SKELETAL MUSCLES

Consist of muscular and tendonous portions

-varied depending on the role played
continued use of fast or slow fibers result in
increased size of fiber, hence increase in size
and strength of muscle
in males, with androgens (gonaldal hormone,
cause amino acids to be linked into
polypeptides and proteins) cause larger muscles

Microantomy
Epimysium (fibrous sheath, collagen + elastic fibers)
Muscle
Perimysium
Fascicles
Endomysium
Myofiber (surrounded by sarcolemma)
Collagenous bundles of peri and epi become part of tendon. Collagenous part of tendon continue to bone.
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF STRIATED MUSCLE FIBERS
A. CONTRACTILE MUSCLE FIBERS
Contraction
Where to be found
Innervation
Action Potential

TWITCH
Slow to fast
Predom in Mammals
(Slow-posture; Fast-locomotion)
Single axon
All or none

TONIC
Slow
Amphibians and reptiles (postural)
Mammals (extrinsic eye muscles and ear muscles)
Multiple axons
Temporal summation with graded contraction
For sustained contraction for prolonged periods

Kinds of TWITCH Fibers

Usage
Fatigue
Activity
Number of
mitochondria
Energy from
Examples

Slow Twitch
(Type I of Mammals)
Posture or slow repetitive
mvts
Slowly
Aerobic
many

Fast Oxidative
(Type IIA of Mammals)
Fast

Fast Glycolytic
(Type IIB of Mammals)
Powerful and Fast

Slowly
Long-term anaerobic
many

Quickly
Short-term anaerobic
Few

High O2 storage proteins

(myoglobin)
Dark meat of fish and fowl

36 ATP from oxidative

phosphorylation
Bird flight muscles

2 ATP from glycolysis

with possible O2 debt
White breast of fowl

MUSCLE ORIGINS, INSERTIONS, AND MUSCLE SHAPES

Origin- site of attachment, usually fixed

Insertion- site of attachement, usually moved

If origin is immobilized by other muscles, the origin can be the one displaced.
o
Geniohyoid (in b/n hyoid bone and lower jaw) can lower lower jaw or draw hyoid forwards, dep on w/c
bone is immobilized.

SHAPES OF MUSCLES
1. Fusiform- eg. Biceps (Humans-2 heads; Cats &
Rabbits- 1)
2. Straplike- eg. Geniohyoid (tetrapods),
Sternomastoid (Mammals)

3. Pinnate- countour feather, eg. Deltoids

4. Dome diapragm with central tendon

Aponeuroses- though, thin, sheetlike expanses of tendons and ligaments Eg. Galea aponeurotica (in mammalian
scalp)
Raphes- long, seam like tendons, mucles inserting in it often compress a cavity and organs within it eg. Linea alba
Tendonous Inscriptions- in straplike or broad muscles, add tensile strength to the muscle