Lab 2 Sem 3

RESULT
Part A: Free Vortex

a.
Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Table 1: Data obtained for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Pressure
Diamete
Measured
Pitot tube
head /
Velocity,
Radius,
r2
1/r2
r at
height, h
head
Depth of
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
(cm2)
(1/cm2)
centre, D
(cm)
difference
the pitot
, H (cm)
tube, X
1.00
1.00
1.00
(cm)
0.70
0.40
0.40
44.29
44.29
44.29
0.70
0.65
0.55
0.49
0.42
0.30
2.04
2.37
3.31
(cm)
1.40
1.30
1.10
7.80
8.10
8.10
Pressure head against 1/r2

0.8
0.7
0.6
f(x) = - 0.15x + 0.8
0.5
Pressure head, X (cm)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2.04
2.37
3.31
1/r2 (1/cm2)
Figure 7: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Table 2: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
0.70
0.65
0.55
Actual velocity (cm/s)

44.29
44.29
44.29
Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

24.51
26.40
31.20
Velocity against radius
Velocity, V (cm/s)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.55000000000000004
Actual velocity
Theoretical velocity
0.7
Radius, r (cm)
Figure 8: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
b.

Pressure
Diamete
Measured
r at
centre, D
(cm)
2.60
2.50
2.80
height, h
(cm)
7.10
7.30
7.40
Pitot tube
head /
head
Depth of
Velocity,
Radius,
difference
the pitot
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
, H (cm)
tube, X
1.50
1.50
1.50
(cm)
1.40
1.20
1.10
54.25
54.25
54.25
1.30
1.25
1.40
r2 (cm2)
1.69
1.56
1.96
1/r2
(1/cm2)
0.59
0.64
0.51

1.6
1.4
1.2
f(x) = 0.05x + 1.13
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.51
0.59
0.64
1/r2 (1/cm2)
Radius, r (cm)
1.30
1.25
1.40

54.25
54.25
54.25

7.62
7.92
7.07

60
50
40
Velocity, V (cm/s)
Actual velocity
30
20
10
0
1.25
1.3
1.4
Radius, r (cm)
c.

Diamete
Measured
Pitot tube
Pressure
Velocity,
Radius,
r at
height, h
head
head /
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
centre, D
(cm)
difference
Depth of
, H (cm)
the pitot
(cm)
r2 (cm2)
1/r2
(1/cm2)
tube, X
3.80
3.60
3.70
7.50
7.40
7.80
1.70
1.70
1.70
(cm)
1.00
1.10
0.70
57.75
57.75
57.75
1.90
1.80
1.85
3.61
3.24
3.42
0.28
0.31
0.29
Pressure head, X (mm)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
f(x) = 0.05x + 0.83
1/r2 (1/mm2)
Radius, r (cm)
1.90
1.80
1.85

57.75
57.75
57.75

5.21
5.50
5.35

70
60
50
Velocity, V (cm/s)
40
Actual velocity
30
20
10
0
1.8
1.85
1.9
Radius, r (cm)
d.

Diamete
Measured
Pitot tube
Pressure
Velocity,
Radius,
r at
height, h
head
head /
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
centre, D
(cm)
difference
Depth of
, H (cm)
the pitot
(cm)
r2 (cm2)
1/r2
(1/cm2)
tube, X
4.00
4.80
4.90
7.30
7.00
7.10
(cm)
1.20
1.50
1.40
2.00
2.00
2.40
62.64
62.64
68.62
2.00
2.40
2.45
4.00
5.76
6.00
0.25
0.17
0.17

1.6
1.4
f(x) = - 0.1x + 1.57
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.17
0.17
0.25
1/r2 (1/cm2)
Figure 13: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 2.4 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
2.00
2.40
2.45

62.64
62.64
68.62

7.01
5.84
5.72

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Velocity, V (cm/s)
Actual velocity
Radius, r (cm)
Part B: Forced Vortex
Table 9: Data for forced vortex experiment obtained and calculated value
Distance
1
from
centre
(mm)
h0 (cm)
2nd
st
Measured
Theoretica
l
Measured
3rd
Theoretica
Measure
Theoretical
0
30
70
110
No of
revolution
6.00
6.40
6.60
7.00
6.00
6.46
6.94
7.83
8.20
8.30
8.70
8.90
8.20
8.36
9.02
9.68
10.30
10.40
10.50
10.80
10.30
10.46
10.82
11.58
35
34
34
velocity
3.67
3.56
3.56
(rad/s)
LPM
9.21
9.87
10.64
s in 60s
Angular
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (cm)
Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Linear (Theoretical)
Distance from centre (mm)
Figure 15: Graph of vortex profile for the 1st trial
Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Figure 16: Graph of vortex profile for the 2nd trial
Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Figure 17: Graph of vortex profile for the 3rd trial
CALCULATIONS
Part A: Free Vortex

a) Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm
At D = 1.4 cm and h = 7.8 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33. 0ah=33. 024.57.8=0.7 cm
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 9 81
cm
cm
1.00 cm=44.29
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=2.04
2
2
0.49
r 0.7 0
c m2
At D = 1.3 cm and h = 8.1 cm,
Pressure head , X =33.0ah=33.024.58.1=0. 4 cm
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
1.00 cm=44.29
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=2.37 2
2
2
0.42
r 0.65
cm
At D = 1.1 cm and h = 8.1 cm,
Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.024.58.1=0.4 cm
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
1
1
1
1
=
=
=3.31 2
2
2
0.30
r 0. 55
cm
cm
cm
1.00 cm=44.29
2
s
s
From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

Gradient ,
X
=0.15 c m3 (neglect negative sign)
1
2
r
2
Substitute into equation
X K
=
,
1 2g
2
r
K2
=0.15 c m3
2g
K = 0.15 c m3 2 9 81
cm
c m4
c m2
=
294.3
=17.16
s
s2
ss
At D = 1.4 cm, r = 0.70 cm:

c m2
K
s
cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = =
=24.51
r
0.7 0 c m
s
17.16
At D = 1.3 cm, r = 0.65 cm:

cm2
K
s
cm
=26.40
r
0.65 cm
s
17.16
At D = 1.1 cm, r = 0.55 cm:

2
cm
K
s
cm
=31.20
r
0.55 cm
s
17.16
b) Orifice diameter = 1.3 cm

At D = 2.6 cm and h = 7.1 cm,
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
1.50 cm=54.25
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.59 2
2
2
r 1.30 1.69
cm
At D = 2.5 cm and h = 7.3 cm,
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
1.50 cm=54.25
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.64 2
2
2
r 1.25 1.56
cm
At D = 2.8 cm and h = 7.4 cm,
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
1.50 cm=54.25
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.51 2
2
2
r 1.40 1.96
cm

Gradient ,
X
3
=0.05 cm
1
r2
2
X K
=
,
1 2g
2
r
K
=0.05 cm3
2g
K = 0.05 cm 3 2 981
cm
cm4
cm 2
=
98.1
=9.90
2
s
s
s
s
At D = 2.6 cm, r = 1.30 cm:

cm2
K
s
cm
=7.62
r
1.30 cm
s
9.90
At D = 2.5 cm, r = 1.25 cm:

cm2
K
s
cm
Theoreti c al velocity , V = =
=7.92
r
1.25 cm
s
9.90
At D = 2.8 cm, r = 1.40 cm:

cm2
K
s
cm
=7.07
r
1.40 cm
s
9.90
c) Orifice diameter = 1.7 cm

At D = 3.8 cm and h = 7.5 cm,

0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.28 2
2
2
r 1.90 3.61
cm
cm
cm
1.7 0 cm=57.75
2
s
s
At D = 3.6 cm and h = 7.4 cm,

0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
1.7 0 cm=57.7 5
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.31 2
2
2
r 1.80 3.24
cm
At D = 3.7 cm and h = 7.8 cm,
Pressure head , X =33.0ah=33.024.57.8=0.7 cm
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
1.7 0 cm=57.7 5
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.29 2
2
2
r 1.85 3.42
cm

Gradient ,
X
=0.05 cm3
1
r2
2
X K
=
,
1 2g
2
r
K2
=0.05 cm3
2g
cm
cm4
cm 2
K = 0.05 cm 2 981 2 = 98.1 s =9.90
s
s
s
At D = 3.8 cm, r = 1.90 cm:
cm 2
K
s
cm
=5.21
r
1.90 cm
s
9.90
At D = 3.6 cm, r = 1.80 cm:

cm2
K
s
cm
=5.50
r
1.80 cm
s
9.90
At D = 3.7 cm, r = 1.85 cm:

cm 2
K
s
cm
=5.35
r
1.85 cm
s
9.90
d) Orifice diameter = 2.4 cm

At D = 4.0 cm and h = 7.3 cm,

0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
2.00 cm=62.64
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.25 2
2
2
4.00
r 2.00
cm
At D = 4.8 cm and h = 7.0 cm,
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
2.00 cm=62.64
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.17 2
2
2
r 2.40 5.76
cm
At D = 4.9 cm and h = 7.1 cm,
Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.024.57 .1=1.4 cm
0.5
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
cm
2.40 cm=68.62
2
s
s
1
1
1
1
=
=
=0.17 2
2
2
r 2.45 6.00
cm

Gradient ,
X
3
=0.10 cm (neglect negative sign)
1
r2
2
X K
=
,
1 2g
2
r
K
=0.1 0 cm3
2g
K = 0.10 cm3 2 981
cm
cm4
cm 2
=
196.2
=14.01
s
s2
ss
At D = 4.0 cm, r = 2.00 cm:

cm2
1 4.01
K
s
cm
=7.01
r
2.00 cm
s
At D = 4.8 cm, r = 2.40 cm:
cm 2
K
s
cm
=5.84
r
2.40 cm
s
1 4.01
At D = 4.9 cm, r = 2.45 cm:

cm2
K
s
cm
=5.72
r
2.45 cm
s
1 4.01
Part B: Forced Vortex

a) Using the data from the 1st trial:
Angular velocity=2
No. of revolution
35
=2
=3.67 rad / s
60 s
60 s
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge:

1) Distance from centre = 30 mm = 3 cm
h=h0 +
2 2
3. 672
r =6.4+
3 2=6.46 c m
2g
2(9.81 100)

h=h0 +
2 2
3. 672
r =6.6+
72 =6.94 c m
2g
2(9.81 100)
h=h0 +
2
3.67
r =7.0+
112=7.83 c m
2g
2(9.81 100)
b) Using the data from the 2nd trial:

Angular velocity=2
No. of revolution
34
=2
=3.56 rad / s
60 s
60 s

h=h0 +
2 2
3.56 2
r =8.3+
32=8.36 cm
2g
2(9.81 100)

2
h=h0 +
2
3. 56
r =8.7+
7 2=9.02 cm
2g
2(9.81 100)

2
h=h0 +
2
3.56
r =8.9+
112=9.68 cm
2g
2(9.81 100)
c) Using the data from the 3rd trial:

Angular velocity=2
No. of revolution
34
=2
=3.56 rad / s
60 s
60 s

h=h0 +
2
3.56
r =10.4+
32 =10.46 cm
2g
2(9.81 100)

h=h0 +
2 2
3.56 2
r =10.5+
72=10.82 cm
2g
2(9.81 100)

h=h0 +
2 2
3.562
r =10.8+
112=11.58 cm
2g
2(9.81 100)

Lab 2 Sem 3

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Lab 2 Sem 3

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RESULT

Part A: Free Vortex

Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = - 0.15x + 0.8

Actual velocity (cm/s)

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

Velocity against radius

Orifice diameter = 1.3 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = 0.05x + 1.13

Actual velocity (cm/s)

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

Velocity against radius

Orifice diameter = 1.7 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Pressure head against 1/r2

Pressure head, X (mm)

f(x) = 0.05x + 0.83

Actual velocity (cm/s)

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

Velocity against radius

Orifice diameter = 2.4 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = - 0.1x + 1.57

Actual velocity (cm/s)

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

Velocity against radius

Part B: Forced Vortex

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (cm)

Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 15: Graph of vortex profile for the 1st trial

Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 16: Graph of vortex profile for the 2nd trial

Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 17: Graph of vortex profile for the 3rd trial

Part A: Free Vortex

At D = 1.4 cm and h = 7.8 cm,

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

Substitute into equation

At D = 1.4 cm, r = 0.70 cm:

At D = 1.3 cm, r = 0.65 cm:

At D = 1.1 cm, r = 0.55 cm:

b) Orifice diameter = 1.3 cm

At D = 2.6 cm and h = 7.1 cm,

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

Substitute into equation

At D = 2.6 cm, r = 1.30 cm:

At D = 2.5 cm, r = 1.25 cm:

At D = 2.8 cm, r = 1.40 cm:

c) Orifice diameter = 1.7 cm

At D = 3.8 cm and h = 7.5 cm,

At D = 3.6 cm and h = 7.4 cm,

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

Substitute into equation

At D = 3.8 cm, r = 1.90 cm:

At D = 3.6 cm, r = 1.80 cm:

At D = 3.7 cm, r = 1.85 cm:

d) Orifice diameter = 2.4 cm

At D = 4.0 cm and h = 7.3 cm,