10
7.(
Ju
n20
Class
15
)(J
Room
un
1
20
15
)5
7.(
Ju
n20
Class
15
)(J
Room
un
2
20
15
)5
7.(
Ju
n20
Class
15
)(J
Room
un
-3
20
15
)5
7.(
Ju
n20
Staff
15
)(J
room
un
20
15
)5
1.(J
un 201
5)(J
un
Wc201
1
5)5
Wc
2
(Jun -2015)
Wc
3
Wc
4
1.(
(all dimensions are in meters)
Ju
n20
i.15
Number of Sub-circuits:
)(J
un
Taking
8 points per circuit or 560 W per
20
No.
of Sub-circuits in ground floor main
15
)5
Passage
circuit
building = 45 / 8 = 6
No. of Sub-circuits in first floor main building = 44 / 8 = 2 No's 10 way single phase ICDB's are
required for wiring the circuits in the two floors.
No. of Sub-circuits in ground floor Auxillary building = 30 / 8 = 4
No. of Sub-circuits in first floor Auxillary building = 27 / 8 = 4
2 No's 10 way single phase ICDB's are required for wiring the circuits in the two floors.
Then 1 no. 4 way single phase ICDB is required for wiring the 4 no's 15A power socket outlets.
ii. Deciding the cable size:
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i. Total wattage of the scheme = 16900 watts = 16.9 kw, 3-phase 4 wire system of supply is
choosen.
Load current = 16900 23.5 3 415 L IA = =
3 1/2 core 25 sq mm PVC insulated aluminium conductor cable or four core 7/2.24 mm
aluminium conductor cable of current carrying capacity 42A can be used.
(Higher size of cable is choosen taking into account the future expansion of the building)
ii. The distribution boards are located at different locations as shown in fig. 3.3 and 3.4. Cable
has to be run from the main switch board to the different distribution boards in each area.
a) Average load on DB.1 and DB.3 = 3960 watts.
Load current = 3960 16.5 240 A =
Single core 1/2.24 mm aluminium conductor cable of current carrying capacity 20A can be used
for connecting MSB and DB's 1 and 3.
b) Average load on DB.2 and DB.4 = 2640 watts.
Load current = 2640 11.0 240 A =
for connecting MSB and DB's 2 and 4.
c) Average load on DB.5 = 4000 watts.
Load current = 4000 16.67 240 A =
for connecting MSB and DB.5.
iii. a) Wiring of light, Fan and 5A Socket points from the distribution boards can be done by
1/1.40 mm single core aluminium conductor cable.
b) Wiring of 15A power socket points from the DB.5 can be done by 1/1.80 mm single core
aluminium conductor cable.
iii. Deciding the switchboards and distribution boards:
The rating of switch boards & distribution boards are decided by knowing the load current,
each level. 10 way, 6 way or 4 way. Single phase 15A per way ICDB's can control the different
sub-circuits. The average load on DB's 1 & 3 draws a current of 15.5A, & the load on DB.5
draws a current of 17.4A. So 30A DP isolator can serve as incomers to these DB's. The avrage
load & DB's 2 and 4 draws a current of 10.3A. So 15A DP isolator can serve as incomers. Since
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the total load current of the scheme is 23A, the main switch incoming is choosen as 60A TPN
switch, also considering the future expansion of the building. 3 No's 30A DPIC switches and 2
no's 15A DPIC switches are provided for controlling the five DB's located at different places. 1 no 30A
TPN switch is kept as spare for future expansion. The schematic or line diagram shown in fig. 3.5 w ill help in
understanding this arrangement more clearly.
iv. Bus bar and Bus bar chamber.
a. 25.4 mm x 3.18 mm AL strips are c

for neutral bar considering the maximum current flowing through the bus bar is 60A.
Length of 25.4 mm x 3.18 mm Al. Strips for phase bars 1 x 3 = 3m
Length of 12.7 mm x 3.18 mm Al. Strips for phase bars 1 = 1m
4 no's 30A/15A/DPIC switches are to be fixed on to the top of the bus bar chamber and 1 no,
60A TPN, 1 no 30A TPN and 1 no. DPIC switches to the bottom of bus bar chamber.
.3 m.
The busbar chamber is made up of 16 SWG MS sheets.
Total area of 16 SWG MS sheets required for the bus bar
2)
Allowance for wastage and cutting 20% = 0.28 sq. m (m2)
Total = 1.66 sq. m (m2)
b. To keep the bus bars in fact inside the bus bar chamber, bakelite supports of thickness 0.3 mm
Total area of 2 no's bakelite sheets for bus bar supports.
Allowance for wastage = 0.02 sq. mm

& cutting 20%
Total = 0.14 sq. mm
c. For inter connecting the switches of different ratings to the bus bars, different sizes of Al.
strips/ wires can be used.
30A TPN/DP switch = No. 4 SWG aluminium wire.
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15A DP switch = No. 8 SWG aluminium wire.
(1 set for 30A TPN & 3 sets for 30A DP) = 3 m

Length of n
4. List and explain the design considerations of electrical installation in commercial

buildings
(Jan-2015)
Ans : Same as Unit-3 (1a)
5. fig shows the plan of ground floor of school building. School building consists of gnd
floor, 1st floor, 2nd floor having same plan that of gnd floor. Draw single line dia for gnd
floor & calculate material required for three floors.
(June-2014)
Load = 5.8kW = 5800W

Voltage = 230V
Current = I = P/V = 5800 / 230 = 25.2A
20% additional load current = (20/100) x 5.2A = 5A
Total Load Current = 25.2A + 5A = 30.2A
Now select the size of cable for load current of 30.2A (from Table 1) which is 7/1.04 (31
Amperes) it means we can use 7/0.036 cable according table 1
Now check the selected (7/1.04) cable with temperature factor in Table 3, so the temperature
factor is 0.97 (in table 3) at 35C (95F) and current carrying capacity of (7/1.04) is 31A,
therefore, current carrying capacity of this cable at 40C (104F) would be
Current rating for 35C (95F) = 31 x 0.97 = 30 Amp.
Since the calculated value (30 Amp) at 35C (95F) is less than that of current carrying capacity
of (7/1.04) cable which is 31A, therefore this size of cable (7/1.04) is also suitable with respect to
temperature.
Page 17
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Now find the voltage drop for per ampere meter for this (7/1.04) cable from (Table 5) which is
7mV, But in our case, the length of cable is 35 meter. Therefore, the voltage drop for 35 meter
cable would be:
Actual Voltage drop for 35meter =
= mV x I x L
(7/1000) x 3035 = 7.6V
And Allowable voltage drop = (2.5 x 230)/100 = 5.75V
Here the actual Voltage drop (7.35V) is greater than that of maximum allowable voltage drop of
5.75V. Therefore, this is not suitable size of cable for that given load. So we will select the next
size of selected cable (7/1.04) which is 7/1.35 and find the voltage drop again. According to
Table (5) the current rating of 7/1.35 is 40Amperes and the volte drop in per ampere meter is 4.1
mV (See table (5)). Therefore, the actual voltage drop for 35 meter cable would be
Actual Voltage drop for 35meter =
= mV x I x L
(4.1/1000) x 4035 = 7.35V = 5.74V
This drop is less than that of maximum allowable voltage drop. So this is the most appropriate
and suitable cable size.
Unit - 4
1.List out the points to be checked while carrying out inspection of wiring install(Jan-2016)
Internal wiring should be inspected once a year and the following points should be checked
while carrying out inspection of tho wiring installation.
1. Service Connections: In case of overhead line, check and ensure that:
(i) The lines are terminated at a sufficient distance from the building.
(ii) The danger notice exists to warn the staff.
(iii) The fuse wire of correct rating is provided on the phase line.
(iv) The lead-in wires are of size sufficient to carry the full- load current.
Page 18
10EE82
(v) The lead-in pipe is properly earthed and bonded and pipe ends are provided with insulating
bushes to protect the wires from mechanical damage.
ln case of underground cable check up and ensure that (i) the cables are properly sealed and
there is no leakage of cable oil (ii) there are earth connections to the cable armouring.
2. Main Switchboard: In case of main switchboard check and ensure that
(i) The voltage available is correct. (i.e. within permissible limits of declared voltage.)
(ii) The main switch is provided close to the point of commencement of supply.
(iii) The fuse of correct size is provided on the live pole.
(iv) The main switch is easily identified and is easily accessible so that in case of emergency the
entire supply to the building can be switched off at once.
(v) There is a clear working space all round the board (as mentioned in IE rule 51 i.e. 0.914 m).
(vi) The phase and neutral wires are clearly marked for identification.
(vii) Caution notice in Hindi or other local language is placed.
3. Miscellaneous: The points to be checked are :
(i) No branch circuit feeds more than 10 points or 800 watt load.
(ix) The leakage current is not more than 1/5,000 of maximum supply current.
(iii) The insulation resistance between conductor and earth and between conductors is more than
permissible value as per IE rule.
(iv) The single pole switches are provided on the live conductor.
(v) The electrical resistance from the point of connection with the earth electrode to any point on
ECC in the complete installation is not more than one ohm.
(vi) The metallic frames of all power equipment are earthed by two independent earth
conductors.
(vii) The metallic covering of iron clad switch, distribution board. submain distribution boards.
GI pipe, conduit pipes enclosing VIR or PVC cables are properly earthed.
2. Mention the different types of tests conducted on wiring installations. Explain in detail
testing of polarity.
(Jan-2016)
Page 19
10EE82
Testing of Polarity of Single Pole Switches. It in necessary that single pole switches are placed
in + ve side or live side so that by making switch off the lamp can be made quite dead. The
reason of it is that if the switch in provided on neutral wire, then lamp holder or the fan as well as
part of wiring will remain alive, even when the single pole switch is in open position which may
easily lead to accidents. For example, a person who is replacing lamp even after opening the
single pole switch is liable to get shock if he comes in contact with the line terminal of the lamp
holder. As regard the function of a single pole switch, it is equally effective whether it is
connected in live or neutral wire but from the safety point of view it is necessary that all single
pole switches are provided on phase or outer wire, never on neutral wire.
To ensure that all the switches are placed in phase or live conductors and not in neutral
conductor, this test is performed.
A convenient and quicker method of performing this test is by means of a small neon tube tester.
While performing polarity test by means of a small neon tube tester, its one terminal is held in
the hand and the other against the feed terminal of the switch; if the switch is correctly
connected the neon lamp will glow. Pocket neon testing tubes for the purpose are available
An alternative method is by means of a test lamp. In this method all the lamps are removed, main
switch is put in on position, main fuse is inserted, one end of test lamp is connected to earth
and the other end is tapped by lead to each contact of each switch in turn. If the test lamp lights
on one of the two contacts, it indicates that switch is on the live wire as shown in Fig. 5.2 (a) and
if test lamp, does not give light on either contact of the switch, it indicates that the switch is on
neutral wire, so must be connected correctly.
Polarity Test
Testing of Earth Continuity Path. For safety all the metal pieces or coverings such as conduits,
metal covers of switches etc. must be solidly connected to earth otherwise on the damage of
insulation, the leakage current will start giving severe shock to the person touching it.
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In case of conduit wiring there is a possibility of the conduit joints to become loose or to be
separated resulting in high resistance in the earth path. For earth continuity test, main switch
should be opened, main fuse withdrawn, all other switches in on position and lamps in their
respective holders. One end of the earth continuity tester is connected to an independent earth
and the other end is connected to the wiring say to a switch or conduit. The pointer will indicate
the earth resistance, which should not exceed the value of one ohm. Higher than this value shows
that conduit or switch has not been properly earthed.
3. Estimate the material required for single phase overhead service line of a house located
20 meters away from the pole. With following loads: Lighting load = 800 watts, Heating = 2
kW. Take factor of safety 2.
(Jan-2016)
4. Write short note on service lines.
(Jun -2015)
This describes various types of utility electrical services and supply voltages. The nominal
system supply voltages listed below can vary by 10% or more. Watt Node meter models are
available in seven different versions that cover the full range of electrical services types and
voltages. Meters and current transformers are designed for use on either 50 or 60 Hz systems.
Classification of Different Services:
Alternating current electric power distribution systems can be classified by the following
properties:
Frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz
Number of phases: single or three phase
Number of wires: 2, 3, or 4 (not counting the safety ground)
Neutral present:
Wye connected systems have a neutral
Delta connected systems typically do not have a neutral
Voltage levels:
Low Voltage: 600 volts or less
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Medium Voltage: 601 volts to about 34,500 volts
High Voltage: 46,000 volts and up
Line-to-line
voltages
are
typically
1.732
times
the
phase-to-neutral
voltages:
In symmetrical three-phase electrical system, the phase-to-neutral voltages should be
equal if the load is balanced.
5. Write the reason for excess recording of energy consumption by energy meter(Jan -2015)
Meters can be manipulated to make them under-register, effectively allowing power use without
paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous as well as dishonest.
Power companies often install remote-reporting meters specifically to enable remote detection of
tampering, and specifically to discover energy theft. The change to smart power meters is useful
to stop energy theft.
When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the USA, is to switch the
subscriber to a "tampering" tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current. At
US$0.095/kWh, a standard residential 50 A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about
US$5,000.00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude
mechanical meters, the maximum rate may be charged each billing period until the tamper is
removed, or the service is disconnected.
Page 22
10EE82
A common method of tampering on mechanical disk meters is to attach magnets to the outside of
the meter. Strong magnets saturate the magnetic fields in the meter so that the motor portion of a
mechanical meter does not operate. Lower power magnets can add to the drag resistance of the
internal disk resistance magnets. Magnets can also saturate current transformers or power-supply
transformers in electronic meters, though countermeasures are common.
Rectified DC loads cause mechanical (but not electronic) meters to under-register. DC current
does not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk, so this causes reduced rotation and a
lower bill.
Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can interact with the coils and mass of a
rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion.
All of these effects can be detected by the electric company, and many modern meters can detect
or compensate for them.
The owner of the meter normally secures the meter against tampering. Revenue meters'
mechanisms and connections are sealed. Meters may also measure VAR-hours (the reflected
load), neutral and DC currents (elevated by most electrical tampering), ambient magnetic fields,
etc. Even simple mechanical meters can have mechanical flags that are dropped by magnetic
tampering or large DC currents.
Newer computerised meters usually have counter-measures against tampering. AMR (Automated
Meter Reading) meters often have sensors that can report opening of the meter cover, magnetic
anomalies, extra clock setting, glued buttons, inverted installation, reversed or switched phases
etc.
Some tampers bypass the meter, wholly or in part. Safe tampers of this type normally increase
the neutral current at the meter. Most split-phase residential meters in the United States are
unable to detect neutral currents. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect and bill it
at standard rates.[34]
Disconnecting a meter's neutral connector is unsafe because shorts can then pass through people
or equipment rather than a metallic ground to the generator or earth.
A phantom loop connection via an earth ground is often much higher resistance than the metallic
neutral connector. Even if an earth ground is safe, metering at the substation can alert the
Page 23
10EE82
operator to tampering. Substations, inter-ties, and transformers normally have a high-accuracy

meter for the area served. Power companies normally investigate discrepancies between the total
billed and the total generated, in order to find and fix power distribution problems. These
investigations are an effective method to discover tampering.
Power thefts in the U.S. are often connected with indoor marijuana grow operations. Narcotics
detectives
associate
abnormally
high
power
usage
with
the
lighting
such
operations
require.[35] Indoor marijuana growers aware of this are particularly motivated to steal electricity
simply to conceal their usage of it.
6. Find the materials required for 1-
overhead service lines of a house located 10 meters
away from pole, with following loads :Lightning =300 watts, Heating= 2500 watts.Assume
safety factor=2
(Jan -2015)
power supply and another for domestic supply.

Assuming efficiency of motor 85% and power factor 0.8, we have full- load currents of motors as
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 34 0.75 1, 000 0.75 , 415 , 3 1.54 3 415 0.85 0.8 3.7 1, 000 3.7 , 415 , 3 7.57 3 415
0.85 0.8 5.5 1, 000 5.5 , 415 , 3 11.25 3 415 0.85 0.8 I I For kW V phase motor A I For kW
V phase motor A I For kW V phase motor A =
Total full- load current for these motors = 1.54 + 1.54 + 7.57 + 11.25 = 21.9 A
Hence cable from meter board to main board shall have a current carrying capacity 1.6 times of
full- load current of the mot
Hence 3-core, 1100 V grade PVC insulated, 16 mm2 aluminium conductor having current
carrying capacity of 38 A shall be used from meter board to main board.
The current rating of main switch in the starting current of one motor of highest rating plus full
1. Length of 31 mm exible conduit from meter board to main switch board and from main switch
board to distribution board, including wastage = 1.0 m
2. Length of 25 mm exible conduit from HG conduit to motor terminals fan machine no. 4,
including wastage = 1.0 m
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3. Length of 19 mm exible conduit required for connecting motor switches to motor starters for
all the four machines and HG conduit to motor terminals for machines no. 1,
7. Explain points to be checked while carrying out inspection of wiring installat(Jan-2015)
Conductors configuration spacing and clearances, Span lengths
1) No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected across a street shall at any
part thereof be at a height less than(a) for low and medium voltage lines 5.8 metres
(b) for high voltage lines
6.1 metres
(2) No conductor of an overhead line, including service, lines, erected along any street shall at
any part thereof be at a height less than(a) for low and medium voltage lines 5.5 metres
(b) for high voltage lines
5.8 metres
(3) No conductor of an overhead line including service lines, erected else- where than along or
across any street shall be at a height less than(a) for low, medium and high voltage lines up to and including 11,000 volts, if bare ;4.6 metres
(b) for low, medium and high voltage lines up to and including 11,000 volts, if insulated 4.0
(c) for high voltage lines above 11,000 volts
5.2 metres
(4) For extra-high voltage lines the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2 metres
plus 0.3 metre for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the line exceeds
33,000 volts:
PROVIDED that the minimum clearance along or across any street shall not be
less than 6.1 metres.
8. Write the reason for excess recording of energy consumption by energy mtr (June-2014)
Meters can be manipulated to make them under-register, effectively allowing power use without
paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous as well as dishonest.
Page 25
10EE82
Power companies often install remote-reporting meters specifically to enable remote detection of
tampering, and specifically to discover energy theft. The change to smart power meters is useful
to stop energy theft.
When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the USA, is to switch the
subscriber to a "tampering" tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current. At
US$0.095/kWh, a standard residential 50 A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about
US$5,000.00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude
mechanical meters, the maximum rate may be charged each billing period until the tamper is
removed, or the service is disconnected.
A common method of tampering on mechanical disk meters is to attach magnets to the outside of
the meter. Strong magnets saturate the magnetic fields in the meter so that the motor portion of a
mechanical meter does not operate. Lower power magnets can add to the drag resistance of the
internal disk resistance magnets. Magnets can also saturate current transformers or power-supply
transformers in electronic meters, though countermeasures are common.
Rectified DC loads cause mechanical (but not electronic) meters to under-register. DC current
does not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk, so this causes reduced rotation and a
lower bill.
Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can interact with the coils and mass of a
rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion.
All of these effects can be detected by the electric company, and many modern meters can detect
or compensate for them.
The owner of the meter normally secures the meter against tampering. Revenue meters'
mechanisms and connections are sealed. Meters may also measure VAR-hours (the reflected
load), neutral and DC currents (elevated by most electrical tampering), ambient magnetic fields,
etc. Even simple mechanical meters can have mechanical flags that are dropped by magnetic
tampering or large DC currents.
Newer computerised meters usually have counter-measures against tampering. AMR (Automated
Meter Reading) meters often have sensors that can report opening of the meter cover, magnetic
Page 26
10EE82
anomalies, extra clock setting, glued buttons, inverted installation, reversed or switched phases
etc.
Some tampers bypass the meter, wholly or in part. Safe tampers of this type normally increase
the neutral current at the meter. Most split-phase residential meters in the United States are
unable to detect neutral currents. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect and bill it
at standard rates.[34]
Disconnecting a meter's neutral connector is unsafe because shorts can then pass through people
or equipment rather than a metallic ground to the generator or earth.
A phantom loop connection via an earth ground is often much higher resistance than the metallic
neutral connector. Even if an earth ground is safe, metering at the substation can alert the
operator to tampering. Substations, inter-ties, and transformers normally have a high-accuracy
meter for the area served. Power companies normally investigate discrepancies between the total
billed and the total generated, in order to find and fix power distribution problems. These
investigations are an effective method to discover tampering.
Power thefts in the U.S. are often connected with indoor marijuana grow operations. Narcotics
detectives
associate
abnormally
high
power
usage
with
the
lighting
such
operations
require.[35] Indoor marijuana growers aware of this are particularly motivated to steal electricity
simply to conceal their usage of it.
9. find the material required for 1pase overhead service line of a house located 10 mts away
from pole, with foll loads : Lighting = 300 Watts;
factor=2.
Heating= 2500 Watts Assume safety

(June-2014)
power supply and another for domestic supply.

Assuming efficiency of motor 85% and power factor 0.8, we have full- load currents of motors as
1, 000 0.75 , 415 , 3 1.54 3 415 0.85 0.8 3.7 1, 000 3.7 , 415 , 3 7.57 3 415 0.85 0.8 5.5 1, 000 5.5
, 415 , 3 11.25 3 415 0.85 0.8 I I For kW V phase motor A I For kW V phase motor A I For
kW V phase motor A = = = Total full-load current for these motors = 1.54 + 1.54 +
7.57 + 11.25 = 21.9 A
Page 27
10EE82
Hence cable from meter board to main board shall have a current carrying capacity 1.6 times of
fullHence 3-core, 1100 V grade PVC insulated, 16 mm2 aluminium conductor having current
carrying capacity of 38 A shall be used from meter board to main board.
The current rating of main switch in the starting current of one motor of highest rating plus full
load curr
1. Length of 31 mm exible conduit from meter board to main switch board and from main switch
board to distribution board, including wastage = 1.0 m
2. Length of 25 mm exible conduit from HG conduit to motor terminals fan machine no. 4,
including wastage = 1.0 m
3. Length of 19 mm exible conduit required for connecting motor switches to motor starters for
all the four machines and HG conduit to motor terminals for machines no. 1,
Unit-5
1.
List out important consideration regarding motor installations.
(Jan-2016)
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION REGARDING MOTOR INSTALLATION WIRING
These are as detailed below.

1. All equipment used in power wiring shall be of iron clad construction and wiring shall be of
the armoured cable or conduit type (IE Rule 51).
2. Woodwork shall not be used for mounting of switchgear.
3. Looping of conductors and use of the joints shall not be done,
4. The length of exible conduit used for connections between the terminal boxes of motors
andstarters, switches and motors shall not exceed 1.25 metres.
5. Every motor, regardless of its size shall be provided with a switch fuse placed near it. [IE Rule
50 clause (d)]
6. In addition to switch fuse all motors shall be provided with suitable means for starting and
stopping (starters) placed at convenient places. The starters are used to limit the starting current
to a desirable value. Direct-on-line starters, star-delta starters, auto transformer-starters (or rotor
Page 28
10EE82
resistance starters in case of slip-ring induction motor)are used for ac motors of rating up to 0.75
kW, above 0.75 kW and below 11 kW and above 11 kW respectively.
7. The conduit should preferably be laid in covered trenches to facilitate operator movement
(safe).
8. Laying of cables must be in separate conduits for separate motors.
2.The Fig. shows the plan of workshop. One 15 HP, 3 phase, 415 y induction motor is
installed. Show the key diagram and estimate quantity of material required.
(Jan-2016)
Assumptions made:
1. The motor and starter are to be procured through separate contract.
2. Motor disconnect switches and main switches are to be supplied by wiring contractor.
3. All the conduits are to be run exposed on walls.
4. The main switch, motor switch and starter shall be mounted at a height of 1.5 metres from
ground level.
5. Two earth wires will be run side by side for earthing the motor, starter and switches.
6. The motor shall be installed on suitable foundation, 0.2 m above the floor level.
7. Motor efficiency 85% and power factor 0.8 (lagging).
Full load current =
Starting current = 1.5 times full-load current = 1.5 X 15.06 = 22.6A. Hence three-core PVC
1100V grade, 6 mm2 aluminium conductor cable of current carrying capacity 24 A may be used.
The main switch and motor switch to be used will be 32 A. 415V TPIC switches. As from meter
board to main board and main board to motor control board only one 3-core cable is to be run so
a HG conduit of size 25mm will be run from meter board to main board and from main board to
motor control board. From, motor starter to motor two 3-core cables carried so HG conduit of
size 31 mm will be used. Flexible conduit of size 25 mm will be used for connecting motor
switch and motor starter and of size 31 mm will be used for connecting heavy gauge conduit to
motor.
Length of 25mm HG Rigid Conduit
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10EE82
From meter board to main board = 0.3 m

from main board to motor switch (mounted on control board) = 22.5 metres
Total = 22.8 metres
Wastage 10% = 2.3 metres
Total = 25.1 metres = 25 metres (say)
Length of 31 mm HG Conduit
From motor starter to ground = 1.5 metres
Below ground level = 0.2 metres
Along ground up to foundation = 1.0 metres
Up to top of motor foundation = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 metre
Total = 1.5 + 0.2 + 1.0 + 0.4 = 3.1 metres
Wastage 10% = 0.31 metre
Total = 3.1 + 0.31 = 3.41 = 3.5 metres (say)
Length of 25 mm exible conduit required for connecting motor switch to motor starter= 0.25m
Length of 31 mm exible conduit required for connecting heavy gauge conduit to motor = 1 metre
Length of 3 core, 1100 V grade, 1/2.80 mm (6 mm2) aluminium conductor PVC cable
(i) 1 Length from meter board to main board = 0.3 m
(ii) 1 Length from main board to motor switch = 22.5 m
(iii) l Length from motor switch to motor starter = 0.25 m
(iv) 2 Lengths from motor starter to motor terminal box = 2 (3.2 + l) = 8.2 m
Total Length= 31.25 m
Wastage and for connections, 10 96 = 3.13 m
Total = 34.38 = 36 metres (say)
Length of Earth Wire According to IE rules, the motor frame, motor switch, motor starter,main
switch are to be earthed by means of two separate and distinct connections. Hence two separate
earth electrodes will be provided for earthing purpose.
From the table for size for earth wire, for 10 HP motor 8 SWG GI wire will be required as earth
wire.
Length of earth wire required
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= 2 (25 + 3.5 + 0.25 + l) = 59.5 metres = 60 metres (say) or 6 kg.

SL
Description of Material With Full Specifications
Quantity
Rem
Required
a rks
Qu
Unit
ant
ity
1
32A, 415V, TPIC rewirable type switch fuse unit
IC boards complete with locking arrangement 1
no
etc.
do
3.5
25
do
Heavy gauge (HG) 16 SWG conduit
do
i) 31 mm
0.2
do
ii) 25 mm
do
Flexible conduit
35
nos
i) 31 mm
do
ii) 25 mm
do
3 core, 1100 V, grade 6 mm2 aluminium 4
do
conductor PVC cable
25
do
Conduit bends
do
i) 31mm
nos
ii) 26 mm
8
Conduit Saddles
i) 31 mm
ii) 25 mm
Lock nuts
i) 31 mm
Page 31
10EE82
ii) 25 mm
10
Flexible pipe coupling complete with locknuts

i) 31 mm
ii) 25 mm
11
Wooden bushings
i) 31 mm
ii) 25 mm
12
Teak wood gutties
13
8 SWG GI wire
14
Shock treatment chart
15
Iron screws 32 mm
16
Caution plates
17
GI thimbles with nuts and bolts
18
Earth wire clips
19
GI Plate 600 mm x 600 mm x 60 mm
20
GI pipe 19 mm diameter
21
GI pipe 12 mm diameter
22
8 SWG GI wire
23
CI Cover 30 cm x 30 cm
24
GI bolts nuts, check nuts with washers
25
Funnel with wire mesh
26
Charcoal
27
Salt
28
Soldering material
Civil
Engineering
works
(Digging,
Finishing,
Foundation of motor, covering up, building up of

CI frame, cement etc.)
Page 32
10EE82
3. Explain determination of input power, current to motors & rating of cables.(Jun -2015)
Step 1: Data Gathering
The first step is to collate the relevant information that is required to perform the sizing
calculation. Typically, you will need to obtain the following data:
Load Details
The characteristics of the load that the cable will supply, which includes:
Load type: motor or feeder
Three phase, single phase or DC
System / source voltage
Full load current (A) - or calculate this if the load is defined in terms of power (kW)
Full load power factor (pu)
Locked rotor or load starting current (A)
Starting power factor (pu)
Distance / length of cable run from source to load - this length should be as close as
possible to the actual route of the cable and include enough contingency for vertical
drops / rises and termination of the cable tails
Cable Construction
The basic characteristics of the cable's physical construction, which includes:
Conductor material - normally copper or aluminium
Conductor shape - e.g. circular or shaped
Conductor type - e.g. stranded or solid
Conductor surface coating - e.g. plain (no coating), tinned, silver or nickel
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Insulation type - e.g. PVC, XLPE, EPR

Number of cores - single core or multicore (e.g. 2C, 3C or 4C)
Installation Conditions
How the cable will be installed, which includes:
Above ground or underground
Installation / arrangement - e.g. for underground cables, is it directly buried or buried

in conduit? for above ground cables, is it installed on cable tray / ladder, against a
wall, in air, etc.
Ambient or soil temperature of the installation site
Cable bunching, i.e. the number of cables that are bunched together
Cable spacing, i.e. whether cables are installed touching or spaced
Soil thermal resistivity (for underground cables)
Depth of laying (for underground cables)
For single core three-phase cables, are the cables installed in trefoil or laid flat?
Step 2: Cable Selection Based on Current Rating
Current flowing through a cable generates heat through the resistive losses in the conductors,
dielectric losses through the insulation and resistive losses from current flowing through any
cable screens / shields and armouring.
The component parts that make up the cable (e.g. conductors, insulation, bedding, sheath,
armour, etc) must be capable of withstanding the temperature rise and heat emanating from the
cable. The current carrying capacity of a cable is the maximum current that can flow
continuously through a cable without damaging the cable's insulation and other components (e.g.
bedding, sheath, etc). It is sometimes also referred to as the continuous current rating or ampacity
of a cable.
Cables with larger conductor cross-sectional areas (i.e. more copper or aluminium) have lower
resistive losses and are able to dissipate the heat better than smaller cables. Therefore a
16 mm2 cable will have a higher current carrying capacity than a 4mm2 cable.
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Base Current Ratings
Table 1. Example of base current rating table (Excerpt from IEC 60364-5-52)
International standards and manufacturers of cables will quote base current ratings of different
types of cables in tables such as the one shown on the right. Each of these tables pertain to a
specific type of cable construction (e.g. copper conductor, PVC insulated, 0.6/1kV voltage grade,
etc) and a base set of installation conditions (e.g. ambient temperature, installation method, etc).
It is important to note that the current ratings are only valid for the quoted types of cables and
base installation conditions.
In the absence of any guidance, the following reference based current ratings may be used
4. A 10 HP (metric), 415 v, 3 ,50Hz squirrel cage IM is to be installed in a flour mill, the

plan of which is shown in fi Shows the wiring dia of the layout and estimate the quantity of
materials required and its cost.
(Jun -2015)
We depend on electricity to light our homes, turn on our television sets, and even cook our
meals. When the power goes out because of a storm, a short circuit, or another problem in the
electrical circuit, understanding what the basic components of an electrical system is a must.
Page 35
10EE82
Your homes electricity starts with the electrical service connection. This is where the electric
company connects their wires to your homes feeder wires that attach to the meter on your home
or power pole. This is the device that measures the amount of electricity your home uses and
determines the amount of money the electric company charges you on a monthly basis.
From here your meter either feeds a disconnect switch or a main breaker or fuse panel. A typical
home has a single phase service consisting of an A phase and a B phase, a neutral and a
ground wire.
Disconnect Switch
A disconnect switch is mounted on the outside of your home close in proximity to the meter on
the outside of your home or power pole. The advantage of having a disconnect switch is for
safety. In the event of a fire or flash flood, you can shut the power off from the outside of your
home verses having to enter a burning home or a flooded basement.
The other instance is having a transfer switch in which you can switch between live power and a
generator for backup power.
Main Breaker
A breaker panel consists of a main breaker that is sized according to your homes load needs. It
is used to turn the power on and off to the entire electrical panel. Typically, homes have a 100
amp or a 200 amp service.
A main breaker of 100 amps will only allow 100 amps to flow through it without tripping. In a
tripped state, no current will flow throughout the panel. It is the interrupt between the service and
the branch circuits of the panel.
This main breaker protects the main service wires from damages that would occur given an
overload. In that case, the wires would heat up and eventually could cause a fire.
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Branch Circuit Breakers

Breakers that feed lighting, outlets, central air conditioning and sub-panels are considered branch
circuits. These circuits can either be 120 volts or 240 volts.
The 120 volt circuits require a single pole breaker, using only one phase of the electrical service.
These circuits provide power to lighting, outlets and furnaces. The breakers are usually sized at
15 or 20 amps.
In a 240 volt circuit, a two-pole breaker uses both phases of a circuit. Examples of 240 volt
appliances would be an electric range, an electric stove or central air conditioning.
These appliances dont work unless both A and B phases are working. Most of these
examples would require a two-pole 30 amp breaker.
Remember to size your breaker by the name plate rating on the device you are connecting to.
Switches
Switches are the devices that turn on and off lights and fans in your home. These switches come
in many different styles and colors to suit your design needs. There are single-pole, three-way,
four-way and dimmer switches. Their purpose is to alter the flow of current to your lights and
fans in a home.
Outlets
Electrical outlets are used to plug portable devices into. Televisions, lights, computers, freezers,
vacuums and toasters are all good examples of devices that can be plugged into an outlet.
Outlets consist of a hot feed, a neutral and a ground. Some outlets are used especially for wet
areas.
Wiring
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Your homes wiring consists of romex, BX cable or wiring concealed in conduit. Romex is a
brand name for a type of plastic insulated wire. The formal name is NM that means non-metallic
sheath. This is suitable for use in dry, protected areas (inside stud walls, on the sides of joists,
etc.), that are not subject to mechanical damage or excessive heat.
Bx cable is known as armored cable. Wires are covered by aluminum or steel flexible sheath that
is somewhat resistant to damage.
Single strands of conductor wire are pulled through conduit that is the safest method for wiring
for durability purposes.
These different types of wiring carry electrical current from the panel to the device being fed.
Wiring is sized according to the load demand required. Check the rated required load
requirements marked on each device to determine the needed size wire to carry the needed load.
5. List any eight important considerations regarding motor installation wiring (Jan-2015)
Same Ans as 1 of unit -5
6. A 10 HP (metric) , 415V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz induction motor is to be installed in a workshop,

the plan of which is shown in below fig. show the layout of the wiring (key dia) & estimate
the quantity of material required. The wiring is to be surface conduit. Assume efficiency of
motor = 85% & powerfactor 0.8 lagging.
(June-2014)
Decide Number of Conductor and Layer of Conductor:
If N: number of conductors [strands], d: Diameter of strands, ,X: number of layers.
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Usually the relation between N&X take as followed.

N= 3X2-3X+1
If N is given we can used the above relation get X, then we can get the total Diameter of
cable as
dT= (2X-1)d.
If Total Number of Conductor (N)=19 Than 19=32-3x+1. So Number of Layer (x)=3

o Than Diameter of Cable dT = (2x-1)d =5d
No conductor of an overhead line including service lines, erected else- where than along
or across any street shall be at a height less than(a) for low, medium and high voltage lines up to and including 11,000 volts, if bare ;4.6
metres
(b) for low, medium and high voltage lines up to and including 11,000 volts, if insulated
4.0
(c) for high voltage lines above 11,000 volts
5.2 metres
(4) For extra-high voltage lines the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2
metres plus 0.3 metre for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the
line exceeds 33,000 volts:
PROVIDED that the minimum clearance along or across
any street shall not be less than 6.1 metres.

Voltage
Min. Ground Clearance
Fault Clear Time
400 KV
8.8 Meter
100 mille second
220 KV
8.0 Meter
120 mille second
132 KV
6.1 Meter
160 mille second
66 KV
5.1 Meter
300 mille second
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Unit-6
1.List out the main components of overhead lines.
(Jan-2016)
The main components of an overhead line are enlisted, as below.

1. Supports: Poles or towers depending upon the working voltage and the region where these are
used. The function of the line support in obviously to support the conductors so as to
keep them at a suitable level above the ground.
2. Cross arms and Clamps: These are either of wood or steel angle section and are used on pole
structures to support the insulators and conductors.
3. Insulators: Pin, strain or suspension types, as the case may be, for supporting the conductors
and taking strain or suspending the conductors respectively.
4. Conductors: Copper, aluminium or ACSR or of any other composition depending upon the
current to be carried and the span of the line.
5. Guys and Stays: Braces or cables are fastened to the pole at the termination or angle poles to
resist lateral forces.
6. Lightning Arrestors is discharge excessive voltages built upon the line, to earth, due to
lightning.
7. Fuses and Isolating Switches: to isolate different parts of the overhead system.
8. Continuous Earth Wire: is run on the top of the towers to protect the line against lightning
discharges.
9. Vee-Guards are often provided below bare overhead lines running along or across public
streets to make the line safe if it should break.
10 Guard Wires are provided above or below power lines while crossing telephone or telegraph
lines. The guard wires and steel structures are solidly connected to earth.
11. Phase Plates in order to distinguish the various phases.
12. Bird Guards: A stick of ebonite with rounded top is xed near the insulator on the cross arm
to prevent flash-over due to birds pecking on the conductors (on line with pin
insulators).
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13. Danger Plate: It ia provided on each pole, as a warning measure indicating the working
voltage of the line and the word danger. It is provided at a height of 2.5 m from the
ground.
14. Barbed Wire: Barbed wire in wrapped on a pole at a height of about 2.5 m from the ground
for at least 1 metre. This prevents climbing by unauthorized persons.
15. Miscellaneous Items such as vibration dampers, top hampers, beads for jumpers etc.
2.. Estimate the quantity of material required for running 80 km, single circuit of 66 kv
transmission line using four legged fabricated steel structures. The conductor used No.2
ACSR. Assume a span of 500 mts and every 10th tower is an anchor tower.
(Jan-2016)
Length of line = 1 km
Average span = 120 m
Number of spans = 1000 8 120 =
(as 3 conductors run in 3-phase 11 kV line)
metres = =
128 1000 Length of conductor
1 km weighs 128 kg
128 3060 391.68 390 1000 kg say kg
3 . What are the requirements of the line supports? Describe factors governing ht of pole?
(Jun -2015)
A transmission tower (electricity pylon in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, and
a hydro tower in certain provinces of Canada where power generation is mainly hydro-electric) is
a tall structure, usually a steellattice tower, used to support an overhead power line.
They are used in high-voltage AC and DC systems, and come in a wide variety of shapes and
sizes. Typical height ranges from 15 to 55 metres (49 to 180 ft),[1]though the tallest are the 370 m
(1,214 ft) towers of a 2700-metre-long span of Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie. In
addition to steel, other materials may be used, including concrete and wood.
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There are four major categories of transmission towers:[1] suspension, terminal, tension,
andtransposition. Some transmission towers combine these basic functions. Transmission towers
and their overhead power lines are often considered to be a form of visual pollution. Methods to
reduce the visual effect include undergrounding.
4. Estimate the quantity of materials required for adding 132KV bay at 132KV grid ss.
(Jun -2015)
The sub-station is connected with three substations or load viz. A (3.2 mw), B (3.2MW) and C
(3.2MW) at 33KV and D (36MW) at 132 KV. The generated 16.2 KV is stepped up to 132 KV
and is supplied to the 132KV sub-station through two double circuit transmission lines. After
analyzing the requirements of the loads & SIL of transmission lines the whole arrangements are
done in the following way: 2.1 Assumptions
The value of surge impedance of transmission lines under consideration = 325
Total load requirement = 3.2 MW + 3.2 MW + 3.2 MW + 36 MW
The distance between the substation & the neighboring generating station is 50km.
The SIL of 132 KV line = (132KV) 2 /325 = 53.61 = 54 MW (approx)
The SIL of 33 KV line = (33KV) 2 /325 = 3.35 = 3.5 MW (approx)
Observing the total load demand, the input to the substation must be greater than the
requirement. So one double circuit 132KV transmission lines (54 X 2 = 108 MW) only can
satisfy this. The second double circuit tower is constructed keeping in mind the future load
demand increase. The lines first supply the power to the 132KV bus A of the sub-station. As the
distance between the substation and the generating station is only 50km, the SIL can increase to
1.2 times of the theoretical value. Hence the input of the substation can be as high as (108 X 1.2)
MW i.e. almost 130 MW
5. Draw & explain typical ac electrical power supply system.
(Jan-2015)
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An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and use
electric power. An example of an electric power system is the network that supplies a region's
homes and industry with power - for sizable regions, this power system is known as the grid and
can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that
carries the power from the generating centres to the load centres and the distribution system that
feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. Smaller power systems are also found in
industry, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes. The majority of these systems rely upon
three-phase AC power - the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across
the modern world. Specialised power systems that do not always rely upon three-phase AC
power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners and automobiles.
Modern ac power systems usually consist of the (i) generating stations (ii) step up transformer
stations (iii) transmission lines (iv)switching stations (v) step down transformer stations (vi)
primary (high voltage) distribution lines or net-works (vii) service transformer banks (viii)
secondary (low voltage)distribution lines. Essentially elements (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) fall in the
transmission system and distribution may or may not include all elements enumerated above; for
example, some systems may have no primary transmission, some may not have secondary
transmission and the others may not have transmission at all, being very small and so on.
Generation voltages are 3.3, 6.6, 11 or 33 kv, most usual value adopted in practice is 11 kv. The
primary transmission voltages are 110, 132, 220 or 400 kv depending upon the distance, the
amount of power to be transmitted and the system stability. Secondary transmission voltage is
normally of the order of 33 or 66 kv. The voltages for primary distribution are 1, 6.6 or 3.3 kv
depending upon the requirements of the bulk consumers and for secondary distribution usable
voltage is 400 volts.
6. Estimate quantity of materials required for adding 132KV bay at 132 KV grid
substation.
(June-2014)
Ans is same for que 4 of unit -6
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Unit-7&8
1. Write short note on guarding of over head lines.
(Jan-2016)
Overhead Line
Pole Foundation hole should be drilled in the ground with the use of earth-augers.
However, if earth-augers are not available a dog pit of the size I.2 x O.6 m should be
made in the direction of the line.
The depth of the pit shall be in accordance-with the length of the pole to be planted in the
ground as given in respective Indian Standards.
Tubular Pole
Steel Tubular Poles, Rolled Steel Joists and Rails A suitable pad of cement concrete,
stone or steel shall be provided at the bottom of the pit, before the metallic pole is
erected.
Where metal works are likely to get corroded ( points where the pole emerges out of the
ground ), a cement concrete muff, 20 cm above and 20 cm below the ground with sloping
top shall be provided.
RCC Pole
RCC poles generally have larger cross-section than the PCC poles and, therefore, the
base plates
or muffing are usually not provided for these types of poles.
However, for PCC poles, a base plate ( 40 x 40 x 7 cm concrete block ) shall be provided.
Cement concrete muff with sloping top may also be provided, 20 cm above and 20 cm
below-the ground level, when the ground or local conditions call for the same.
H.V Line (120m To 160m Span)
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The insulators should be attached to the poles directly with the help of D type or other
suitable clamps in case of vertical configuration of conductors or be attached to the cross
arms with the help of pins in case of horizontal configuration
Pin insulator:; and recommended for use on straight runs and up to maximum of 10
deviation.
The disc insulators are intended for use a pole positions having more than 30 angle or for
dead ending of I1 kV lines.
For lines having=, a bend of 10 to 30, either double cross arms or disc insulators should
be used for HT lines up to 11 kV. For low and medium voltage line, shackle insulators
should be used
For Vertical configuration for Conductor erection:
Distance between Poles Top to Disc insulation=200mm.
Between Disc insulator to Disc Insulator=1000mm.
Between Disc insulator to Guy Wire=500mm.
2. Estimate the quantity of material required for 11 kV feeder running 1.5 km line using 9
mt RCC poles.The conductor used is ACSR of 611 x 2.59 mm with an average span of 120
mts.Assume every 8th pole is the Anchor pole. (DP structure).
(Jan-2016)
3. Explain the classification of substations.
(Jan-2016)
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATlON
The substations may be classified in numerous ways such as on the basis of (i) nature of duties
(ii) service rendered (iii) operating voltage (iv) importance and (v) design. Classification of
Substations on The Basis of Nature of Duties. The substations, on the basis of nature of
duties, may be classified into the following three categories:
1. Step-Up or Primary Substations. Such substations are usually associated with generating
stations. The generated voltage, which is usually low (11 or 33 kV), is stepped up to
primary transmission voltage so that huge blocks of power can be transmitted over
long distances to the load centres economically.
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2. Primary Grid Substations. Such substations are located at suitable load centres along the
primary transmission lines. In these substations, the primary transmission voltage is
stepped down to different suitable secondary voltages. 'lhe secondary transmission
lines are carried over to the secondary substations situated at the load centres where
the voltage is further stepped down to sub-transmission or primary distribution
voltages.
3. Step-Down or Distribution Substations. Such substations are located at the load centres, where
the sub-transmission/primary distribution voltage is stepped down to secondary
distribution voltage (415/240 V). These are the substations which feed the consumers
through distribution network and service lines.
Classification of Substations on The Basis of Service Rendered. The substations, according to
service rendered are:
1. Transformer Substations. Transformers are installed on such substations transform the power
from one voltage level to another level as per needs.
2. Switching Substations. Such substations are meant for switching operation of power lines
without transforming the voltage. At such substations different connections are made
between various transmission lines.
3. Converting Substations. Such substations are meant for either converting ac to dc or vice versa
or converting frequency from higher to lower or vice versa.
Classification of Substations on The Basis of Operating Voltage. The substations, according to
operating voltage, may be categorised as.
1. High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) involving voltages between 11 kV and 66 kV.
2. Extra High Voltage Substations (EHV Substations) involving voltages between 132 kV and
400 kV.
3. Ultra High Voltage Substations (UHV Substations) operating on voltage above 400 kV.
Classification of Substations on The Basis of Importance.
1. Grid Substations. These are the substations from where bulk power is transmitted from one
point to another point in the grid. These are important because any disturbance in
these substations may cause the failure of the grid.
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2. Town Substations. These substations step-down the voltages at 33/11 kV for further
distribution in the towns and any failure in such substations results in the failure of
supply for whole of the town.
Classification of Substations on The Basis of Design.
1. Indoor Type Substations. In such substations the apparatus is installed within the substation
building. Such substations are usually for a voltage up to 11 kV but can be erect/ad
for the 33 kV and 66 kV when the surrounding atmosphere i* contaminated with
impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive dust etc.
2. Outdoor Substations. These substations are further subdivided into:
(a) Pole Mounted Substations. Such substations are erected for distribution of power in
localities. Single stout pole or H-pole and 4-pole structures with suitable platforms are
employed for transformers of capacity up to 25 kVA, 125 kVA and above 125 kVA (but up
to 250 kVA) respectively.
4. Draw and estimate material required for 66/11 KV substation with following
details:i) Input line 66 KV 2 nos. ii) Transformer 66/11 KV 2 nos of 100 MVA. iii) 4
Nos. of 11 KV outgoing lines 2 on each transformer. Show the position of isolators or
protective devices.
(Jan-2016)
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Material Calculation:
a) Equipment on primary side i.e., 66 kV:
i) GOS, 800A, 66KV grade complete set with earth set: 1 set
ii) GOS, 800A, 66KV grade without earth bus: 1 set
iii) Transformer 6300 KVA, 66KV/11KV with oil immersed, forced air cooling with
on load tap changer: 1 Set
b) Equipment on secondary side i.e., 11 kV:
i) 11KV class lighting arrestors plinth mounted: 6 Nos
ii) GOS 400A, 11KV class: 4 set
iii) Battery set with charger: 1 set
iv) Auxiliary Transformer for station operator 50KVA, 11KV/440V: 1 Set
v) Take of structure on 9 m, RCC pole, 11KV class, 4 sets
vi) 300 MVA, 1250A switch gear with instrument transformer outdoor type 11KV
class: 1 set
c) Protecting devices and equipments:
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i) Lightning arrestors 66KV class: 2 sets

ii) Circuit breaker 66KV class: 1 set
iii) PTs 66KV/110KV: 1 set
iv) CTs 800A/5A, 400A/5A, 200A/5A: 3 Nos
v) Panel for relays and controls for transformer: 1 No.
vi) Panel for relays and controls for accumulator: 1 No
vii) Panel for relays and controls for line: 1 No
d) Cable for power control:
i) UG cable 11KV class 3 core for feeders 150mm/240mm: 300 m
ii) UG cable, 11KV class single core 100mm for banks: 175 m
iii) Cable end and terminals 11KV class single core 1000mm UG cable: 6 Nos
5. List the points to be considered at the time of erection of overhead lines.
(Jun -2015)
At crossings of overhead lines by other overhead lines, the two lines must be kept at the
necessary safety distances between the lines and the ground. As a rule, the line with the lower
voltage passes under the line with higher voltage. Construction workers try to plan these
crossings in such a way that their construction is as economical as possible. This is usually done
by leaving unchanged the line that is crossed, if possible. Undercrossings of existing lines are
often constructed in proximity to the line's pylons, since this can often be accomplished without
raising the existing pylons and while keeping the necessary safety distances between the ground
and the other line.
In the course of undercrossings the pylon picture is frequently changed, and because of its small
height it is preferable to create an arrangement with conductors in one level. Sometimes at such
crossings there can be problems because of the maximum pylon height allowed for flight safety
reasons. If it is not possible at a given location for the pylons of the upper line to be built at a
necessary height, the line running below it will be rebuilt on smaller pylons or replaced with an
underground cable.
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A unique undercrossing of two powerlines can be found north of Kincardine at Scotland at

565'17"N 343'11"W. Here crosses the powerline Kincardine-Tealing two other lines. One of
the two circuits of Kincardine-Tealing powerline crosses these lines on two small pylons and the
other circuit via an underground cable.
6.A pole for an overhead 11KV-3phase , 50Hz line is to be earthed (pipe) & a stay is to be
provided.Make a neat sketch showing how it should be done. Prepare a list of materials
required
(Jun -2015)
7. Write a short note on conductor erection.
(Jun -2015)
Line Supports. The supports used for transmission and distribution of electrical power must have
the characteristics-high mechanical strength, light in weight, low initial as well as maintenance
cost, longer life, good looking and easily accessible for painting and erection of line conductors.
The line supports are of various types including wood, steel, reinforced concrete poles and lattice
steel towers.
i. Wooden Poles. These are cheapest, easily available, providing insulating properties and
therefore, are extensively used for distribution purposes, specially in rural areas, keeping the cost
low. Their use is usually limited to low pressures (up to 22 kv) and for short spans (up to 60m).
the wooden poles, well impregnated with creosote oil or any preservative compound, have life
form 25 to 30 years. The disadvantage of such supports is that these need periodical inspection
because they tend to rot and their life is short.
ii. Steel Poles. The steel poles are of three types (i) rail poles (ii) tubular poles and (ii) rolled
steel joists. These poles possess greater mechanical strength and so permit use of longer spans
(50-80 m) but cost is higher. The average life of steel poles is more than 40 years.
iii. RCC Poles. These give good outlook, need no maintenance, have got insulating properties
and resistance against chemical action, very strong and can be used for longer spans (80-200m)
and have very long life. Since these poles are very heavy, therefore, transportation cost is heavy
and require care in handling and erection.
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iv. Lattic Steel Towers. These are mechanically stronger and have got longer life. Due to robust
construction long spans (300 m and above) can be used and are much useful for crossing fields,
valleys, railway lines, rivers etc. Even though these are two to four times costlier than wooden
poles, yet for tall supports and longer span these prove economical. These towers need
periodical painting or galvanizing for protection against corrosion. Narrow-base lattice steel
towers are used for transmission at 33 kv and broad-base lattice steel towers are used for
transmission at 66 kv and above.
Conductor materials
Properties of Overhead Bare Conductors:
Current Carrying Capacity
Strength
Weight
Diameter
Corrosion Resistance
Creep Rate
Thermal Coefficient of Expansion
Fatigue Strength
Operating Temperature
Short Circuit Current/Temperature
Thermal Stability
Cost
Categories of Overhead Conductors:

Homogeneous Conductors:
Copper
AAC( All Aluminum Conductor)
AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor)
The core consists of a single strand identical to the outer strands. Since all the strands are
the same diameter, one can show that the innermost layer always consists of 6 strands,
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the second layer of 12 strands, etc., making conductors having 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, or 128
strands.
Non Homogeneous Conductors:
ACAR (Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced)
ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)
ACSS (Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported)
AACSR (Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced.
the strands in the core may or may not be of the same diameter. In a 30/7
ACSR conductor the aluminum and steel strands are of the same diameter. In a 30/19
ACSR they are not. Within the core or within the outer layers, however, the number of
strands always increases by 6 in each succeeding layer. Thus, in 26/7 ACSR, the number
of layers in the inner layer of aluminum is 10 and in the outer layer 16
Categories of Overhead Conductors
VR (Vibration Resistance)
Non-Specular
ACSR / SD
(Self Damping)
Choices of overhead depend upon:

Power Delivery Requirements
Current Carrying Capacity
Electrical Losses
Line Design Requirements
Distances to be Spanned
Sag and Clearance Requirements
Environmental Considerations
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Ice and Wind Loading
Ambient Temperatures
10EE82
8. A pole for an overhead 11KV , 3-Ohase, 50Hz live is required to be earthed (pipe) & a
stay is to be provided . Make a neat sketch showing how it should be done. Prepare a list of
materials required.
(Jan -2015)
9. Write short notes on indoor ss? List advantages and disadvantages of outdoor ss over
indoor ss.
(Jan -2015)
Air Insulated Substation (AIS) or Outdoor Substations have all switchgear equipment, busbars
and other switchyard equipment installed outside open to atmosphere. In earlier days for any
voltage ratings AIS or outdoor substation is employed. Indoor Substation type is only employed
in places where high pollution or saline environment exists. Indoorsubstations are of two types
Substation with conventional switchgear equipment enclosed in big building. Size of

switchyard is similar to AIS Substation.
Substation with SF6 enclosed modules (Gas Insulated Substation) in building which takes
about 10% of the total AIS substation space
Because
of excellent
properties
of
SF6
gas
such
as
high
dielectric
strength,
high
electronegativity, for EHV substations more than 230kV now a days Indoor Gas Insulated
Substations (GIS) are employed in place of AIS substations. However the cost of GIS indoor
substation is higher compared to AIS substation but it has some benefits which includes high
reliability, less space requirement and less maintenance. Some of the advantages and
disadvantages
of
outdoor
switchyard
is
discussed
below.
Advantages of Outdoor Substation (AIS):
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This type of substation arrangement is best suited for low voltage rating substations (step
down substations) and for those substations where there is ample amount of space
available for commissioning the equipment of the substation
The construction work required is comparatively less to indoor switch yard and the cost
of switchgear installation is also low
In future the extension of the substation installation is easier
The time required for the erection of air insulated substation is less compared to indoor
substation
All the equipment in AIS switch yard is within view and therefore the fault location is
easier and related repairing work is also easy
There is practically no danger of the fault which appears at one point being propagated to
another point for the substation installation because the equipment of the adjoining
connections can be spaced liberally without any appreciable increase in the cost
Disadvantages of Air Insulated Substation (AIS):
More space is required for outdoor substation when compared to indoor gas insulated
substation (GIS)
Outdoor switch yards are more vulnerable to faults as it is located in outside atmosphere
which has some influence from pollution, saline environment and other environmental
factors. Deposition of saline particles on insulators can cause insulator failures. They are
also vulnerable to direct lightning strikes and other external events such as heavy winds,
rains and cyclones. Therefore reliability wise air insulated substation or outdoor
substations are relatively low compared to indoor substation
Regular maintenance is required compared to indoor substations (Maintenance for Gas

Insulated Substation is very minimal and reliability is very high) as they are exposed to
outside environment
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10. Estimate the quantity of material required for installation of 132/32KV ss with main &
transfer bus scheme having 2 x 40MVA Transformers
(Jan -2015)
SL No
Equipments
Quantity
Unit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
a). 132 kV
b). 33 kV
Line Isolators
a). 132 kV
b). 33 kV
Bus Isolators
a). 132 kV
b). 33 kV
Tendom Isolators 132 kV
CTs
a). 132 kV
b). 33 kV
a). 132 kV CVT
b). 33 kV PT
LA (Lightining Arrestors)
a). 132 kV
b). 33 kV
Post Insulator
Transformers
a). 132/33 kV, 40 MVA
b). 33/4 kV 250 kVA
Control Panel
a). T/F control and relay panel
b). B/C Panel
c). Double feeder panel
d). Distance protection panel
e). 33 kV tripple feeder panel
U/F Relay Panel
Energy meter 0.2 acc. Cla(ABT)
Control and Power Cable
Structures
DC equipments ( Protection & Conn)
Bus Bar and Insulator
S/S and Control Room Lighting
Earthmat and Earthing
Firefighting equipment
Boundary wall, fencing,
Control room building Store shed etc.
Land (Subject to Actual)
11
2
10
8
15
4
12
33
9
6
12
12
92
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
LS Provision
60
1
1
(LS Provision)
nos
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
MT
set
Page 55
11. Explain the classification of substations.
10EE82
(Jun-2014)
On the basis of design substations may be classified in to

(a)Outdoor type
i. Pole mounted (single stout pole/ H-type/ 4-pole structure employed for transformers of 25
kVA, 100 kVA and above 100 kVA)
ii. Foundation mounted (For transformers above 250 kVA and voltage of 33 kV and above
(b) Indoor type (In this the substation apparatus are installed within the building)
Outdoor substation :
When transformers are installed out door, certain clearances must be maintained.
Clearance between suppliers and consumers structure should not be less than 333 meters. This
is for maintaining the minimum sectional clearance of 206 m at 11 kV.
Suppliers and consumers structure shall be braced together when the clearance between them
is 5 m or less.
The ground clearance of the live parts of CTPT unit shall not be less than 3.7 m.
Phase to phase clearance at the AB switch shall be 915 mm
Phase to earth clearance at the AB switch shall be 610 mm. It is the clearance between the
operating rode of the AB switch and the jumpers of 11 kV down conductors
The supported length of 11 kV jumpers shall be limited to 1.5 m for standard conductors and
2.44 m for solid conductors (No. 2 or No. 0 SWG copper).
Where there is a cable end box with open terminations, the clearance of the live pars to ground
shall not be less than 305 m
The ground clearance of ht parts, usually 11 kV at the transformer bushings shall not be less
than 2.75 m.
Page 56
10EE82
The ground clearance of AB switch handle shall be between 1 and 1.2 m

Indoor Substation :
Indoor substation of 11 kV/415 V are usually installed at industrial areas and other load areas
like multistoried buildings, telephone exchange etc. Substation building is constructed for
installing transformer, HT and LT panel etc. Room size should be sufficient, so as to give
adequate clearance between wall and various equipments. Suitable ventilation for entry of
fresh air at the bottom of transformer room and exit of hot air at top on opposite sides are
necessary. The installation of transformer should that the cable boxes are on the sides and not
facing the door.
The OH line terminates on a DP structure outside the indoor substation. All protection
accessories such as AB switch, LA and DO fuse are installed in the DP structure. CT PT unit is
installed for connecting metering device. Supply to HT side of transformer is brought through
UG cable. Both sides of the transformer are protected by suitable capacity CB. Adequate fire
fitting equipment shall be provided at easily accessible positions. Danger notice board should
be provided on the HV and MV equipments.
12. Draw and estimate materials required for 66/11KV substation, with foll details :
i) Input lines-2, having 66KV
ii)Output line-2,66Kv
iii) Output line-0, 6 numbers,11KV
(Jun-2014)
Page 57
10EE82
Material calculation for lighting:

As the lighting load is more than 800 watts, two circuits are used.
First Circuit: Verandah, hall, bed room and kitchen = 780 watts.
Second Circuit: Room, Inner Verandah, lavatory and bath = 325 watts.
First Circuit:
Load current = 780/230 = 3.39 A.
Factor of safety = 2.
Current to be observed in wire table = 3.39 x 2 = 6.78 A.
Therefore 3/22 PVC or VIR Copper wire suitable.
Second Circuit:
Load current = 325/230 = 1.41 A.
Factor of safety = 2.
Current to be observed in wire table = 1.41 x 2 = 2.82 A.
Therefore 1/18 PVC or VIR copper wire is suitable.
Length of Casing and Capping
Page 58

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Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

VTU Question Solution

3.Briefly explain the modes of tendering.

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

5.Explain the following:1)Electrical schedules 2)Catalogues 3)Purchase system 4)Market

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

available in the commercial market; whether commercial practices regaiding customizing,

6. List out guidelines for inviting tenders.

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

7. Write the necessity of estimating and costing.

Electrical estimating is a process used by electricians, construction managers and engineers to

8. Explain by giving examples for the following terms.

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

9. Explain activities of Purchase department.

FUNCTION/ROLE OF A PURCHASING DEPARTMENT

To buy at the right time, right price and right terms

Selection and evaluation of suppliers/vendors

Aware of long-term and short term effects

Aware of all supply options

Maintain stock level

MAJOR PURCHASING ACTIVITIES

Obtaining and analyzing quotations of vendors/suppliers

Deciding best buying terms and conditions

Negotiating and checking contracts

purchase journal entry,passing of invoices for payment and settlement of accounts

Other activities like assisting with preparation of material expenditure/purchasing budget.

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

2) Switches must always be placed on the live wires only.

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Total Current = I = P/V = 5400W /220V =24.5A

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

4. What are the general rules to be followed for internal wiring.

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Total load of Sub-Circuit 1

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

a. 25.4 mm x 3.18 mm AL strips are c

Total area of 2 no's bakelite sheets for bus bar supports.

Allowance for wastage = 0.02 sq. mm

30A TPN/DP switch = No. 4 SWG aluminium wire.

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

15A DP switch = No. 8 SWG aluminium wire.

(1 set for 30A TPN & 3 sets for 30A DP) = 3 m

4. List and explain the design considerations of electrical installation in commercial

Ans : Same as Unit-3 (1a)

Load = 5.8kW = 5800W

Department of EEE, SJBIT

Electrical Design Estimation and Costing

Department of EEE, SJBIT