Thermal

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl.no.
Description of experiment
Load Test on slow speed Diesel Engine
Load Test on Horizontal Diesel Engine
Load Test on Vertical Diesel Engine
Volumetric efficiency test on Vertical Diesel Engine
Load Test on Twin cylinder Diesel Engine
Load Test on 2S Petrol Engine
Load Test on 4S 4cylinder Petrol engine
Valve Timing Diagram of 4S Diesel Engine
Port Timing Diagram 2S Petrol Engine
10
Determination of COP of Air-conditioning system
11
Determination of COP of Refrigeration system
12
Performance test on single stage Reciprocating Air Compressor
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KKIT
Page
no.
3
8
12
16
18
23
25
28
30
32
36
39
Ex. No: 1
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER SLOW SPEED

DIESEL ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of the given Engine
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
Total Fuel Consumption (TFC)

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
Brake Horse Power (BHP)
Indicated Horse Power (IHP)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE )
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ITE)
Mechanical Efficiency (ME)
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (Bmep)
Volumetric efficiency
And to plot the performance curves.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION
MAKE
BHP
SPEED
NO. OF CYLINDER
BORE
STROKE
ORIFICE DIA
TYPE OF IGNITION
METHOD OF LOADING
METHOD OF STARTING
METHOD OF COOLING
: FIELD MARSHAL
: 6.0
: 660 RPM
: ONE
: 114.3 mm
: 139.7 mm
: 20 mm
: COMPRESSION IGNITION
: ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER
: HAND START
: WATER COOLED
BASICS
1.
Brake Power (BHP)

BHP
Where,

KKIT
2 NWR
4500
N W=
W1
S R =
D -
Speed in RPM
W1 S kg
wt added (including wt hanger) in kg
Spring balance reading in kg
(D+d)/2
Brake drum diameter
2
D - Rope diameter
2.
Total Fuel consumption (TFC) in kg/hr.

TFC
Where,
3.
t - time for 10cc is volume of fuel consumption in s.

- Density (Diesel) in g/cc
V = 0.838 g/cc
Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) in kg/BHP-hr.

SFC
4.
10 3600
kg / hr
t 1000
TFC
kg/ BHP-hr
BHP
Brake Thermal Efficiency:
BHP 4500
100
%
(TFC ) CV J
60
Where, CV- calorific value of fuel (Diesel) in kcal/kg
J
- Mechanical equivalent of heat
= 427 kgf-m / kcal
BTE
5.

IHP can be calculated by Willans Line Graph method.
TFC
FHP
BHP
IHP = BHP + FHP

6.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency ( ITE)
IHP 4500
ITE
100
%
TFC
(
) CV J
60
Where,
CV
- Calorific value of fuel (Diesel) in kcal/kg
3
KKIT
J
7.
- Mechanical equivalent of heat

= 427 kgf-m / kcal
Mechanical Efficiency ( ME)
ME
BHP
100
IHP
8. Brake mean effective pressure,

Bmep
BHP 4500
LA( N / 2) n
kg/ cm2
Where,
L - Stroke length in m,
A - Bore area in cm2
N- Speed in rpm,
n - no. of cylinders
PROCEDURE
1. Find the maximum load that can be applied to the engine using the engine details.
2. Connect water inlet to a constant head water source.
3. Switch on the cooling water supply to Engine Jacket and adjust it to suitable flow rate.
(The flow rate can be measured by using the Rota meter).
4. Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230V, single-phase power source. Now the
digital temperature indicator displays the respective readings.
5. Check the lubricating oil level in the sump with the dipstick provided.
6. Check fuel level in the fuel tank and ensure the supply to engine.
7. De-compress the engine by decompression lever provided near the fuel pump.
8. Insert the starting handle and Crank the engine slowly by rotating in clockwise and ascertain
proper flow of fuel into the pump and in turn through the nozzle into the engine cylinder.
When maximum cranking speed is attained, pullout the decompression lever, now the engine
starts. Allow the engine to run and stabilize. (Approximately 650 RPM. The engine is a
constant Speed engine fitted with centrifugal governor).
10. Open the cooling water gate valve and set it for required flow, Now load the engine by
applying weights, load the engine in steps of , , , full load.
11. Before taking the reading allow the engine to run at the set load and speed for few minutes.
Note down the readings. Then increase the load by repeating the same procedure up to
maximum load.
12. To stop the engine after the experiment is over, remove all the weights applied, then push up
the governor lever towards the engine cranking side and hold it till the engine stops and then
close the cooling water gate valve.
Sl.
No.
Load in kg
Power
out put
Time for 10 cc fuel

consumption in s

KKIT
TFC
kg/hr
SFC
kg/BHPhr
FHP
hp
IHP
hp
BTE
ITE
ME
Bmep
kg/cm2
W1
BHP
t1
t2
1
2
3
4
5
6
MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION
Brake Power,
BHP
W
2 NWR
4500
BHP 4500
kg
2 N R
where,
W Load in kg,
RESULTS
1. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency = .%
2. Maximum Indicated Thermal Efficiency = %
3. Maximum Mechanical Efficiency = %
4. Maximum Brake Mean Effective Pressure = kg/ cm2
INFERENCE

KKIT
Ex. No: 2
LOAD TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER

HORIZONTAL DIESEL ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To conduct Load test on the given diesel E/N to determine
1. Total Fuel Consumption (TFC)
2. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
3. Brake Horse Power (BHP)
4. Indicated Thermal Efficiency (IHP)
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
6. Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ITE)
7. Mechanical Efficiency (ME)
8. Brake Mean Effective Pressure (Bmep)
And to plot,
1) BHP Vs TFC
2) BHP Vs SFC
3) BHP Vs ME
4) BHP Vs BTE
5) BHP Vs ITE
6) BHP Vs Bmep
MAKE
BHP
SPEED
NO. OF CYLINDER
BORE
STROKE
ORIFICE DIA
COMPRESSION RATIO
TYPE OF IGNITION
METHOD OF LOADING
METHOD OF STARTING
METHOD OF COOLING
: KIRLOSKAR
: 5.0
: 1500 RPM
: ONE
: 92 mm
: 95 mm
: 17 mm
: 22:1
: HAND START
: WATER COOLED
BASICS
1.
Brake Horse Power

BHP
Where,

KKIT
2 NWR
4500
W= W1-S
6
W1-Dead weight in kg
S - spring balance reading in kg
R= (D+d)/2
D- Diameter of Brake drum in meters (300 mm)
d- Dia of rope in m (16 mm),
N- Speed of the engine in rpm
1.

TFC
10 3600
t 1000
kg / hr
Where, t - time for 10 cc of fuel consumption

- Density of diesel in g/cc
3.

SFC
4.
TFC
BHP
kg / BHP hr

IHP BHP FHP
FHP Frictional Horse Power; obtained from BHP Vs TFC Graph
(X-intercept of the graph)
5.
Brake Thermal Efficiency
BTE
BHP 4500
100
TFC
(
) CV J
60
Where,
6.
TFC - Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.

CV - Calorific value of Diesel (11000 kcal/kg)
J - Mechanical equivalent of heat (427 kgf-m/kcal)
Indicated Thermal Efficiency
ITE
IHP 4500
100
TFC
(
) CV J
60
Where,
7.

CV - Calorific value of Diesel = 11000 kcal/kg
J - Mechanical equivalent of heat = 427 kgf-m/kcal
Mechanical Efficiency

KKIT
ME
8.
BHP
100
IHP
Brake Mean Effective Pressure

Bmep
BHP 4500
LA( N / 2) n
Where,
kg / cm 2
L Stroke length in m
A Bore area in cm2
n Number of cylinder
** N/2 is used since four stroke engine

PROCEDURE
Initially find the maximum load that can be applied to the Engine.
1).Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230 V single phase power source. Now
the digital meter indicates the respective readings.
2).Check the fuel supply to the engine.
3). Check the lubricating oil level
4). Switch on the cooling water supply
5). Start the engine by cranking
6). Now adjust throttle so that the engine to run at rated RPM = 1500
7). Load the engine in order of , , and Full Load.
8). In each case note down the time for 10 cc of Fuel consumption
9). Then with the details find the BHP and TFC plot the graph BHP Vs TFC and
x- intercept of the curve (Willains Line) gives the Frictional Horse Power
(FHP). Then BHP + FHP gives IHP.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl.
No.
Power
out put
Load in kg
W1
BHP
Time for 10 cc fuel

consumption in sec
t1
t2
TFC
kg/hr
1
2
3
4
5
6

KKIT
SFC
kg/BHPhr
FHP
hp
IHP
hp
BTE
ITE
ME
Bmep
kg/cm2
Brake Horse Power, BHP
2 NWR
4500
Where,
W= W1-S . kg
D = 0.3 m ,
d = 0.016 m,
BHP 4500
=.kg
2 NR
RESULTS
1. Maximum brake thermal efficiency =..
2. Maximum indicated thermal efficiency =..
3. Maximum Mechanical efficiency =.
4. Brake mean effective pressure =..
INFERENCE

KKIT
N=1500, rated rpm
Ex. NO: 3
LOAD TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER

VERTICAL DIESEL ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To conduct Load test on the given diesel E/N to determine
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
And to plot,

Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
1) BHP Vs TFC
2) BHP Vs SFC
3) BHP Vs ME
4) BHP Vs BTE
5) BHP Vs ITE
6) BHP Vs Bmep
MAKE
BHP
SPEED
NO. OF CYLINDER
BORE
STROKE
ORIFICE DIA
COMPRESSION RATIO
TYPE OF IGNITION
METHOD OF LOADING
METHOD OF STARTING
METHOD OF COOLING
: KIRLOSKAR
: 5.0
: 1500 RPM
: ONE
: 80 mm
: 110 mm
: 17 mm
: 17.5 :1
: HAND START
: WATER COOLED
BASICS
BHP
V I
g
736
Where, V - volt meter reading

I - Ammeter Reading,
KKIT
10
g - Generator Efficiency = 80 %
TFC
10 3600
t 1000
kg/hr
Where, t - time for 10 cc of fuel consumption

Density of diesel in gm/cc (0.838)
SFC
TFC
BHP
kg/BHP-hr
5. Indicated Horse Power (IHP)

IHP BHP FHP
FHP Frictional Horse Power; obtained from BHP Vs TFC Graph (Xintercept of the graph)
6. Brake Thermal Efficiency
BTE
BHP 4500
100
(TFC / 60) CV J
Where, TFC - Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.

CV Calorific value of Diesel (11000 kcal/kg)
J - Mechanical equivalent of heat ( 427 kgf-m/kcal)
7. Indicated Thermal Efficiency
ITE
Where,
IHP 4500
100
(TFC / 60) CV J

CV - Calorific value of Diesel (11000 kcal/kg)
8. Mechanical Efficiency
ME
BHP
100
IHP

KKIT
11
Bmep
Where,
BHP 4500
LA( N / 2) n
kg/cm2
N- Speed in rpm
A Bore area in cm2
n Number of cylinder
** N/2 is used since four stroke engine

PROCEDURE
1).Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230 V single phase power source. Now the
digital meter indicates the respective readings.
2).Check the fuel supply to the engine.
3).Check the lubricating oil level
4).Switch on the cooling water supply
5).Ensure the MCB switch provided for engaging and disengaging the
loading
systems should be in off position
6).Start the engine by cranking
7). Now the engine will run at rated RPM = 1500
8). Switch on the MCB on the resistance Bank and by operating cam switches
provided on the load bank; Load the engine in order of , , and Full Load.
9). In each case note down the time for 10 cc of Fuel consumption, Volt meter
reading, Ammeter reading
10).Then with the details find the BHP and TFC plot the graph BHP Vs TFC and xintercept of the curve (Willans Line) gives the Frictional Horse Power (FHP).
Then BHP + FHP gives IHP.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl.
No.
Amm
eter
readi
ng
amps
I
Volt
meter
readin
g in
volts
V
Power
out put
BHP
Time for 10 cc fuel

consumption in sec
t1
t2
TFC
kg/hr
SFC
kg/BHPhr
1
2
3
4
5
6

KKIT
12
FHP
hp
IHP
hp
BTE
ITE
ME
Bmep
kg/cm2
Brake Horse Power;

BHP
Where,
V I
g
736
V - Rated Voltage (230 V)

I - Current
g - Generator Efficiency = 80 %
I
BHP 736
V g
RESULTS
1. Maximum brake thermal efficiency =
2. Maximum indicated thermal efficiency =
3. Maximum Mechanical efficiency =
4. Brake mean effective pressure =
INFERENCE

KKIT
13
Ex. No: 4
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY TEST ON 4 STROKE

VERTICAL DIESEL ENGINES
OBJECTIVE
To Find the Volumetric Efficiency of the Given Engine and to Plot the Variation of Volumetric
Efficiency with Load
BASICS
The volumetric efficiency is the ratio between actual volumes of air intake to the theoretical
volume of air intake. Actual volume if found by measuring the volume flow rate by using an orifice
meter, but the theoretical volume or swept volume is found from the engine details.
1. Actual Volume of air drawn into the cylinder at RTP in m3/s
a) Equivalent air column
ha hw (
w
1)
a
Where, hw- water column from differential manometer in m.

w - Density of water in kg/m3
a - Density of air in kg/m3
b) Actual volume of air intake
Va Cd Ao 2 gha
Where, Cd - coefficient of discharge for the orifice
Ao - area of orifice in m2
G - Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
2. Swept Volume/ Theoretical Volume
LA( N / 2)n
60
m3 / s
A - Bore area in m2, A
D2
4
Vs
Where,
D Bore diameter in m
N - Speed in rpm
n - no. of cylinders

KKIT
14
3. Volumetric efficiency
vol
Va
100 %
Vs
Va Actual volume of air in m3/s

Vs Swept volume of air m3/s
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230 V single phase power source. Now the
digital meter indicates the respective readings.
2. Check the fuel supply to the engine.
3. Check the lubricating oil level
4. Switch on the cooling water supply
5. Ensure the MCB switch provided for engaging and disengaging the loading
systems should be in off position
6. Start the engine by cranking
7. Now the engine will run at rated RPM = 1500
8. Switch on the MCB on the resistance Bank and by operating cam switches
provided on the load bank; Load the engine in order of , , and Full Load.
9. In each case note down the manometer reading h1 and h2 also voltmeter reading, Ammeter reading
10. Then with the details find the volumetric efficiency and plot the graph.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl.
No.
Net load W
in kg
BHP
hp
Manometer reading
h1
in cm
h2
in cm
hw
in m
Equivalent air
column
ha
in m
RESULT
The maximum value of volumetric efficiency = .
INFERENCE

KKIT
15
Actual
volume
Swept
volume
Vol
Va m3/s
Vs m3/s
Ex. No: 5
LOAD TEST ON 4S TWIN CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To conduct load test on the given Diesel E/N and to find
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE )
And to plot the curves
BHP Vs TFC; BHP Vs SFC;

BHP Vs BTE ; BHP Vs ITE
BHP Vs ME ; BHP Vs Bmep

MAKE
BHP
SPEED
NO. OF CYLINDER
BORE
STROKE
ORIFICE DIA
TYPE OF IGNITION
METHOD OF LOADING
METHOD OF STARTING
METHOD OF COOLING
: KIRLOSKAR
: 10
: 1500 RPM
: TWO
: 87.5 mm
: 110 mm
: 20 mm
: EDDYCURRENT DYNAMOMETER
: HAND START
: WATER COOLED
BASICS
1.
Brake Power (BHP)

BHP
2 NT
60 1000 0.75
T = Torque in N-m
KKIT
16
2.
Total fuel consumption (TFC) in kg/hr

TFC
Where,
3.
t- time for10cc fuel consumption in s.

Density of Diesel in gm/cc
Specific fuel consumption (SFC) in

SFC
4.
10 3600
t 1000
Kg/BHP- hr
TFC
BHP
Indicated power; IHP = BHP + FHP

IHP can be calculated by Willans Line Graph method.
TFC
FHP
BHP
IHP = BHP + FHP

4.
BTE
BTE
BHP 4500
100
(TFC ) CV J
60
Where CV- calorific value of fuel (Diesel) in kcal/kg

J-Mechanical equivalent of heat = 427 kgf-m / kcal
5. Indicated Thermal Efficiency

KKIT
17
ITE
IHP 4500
100
(TFC ) CV J
60
Where, CV-calorific value of fuel (Diesel) = 11000 kcal/kg

J- Mechanical equivalent of heat = 427 kgf-m / kcal
Mechanical Efficiency Mech
6.
ME
BHP
100
IHP
Actual Volume (Va) of air drawn into the cylinder at RTP in m3/s
7.
ha hw (
w
1)
a
ha - Manometric head in meters of air

hw - Manometric head in meters of water.= h1 h2
w - Density of water [ 1000 kg/ m3 ]
a - Density of air [ 1.293 kg/ m3 ]
Va Cd A o 2 gha m3 /s
Where,
8.
Cd = 0.62
Ao - Area of orifice in m
g - Acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2 ]
Swept Volume (Vs)

Vs
Where, A
L
N
n
LA( N / 2)n
60
m3 / sec
- Bore area in m2
- Stroke length in m
- speed in rpm
- No. of cylinders
* N/2 is for four stroke engine
9. Volumetric efficiency
KKIT
18
Va
100
Vs
Where, Va - Actual Volume m3/s
Vs - Swept Volume m3/s
10. Brake mean effective pressure
Vol
Bmep
Where
BHP 4500
LA( N / 2) n
kg/ cm2
L Stroke length in m ,
A Bore area in cm2
N Speed in rpm,
n- no. of cylinders
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the cooling water inlet to a constant head water source.
2. Set zero by pressing the arrow button at digital water flow indicator first and Open the inlet
gate valves of the engine jacket to suitable flow rate by adjusting the gate valve which is
provided before the flow meter.
3. Set zero by pressing the arrow button at digital fuel flow indicator first and fill up the Diesel
into the tank.
5.
Ensure that the Engine is in the no load condition
6. Open the Diesel cock provided from the Diesel tank.

7. Set the fuel flow indicator, water flow indicator & Air flow indicator to zero by pressing the
arrow button.
8. De-compress the engine by decompression lever provided on top of the engine (Lift the
lever).
12. Insert the starting handle and Crank the engine slowly by rotating in clockwise and ascertain
proper flow of fuel into the pump and in turn through the nozzle into the engine cylinder
When maximum cranking speed is attained, Pull down the decompression lever, now the
engine starts. Allow the engine to run and stabilize. The engine is a constant Speed engine
fitted with centrifugal governor.
13. Now turn the knob of eddy current drive provided at the panel gradually to load the engine
through eddy current dynamometer. The torque T is indicated on a digital indicator. Now
rotate the knob of eddy current drive in clockwise and set the load to of the full load.

KKIT
19
14. Before taking the reading allow the engine to run at the set load and speed for few minutes.
Note down the readings. Time for 10 cc of fuel consumption and load on the Engine and
difference of water column level in manometer for finding volumetric efficiency. Then
increase the load and repeat the same procedure up to maximum load.
15. To get the readings from the computer click start test, view file and give the file name, then
view report. To take print out click print report.
16. To stop the engine after the experiment is over pull the governor lever towards the engine
cranking side.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl.
No.
Torqu
e
N-m
T
Power
out put
BHP
Time for 10 cc fuel

consumption in s
t1
t2
TFC
kg/hr
SFC
kg/BHPhr
FHP
hp
IHP
hp
1
2
3
4
5
6
RESULTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maximum Brake thermal Efficiency = ..%

Maximum Indicated Themal Efficiency = %
Maximum Machanical efficiency = .%
Maximum Volumetric efficiency = ..%
Maximum Brake mean effective pressure = ..kg/cm2
INFERENCE

KKIT
20
BTE
ITE
ME
Bmep
kg/cm2
Ex. No: 6
LOAD TEST ON TWO-STROKE PETROL ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To determine the total fuel consumption, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency and
brake mean effective pressure and to plot the following graphs.
1. BHP Vs BTE
2. BHP Vs Bmep
3. BHP Vs TFC
ENGINE DETAILS
1.
2.
3.
4.
BHP = 2.5 ,
Rated rpm = 2800,
Stroke = 57 mm
Bore= 57 mm
BASICS
(1). Brake Horse Power
BHP
Where,
2 N (W1 S ) R
4500
N -rated rpm
W1 - load in kg
S- spring balance reading in kg
R - Effective radius of brake drum in meters
(2). Total fuel consumption (TFC)

TFC
10 3600
t 1000
kg/hr
Where,
t - time in sec for 10 cc of fuel consumption
- Density of petrol in gm/cc
(3) Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
SFC
TFC
BHP
kg/ BHP-hr
(4) Brake mean effective pressure (Bmep)

KKIT
21
Bmep
BHP 4500
LAN
kg /cm2
L - Stroke length in m
A- Bore area in cm2
N - speed in RPM
(5) Brake Thermal Efficiency ( BTE)
BHP 4500
(TFC / 60) CV J
TFC- Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.
CV- Calorific value of petrol (10500 kcal/kg)
BTE
PROCEDURE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Initially find the maximum Load

Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230 V single-phase power source.
Now the digital meter indicates the respective readings.
Check the fuel supply to the engine.
Check the lubricating oil level in the oil sump
Start the engine with the help of kick start
Now run the engine at rated rpm by adjusting the throttle; take the time for 10 cc of
fuel consumption.
Now Switch on the cooling water supply to brake drum
And load the engine to W = W1-S = 2,4,6 kg and in each case take the time for 10 cc
of fuel consumption after adjusting the machine to rated rpm.
Then with the details find the BHP, TFC, BTE, and Bmep and plot the graphs.
Power
out put
Load in kg
Sl.
No.
W1
BHP
Time for 10 cc fuel

consumption in sec
t1
t2
SFC
TFC
kg/hr
1
2
3
4
5
6
RESULTS
1. Maximum brake thermal efficiency = %
2. Brake mean effective pressure = .kg/cm2
INFERENCE

KKIT
22
kg/BHPhr
BTE
%
Bmep
kg/cm2

KKIT
23
EXPT. NO: 7
LOAD TEST ON 4 STROKE 4 CYLINDER PETROL

ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To conduct performance test on the engine and to
4. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
MAKE
BHP
SPEED
NO. OF CYLINDER
BORE
STROKE
ORIFICE DIA
TYPE OF IGNITION
METHOD OF LOADING
METHOD OF STARTING
METHOD OF COOLING
: HM (ISUZU)
: 10 (Derated)
: 1500 RPM (Derated)
: FOUR
: 84 mm
: 82 mm
: 25 mm
: SPARK IGNITION
: HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER
: SELF START
: WATER COOLED
BASICS
1.
Brake Power
BHP
W N
2000
hp
W - load in kg
N - speed in rpm
2.
Total fuel consumption

TFC
10 3600
t 1000
Where, t- time for 10 cc fuel consumption in s.

Density of fuel (Petrol) is 0.780 gm/cc

KKIT
24
3.
Specific fuel consumption (SFC)

SFC
4.
TFC
BHP
kg/BHP-hr
BTE
BHP 4500
(TFC / 60) CV J
Where, CV calorific value of petrol in kcal/kg

J Mechanical equivalent of heat = 427 kg-m/kcal
5.
Brake mean effective pressure

BHP 4500
kg/ cm2
LA( N / 2) n
Where
L stroke length in m,
A bore area in cm2
N Speed in rpm,
n- no. of cylinders (4)
** N/2 is because 4S engine
Bmep
PROCEDURE
1. Find the maximum load that can be applied to the engine using the engine details.
2. Connect water inlet to a constant head water source.
3. Switch on the cooling water supply to Engine Jacket and adjust it to suitable flow rate.
(The flow rate can be measured by using the Rota meter).
5. Connect the battery terminals to a well-charged 12 V battery with the terminals marked (+) (-)
respectively to the engine cable terminals.
7. Check fuel (petrol)level in the fuel tank and open the Petrol cock provided underneath the
Petrol tank and. Also ensure the accelerator knob is in cut off position (idle condition).
8. Insert the ignition key into the starter switch and turn in clockwise, engage the clutch lever
[disconnect the dynamometer]. Turn the key further clockwise to start the engine. Now the
engine is running at idle speed. (Approx. 750 - 1000 RPM).
9. Increase the speed by turning the accelerator knob clockwise until the speed reaches approx.
1500 RPM.
10. Now put the dead weight provided with hydraulic dynamometer at the back side and coincide
the pointers provided at the bottom of the dial balance. Open the dynamometer hand wheel
gradually to load the engine through hydraulic dynamometer. The load is indicated on a
dial type spring balance in terms of kg. The engine brake power is given by W x N /2000
KKIT
25
where W is the load indicated on the spring balance and N is the speed of engine. Now the
engine speed decreases due to the application of load. Operate the acceleration
knob simultaneously with the hydraulic dynamometer hand wheel and set the load to of the
full load i.e. 3.5 kg [approx.] on the spring balance.
11. Before taking the reading keep the dynamometer casing horizontal [coincide the pointer]
by adjusting the hand wheel which is provided at the top of the dial balance and bring the
engine speed to 1500 RPM. Allow the engine to run at the set load and speed for few minutes.
Note down the readings. Then increase the load by repeating the same procedure up to
maximum load i.e. : 13.5 kg.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl.
No.
Load
in kg
W
Speed
in rpm
N
Power
out put
BHP
Time for 10 cc fuel

consumption in s
t1
t2
SFC
TFC in
kg/hr
kg/BHPhr
BTE
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
RESULTS
1. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency = .%
2. Maximum Brake Mean Effective Pressure = .kg/cm2
INFERENCE

KKIT
26
Bmep
kg/cm2
Ex. No: 8
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4S VERTICAL DIESEL

ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To plot the valve timing diagram using the given cut model of 4S single cylinder diesel engine and to
find
i)
Period of operation of inlet valve
ii) Period of operation of exhaust valve
iii) Fuel injection period
iv) Scavenging period
BASICS
Perimeter of the flywheel (P)
P 2 R
Radius, R
P
2
Arc length measured along the surface of the flywheel corresponds to the operation of the valve be
L ,
Angle subtended,
L 180
rad
Angle corresponds to scavenging period = Angle corresponds to the operation of Inlet Valve before
TDC + Angle Corresponds to the operation of exhaust valve after TDC
Angle corresponds to Fuel Injection period = Angle corresponds to the operation of fuel Valve before
TDC + Angle Corresponds to the operation of fuel valve after TDC
Angular velocity ,
2 N
60
t- time period in sec, crank angle

KKIT
27
60
2 N
PROCEDURE
Rotate the flywheel in proper direction and mark the position of top dead centre(TDC),
Bottom Dead Centre(BDC). Then mark the position of the opening and closing of the valves ie: IVOinlet valve opening, IVC- inlet valve closing, EVO- Exhaust valve opening, EVC- Exhaust valve
closing, FVO- Fuel valve opening, FVC- Fuel valve closing.
Then measure the arc length along the periphery of the flywheel and calculate the
corresponding angle.
Then plot the valve timing diagram using the details.
OBSERVATIONS
Name of the valve
Location
IVO
Before TDC
IVC
After BDC
EVO
Before BDC
EVC
After TDC
FVO
Before TDC
FVC
After TDC

KKIT
Corresponding arc
length from
reference in cm
28
Angle in Degrees
Ex. No: 9
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF 2 STROKE PETROL

ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
To plot the PORT timing diagram using the given cut model of 2S single cylinder petrol engine and to
find
1. Period of operation of inlet port
2. Period of operation of exhaust port
3. Scavenging period
BASICS
Perimeter of the flywheel,
P 2 R
Radius of the flywheel,
P
2
Arc length measured along the surface of the flywheel corresponds to the operation of the valve be
L,
Angle subtended,
L 180
rad
Angle corresponds to scavenging period = Angle corresponds to Transfer PORT open to Exhaust
PORT closed
Angular velocity,
2 N
60
Where, t- time period in sec, crank angle

t
PROCEDURE
60
2 N
Rotate the flywheel in proper direction and mark the position of top dead centre(TDC),
Bottom Dead Centre(BDC). Then mark the position of the opening and closing of the ports ie: IPOinlet port opening, IPC- inlet port closing, EPO- Exhaust port opening, EPC- Exhaust port closing,
Then measure the arc length along the periphery of the flywheel and calculate the corresponding
angle. Then plot the port timing diagram using the details.
KKIT
29
OBSERVATIONS
Name of the valve
Location
Corresponding arc
length from
reference in cm
IPO
IPC
EPO
EPC
RESULTS
1. Period of operation of inlet port
2. Period of operation of exhaust port
3. Scavenging period
=..s
=..s
=..s
INFERENCE

KKIT
30
Angle in Degrees
Ex. No. 10
DETERMINATION OF COP OF THE GIVEN

AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM
OBJECTIVE
To conduct Performance Test on Air Conditioner and to find out the Relative coefficient of
Performance.
EQUIPMENT
The given A/C (duct type)
Refrigerant R22.
BASICS
The purpose of Air-Conditioning is to supply sufficient volume of clean air containing a
specific amount of water vapour and at a temperature capable of maintaining pre- determined
atmospheric conditions.
The system works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
Theoretical COP
where,
Refrigeration effect
Work done
h1 -h 4
h 2 -h1
h1
- Enthalpy corresponding to P1 and T1
h2
- Enthalpy corresponding to P2 and T2
h4
Enthalpy corresponding to P1 and T4
P1 and T1
- Pressure and temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of compressor
P2 and T2
- Pressure and temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor
T3
- Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.
Actual COP = Q
where,
Relative COP =
Q - Refrigeration effect, and

W - Compressor input
Actual COP
Theoretical COP

KKIT
31
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESS
Cooling and Humidification:
Adding of water vapour to the air is known as humidification. This is done by adding steam to
the air at the inlet of cooling coil. When air is passed through a spray chamber part of the
water will be evaporated and is carried with the air, thus increasing the specific humidity.
PROCEDURE
1. Plug in the mains card of the system
2. Switch - On the DP switch so that the digital panel meters indicates corresponding readings.
3. Switch On the condenser fan and the blower
4. Start the system by switching on the thermostat by opening the corresponding valves depending
on solenoid and thermostatic expansion valve or capillary expansion device.
5. Allow air flow through the air conditioning chamber and let it stabilize for few minutes.
6. Record T1, T2, T3, P1, P2, V,I and Rota meter reading. Note down wet and dry bulb
temperature at inlet and outlet also.
Psychrometric process (Cooling and Humidification):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fill the water in the boiler to about half to th and close the valve.
Switch on the boiler for about 45 to 60 minutes.
When steam is formed open steam inlet valve and allow it to flow about 10 minutes.
Record wet and dry bulb temperature at inlet and outlet.
Switch off boiler and after about 5 minutes switch off CF, EF and Mains.
Evaporator
Condenser
Compressor
Expansion Valve
VVALVEDevice
Block Diagram of Vapour Compression Cycle
32

KKIT
OBSERVATIONS
Temp at inlet of
Sl.
No
Pressure
at inlet of
compress
or P1(psi)
Pressure at
inlet of
condenser
P2(psi)
Voltage
,V
(v)
C
urrent,
I
V* I
(W)
Co
mpr
esso
r
T10
C
(A)
Conde
nser
T20 C
Temp. at exit of
Con
dens
er
T30 C
Expansi
on Valve
T40 C
Ambient
Temp
T50 C
CALCULATION
Theoretical COP
h1 - h 4
h 2 - h1
From R-22 p-h chart

where,
h1 - Enthalpy corresponding to P1 and T1

h 2 - Enthalpy corresponding to P2 and T2
Compressor input
Actual COP =

KKIT
33
Rotamet
er
Reading
Refrigeration Effect
where, m a
m a c pa Ti -To kJ
- mass of air in kg.
- velocity of air area of flow density of air.

We can find out velocity of air by using Anemometer.
cPa - Specific heat of air = 1.005kJ/kg K
Ti - Air inlet temperature.
To - Air outlet temperature from duct.
Density of air
Compressor input
Relative COP
= 1.97 kg/m3 .
VxI
=
kJ
1000
Actual COP
=
Theortical COP
RESULT
Theoretical COP of air conditioner
Actual COP of air conditioner
Relative COP of air conditioner
=
=
=
INFERENCE

KKIT
34
Ex. No.11
DETERMINATION OF COP OF THE REFRIGERATION

TEST RIG
OBJECTIVE
To determine the Relative COP of the given Refrigeration System.
EQUIPMENT
The given Refrigeration Test Rig with refrigerant R-12.
BASICS
The system works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
Work done
h1 - h 4
=
h 2 - h1
Theoretical COP =
where h1 - Enthalpy corresponding to P1 and T1

P1 and T1 - Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of compressor
P2 and T2 - Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor
T3 - Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.
Heat removed
Actual COP =
Actual work input
Heat removed = mc p dT
m - mass of water taken in the chiller in kg
cp - specific heat of water
dt - drop in temperature of water
Actual work input = (E1 - E 2 ) 3600 kJ
E1 - Initial energy metre reading in kWh
E2 - final energy metre reading in kWh
Relative COP
Actual COP
Theoritical COP

KKIT
35
PROCEDURE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fill the chiller with water

Switch- On the power
Start the system by switching on the thermostat by opening the corresponding valves
depending on solenoid and thermostatic expansion valve or capillary expansion device.
Note down the initial energy meter reading E1
RecordT1, T2, T3, T4, P1, P2, V,I and Rotameter reading.
Note down the initial temperature of water Ti
After 30 minutes note down the energy meter reading E2 and Temperature of chilled water Tf
OBSERVATIONS
Initial
temp of
water in
chiller,
Ti
(0 C)
Initial
Energy
meter
reading
E1
(kWh)
Final
Energy
meter
reading
E2
(kWh)
Pressure
at Inlet
of
compres
sor
P1
(Psi)
Pressure
in
Condense
r
P2
(Psi)
Temp at
inlet of
Compre
ssor
T1
(0C)
Temp at
outlet of
Compress
or
T2
(0C)
Temp at
outlet of
Condense
r
T3
(0C)
Temp at
outlet of
Expansio
n valve.
T4
(0C)
Final
Temp of
water
Tf
(0C)
CALCULATION
Theoretical COP =
Work done
h1 - h 4
h 2 - h1
where, h1 - Enthalpy corresponding to P1 and T1

P1 and T1 - Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at inlet of compressor
P2 and T2 - Pressure and Temperature of Refrigerant at exit of compressor
T3 - Temperature of Refrigerant at the exit of condenser.

KKIT
36
Heat removed
Actual work input
Heat removed = mCp dT
Actual COP
m - mass of water taken in the chiller in kg

Cp - specific heat of water
dt - drop in temperature of water
Actual work input = (E1 - E 2 ) 3600 kJ
E1 - Initial energy metre reading in kWh
E 2 - final energy metre reading in kWh
Actual COP
Relative COP =
Theoritical COP
RESULTS
Theoretical COP of air conditioner
Actual COP of air conditioner
Relative COP of air conditioner
=
=
=
INFERENCE

KKIT
37
Ex. No. 12 PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE STAGE RECIPROCATING

AIR COMPRESSOR
OBJECTIVE
To study the variation of volumetric efficiency and isothermal efficiency of single stage air
compressor against various discharge values.
EQUIPMENT
Single stage air compressor Test Rig, Stop watch.
BASICS
1. Volumetric efficiency = Actual volume of air intake / theoretical volume
Theoretical volume
vTH =
Where,
LAN
60
m3/s
L- stroke length 60 mm
A-Bore area- (bore= 70 mm)
N - Speed in RPM 1000
Actual Volume (Va)

m3/s
Va = Cd xax 2gha
Where, Cd - Co- efficient of discharge of orifice. 0.62

A - Cross sectional area of orifice (d=17mm).
ha - pressure in terms of m of air.
g = 9.8 m/s2
vol =
Va
x100
Vth
ha=hw x
w
-1
a
w= 1000 kg/m3 , a = 1.17 kg/m3

2. Isothermal efficiency iso = isothermal work input/ Actual work input x 100
KKIT
38
Isothermal work = Pa x Va x ln
Pa+Pd
Pa
Where, Pd - delivery pressure in kg/m2

Pa - Ambient pressure in kg/m2 (1.051x 104 )
Va - actual volume of air intake in m3 /s.
Pa +Pd
=, compression ratio
Pa
The value of isothermal work so obtained is kg-m / sec. Is converted to kW.

Actualworkinput
= oxElectricpowerinput
= o x
nx3600
tx K
where,
t - time in
sec for n no. of revolutions of energy meter disc.

K- Energy meter constant in rev/ kWh.
PROCEDURE
Close the outlet from the reservoir and then start the compressor. Then compressed air is
stored in tank. Wait till the pressure inside the chamber reaches 8 kg/cm 2. Then open the outlet valve
and by fine adjustment make air inlet pressure and chamber pressure are equal. Then take reading on
U- tube manometer (level difference) and time for 5 rev of energy meter disc.
By using the head difference obtained from manometer we will obtain the air discharge. By
using energy meter disc revolution input power can be calculated. Find the respective values and plot
the curves Pd Vs o and Pd Vs iso
OBSERVATIONS

KKIT
39
Sl.No.
h2

KKIT
hw
ha
t1
INFERENCE
40
t2
t
RESULTS
1. Volumetric efficiency of the given reciprocating air compressor = .

2. Isothermal efficiency of the given reciprocating air compressor = .
Isothermal efficiency
Isothermal work done
Actual work done
Theoretical volume Vth, m3/s
Actual volume Va m3/s
Time for n=3 revolutions of

E/M disc
Equivalent air column in m
mHeight of water column in
Differntial manometer
reading
Compression ratio
Delivery pressure Pd in kg/m2
Delivery pressure Pd in kg/cm2
h1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Load Test on slow speed Diesel Engine

Load Test on Horizontal Diesel Engine

Load Test on Vertical Diesel Engine

Volumetric efficiency test on Vertical Diesel Engine

Load Test on Twin cylinder Diesel Engine

Load Test on 2S Petrol Engine

Load Test on 4S 4cylinder Petrol engine

Valve Timing Diagram of 4S Diesel Engine

Port Timing Diagram 2S Petrol Engine

Determination of COP of Air-conditioning system

Determination of COP of Refrigeration system

Performance test on single stage Reciprocating Air Compressor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER SLOW SPEED

Total Fuel Consumption (TFC)

And to plot the performance curves.

Brake Power (BHP)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Total Fuel consumption (TFC) in kg/hr.

t - time for 10cc is volume of fuel consumption in s.

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) in kg/BHP-hr.

Brake Thermal Efficiency:

Indicated Horse Power (IHP)

IHP = BHP + FHP

- Mechanical equivalent of heat

Mechanical Efficiency ( ME)

8. Brake mean effective pressure,

Time for 10 cc fuel

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOAD TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER

Brake Horse Power

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Total Fuel Consumption (TFC)

Where, t - time for 10 cc of fuel consumption

Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)

Indicated Horse Power (IHP)

Brake Thermal Efficiency

TFC - Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.

Indicated Thermal Efficiency

TFC - Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Brake Mean Effective Pressure

** N/2 is used since four stroke engine

Time for 10 cc fuel

MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

Brake Horse Power, BHP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

N=1500, rated rpm

LOAD TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER

Total Fuel Consumption (TFC)

Where, V - volt meter reading

Where, t - time for 10 cc of fuel consumption

5. Indicated Horse Power (IHP)

Where, TFC - Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.

TFC - Total fuel consumption in kg/hr.

9. Brake Mean Effective Pressure (Bmep)

** N/2 is used since four stroke engine

Time for 10 cc fuel

MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

Brake Horse Power;

V - Rated Voltage (230 V)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING