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Multicasting
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3FL00250_C Ed 03
Table of contents
Multicast addressing. .
p. 3
p.14
3FL00250_C Ed 03
University
Unicast versus Multicast
3FL00250_C Ed 03
Routing types
Broadcast
Unicast
Anycast
Multicast
> In early IP networks, a packet could be sent to either a single device (unicast) or to all devices
(broadcast). A single transmission destined for a group of devices was not possible. However,
during the past few years, a new set of applications has emerged. These applications use
multicast transmissions to enable efficient communication between groups of devices. Data is
transmitted to a single multicast IP address and received by any device that needs to obtain the
transmission.
3FL00250_C Ed 03
Unicast
Principle
Server application sends 1 copy of data for every client
Routing
Entries for every destination in routing table
Server-Application
> When a packet is sent between two hosts, and when there is one sending process and one
receiving process only, this is unicast. For every client an individual packet stream is setup
(from the server). Very often client applications ask for identical data from the server
> Unicast routing protocols build routing tables by exchanging information about destination
networks
3FL00250_C Ed 03
BTV
www
= News
> The problem with unicast arises when you want to send a stream of data to many users. In that
case you need to send this stream as many times as there are users, so this requires a
massive amount of bandwidth.
3FL00250_C Ed 03
Broadcast
Principle
Server application sends 1 copy to all hosts
Even if only few users are interested
Routing
Routers typically block broadcast packets
Broadcast to users on the LAN
same subnet
Server-Application
> When a packet is sent between one sourcing host, and many destination hosts, this is
broadcast. e.g. when sending a packet to destination 255.255.255.255 (limited broadcast), the
packet is received by all users connected to the same LAN.
> In case of broadcast all users will receive the packet even though there may be just a few users
connected to the LAN who are interested in the broadcast. Another issue with broadcast is that
you cant reach users connected a few routers away because routers typically block broadcast
packets.
3FL00250_C Ed 03
Multicast
Principle
Server application sends 1 copy of data to a group of users
Network nodes replicate at last possible hop
Routing
Reverse path forwarding
Server-Application
client
Multicast tree
leaf
3FL00250_C Ed 03
BTV
www
= News
3FL00250_C Ed 03
BTV
www
= News
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> Full support for IP multicasting, allows a host to create, join and leave host groups, as well as
send IP datagrams to host groups. It requires implementation of the Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP) and extension of the IP and local network service interfaces
within the host.
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JOIN Multicast
224.10.10.10
IGMP
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University
Multicast addressing
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IP multicasting
Host group Multicast group
an arbitrary group of receivers that want to receive a particular
data stream
Single IP destination address
no physical nor geographical boundaries the host can be located
anywhere on the internet
Host can send packets to the host group without being a member
Host does not know the members of the host group
Multicast
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> Multicast is based on the concept of a group. A multicast group is an arbitrary group of
receivers that expresses an interest in receiving a particular data stream. This group has
neither physical nor geographical boundariesthe hosts can be located anywhere on the
Internet or any private inter-network.
> Hosts that are interested in receiving data flowing to a particular group must join the group
using IGMP. Hosts must be members of the group to receive the data stream.
> The membership of a host group is dynamic; that is, hosts may join and leave groups at any
time. There is no restriction on the location or number of members in a host group, but
membership in a group may be restricted to only those hosts possessing a private access key.
A host may be a member of more than one group at a time. A host need not be a member of a
group to send datagrams to it.
> A host group may be permanent or transient.
A permanent group has a well-known, administratively assigned IP address. It is the address,
not the membership of the group, that is permanent; at any time a permanent group may have
any number of members, even zero.
A transient group, on the other hand, is assigned an address dynamically when the group is
created, at the request of a host. A transient group ceases to exist, and its address becomes
eligible for reassignment, when its membership drops to zero.
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IP multicast protocol
IP Multicast uses Class D addresses
IP-addresses from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
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CLASS D
1110
MULTICAST
224
239
15
> The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) controls the assignment of IP multicast
addresses. IANA has assigned the IPv4 Class D address space to be used for IP multicast.
Therefore multicast devices use Class D IP addresses (as destination addresses only!) to
communicate. These addresses are contained in the range encompassing 224.0.0.0 through
239.255.255.255.
> Permanent addresses (assigned by IANA)
224.0.0.0 Base Address (Reserved)
224.0.0.1 All Systems on this Subnet
224.0.0.2 All Routers on this Subnet
224.0.0.3 Unassigned
224.0.0.4 DVMRP Routers
224.0.0.5 OSPF All Routers
224.0.0.6 OSPF Designated Routers
224.0.0.9 RIP2 Routers
> Transient addresses
Dynamically assigned to a multicast group
Cease to exist when membership to the group drops to zero
> A small number of MC IP addresses is permanently reserved (e.g. to address all routers
supporting a certain routing protocol), but all the other addresses are available.
> The Internet is divided into several multicast domains. Within each domain one can
theoretically use the full range of transient class D IP addresses. There is a DHCP-like
functionality within such a domain that allocates IP addresses (and registers which class D IP
addresses are in use).
> It is possible to have inter-domain multicasts, but then you need to have a mapping between
multicast addresses within the respective multicast domains.
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xxxxxxx1
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
multicast bit
multicast bit:
1 multicast (or even broadcast)
the frame is destined to all hosts or a subset of hosts on the network
0 unicast
the frame is destined to one single host on the network
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L3 to L2 address mapping
1110
IP multicast address (239.255.10.1)
1110 1111-11111111-00001010-00000001
5 bits lost
Multicast MAC address
(01-00-5E-7F-0A-01)
00000001-00000000-01011110-01111111-00001010-00000001
25 bits prefix
23 bits
48 bits
17
> In contrast to standard IP unicast traffic forwarding, the mapping between the IP multicast
destination address and the data-link address is not done with ARP. Instead, a static mapping
has been defined.
> In an Ethernet network, multicasting is supported if the high-order octet of the data-link address
is 0x'01'.
> The IANA has reserved the range 0x01005E000000' through 0x'01005E7FFFFF' for multicast
addresses. This range provides 23 usable bits. The 32-bit multicast IP address is mapped to
an Ethernet address by placing the low-order 23 bits of the Class D address into the low-order
23 bits
> Since the high-order five bits of the IP multicast group are ignored, 32 different multicast groups
are mapped to the same Ethernet address. Because of this non-unique mapping, filtering by
the device driver is required.
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www.alcatel-lucent.com
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