Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Aluminium Nano Composites Using MWCNT

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2016

p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

ALUMINIUM
NANO COMPOSITES USING MWCNT
C.SOMU1, M.AMAL MADHU2, A.JAGADEESAN3, N.DHAYANANDH4
1
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SNS College of Technology,

Coimbatore, India.
2
PG scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore,
India.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Institute Of
Engineering And Technology, Thiruchengode, Namakkal, India.
4
UG scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore,
India.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Today aluminum metal matrix

composites (AMMCs) are widely used in
structural, ground transportations, and thermal
management
applications,
aerospace,
and
recreational industries. Since the discovery of
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), many interesting
studies on composites with CNTs have been
performed. However, it is extremely difficult to
disperse CNTs in metal melts due to their poor
wettability and large surface-to-volume ratio. In
the present study, a modest attempt has been
made to develop aluminum based CNT
particulates metal matrix composite. The
multiwall carbon nanotubes have been produced
by Arc discharge method, reinforcement was
added to the aluminum matrix by stir casting
route in order to obtain the enhancement in
properties. The characterization technique,
Raman spectroscopy has been employed to
confirm
the
Multiwall
carbon
nanotubes
(MWCNTs). The properties such hardness, tensile
strength etc of the composite were evaluated
and compared. The samples were cast pressure
less with stirring under natural atmosphere.
In
1.5 wt% uncoated MWCNTs composite, compared
to
commercially
pure
aluminum,
the
microhardness increased by 11%, yield stress
increased by 8.1%, ductility has decreased by
59%, density decreased by 0.53% and macro
hardness increased by 17.52% so the strength to
weight ratio has increased. Also, the corrosion
rate has decreased by 13.5% for AA443.0
MWCNT compared to AA443.0. Wear rate was
found changing with load, the wear rate of
AA443MWCNT is more than 39% at 5N and
79.5% at 10N but 38% less at 15N compared to
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Impact Factor value: 4.45
AA443.0. The addition of MWCNT has increased

both corrosion and wear property. .
Key
Words:
Aluminium
443.0.
Nano
composites, Multiwall carbon nanotubes, macro
hardness, Raman spectroscopy.
1. INTRODUCTION
Aluminium is extensively used nowadays
in manufacturing IC engine components, gears,
pipe fittings, bushes, bearings, pumps etc.
Replacing the conventional ferrous alloys.
Composites came into existence when a need to
combine the properties of different combination
of materials occurred. A reinforced phase, in the
form of fibre, powder, sheets or particles; when
infiltrated or dispersed in the matrix phase, that
could be in slurry, porous or foam structure; a
new material with better properties than the
parent phases is obtained with a proper choice of
manufacturing
process
and
processing
parameters. Nano composites are a newer kind of
composites where the reinforcing phase has its
one, two or three dimensions at Nano level (10-9).
In the study, the matrix phase is Aluminium and
the reinforcement is multi-wall carbon nanotube.
The grade of Aluminium alloy used is Aluminium
LM25. Nano composites differ from conventional
composites because of its high surface-to-volume
ratio of its reinforcing phase. Macro-scale
properties can be substantially increased with
addition
of
a
minuscule
nano-scale
reinforcement. Cast aluminium alloys yielding
cost-effective products when infiltrated with a
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small amount (0.1% - 5%) of CNT can increase
electrical and thermal conductivity. LM25 Al alloy
has 91.5% Al, 6-7% Si, 0.25% Fe, 0.05% Mn, 0.2%
Cu 1-1.2% Mg, 0.1% Ti in its combination
providing low density, high castability, and low
coefficient to thermal resistance and improved
corrosion resistance. Frequent works had
been performed in the area of CNTs and
composites to aid the impertinent needs from the
automotive and aerospace industries. CNTs;
being the strongest and stiffest material yet
discovered; are used in combat jets, bridge
reinforcements, concrete reinforcements. Their
conductivity and electromagnetic properties
enable their usage in nanowires, conductive
films, electric motor brushes, optical recognition
etc. Basic ideas of Nano-technology and their
significant applications in modifying material
properties used in the large scale applications
was given by Micro and Nano-technology
enterprise works. The major properties of carbon
nanotubes are that, they are the strongest and
stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of
tensile strength and elastic modulus. ElectricalCarbon nanotubes can influence strongly
electrical properties. Multiwall carbon nanotubes
with interconnected inner shells show also super
conductivity. The thermal conductivity and
chemical kinetics are the other plus properties of
the composite. One dimensional transportcarbon nano tube are frequently referred as onedimensional element because of the nano-scale
dimensions electrons propagates only in tubes
axis direction.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Composite materials contain a matrix with
one or more physically distinct, distributed
phases, known as reinforcement phases or fillers.
The reinforcement or filler is added to the matrix
to obtain the desired or enhanced properties such
as high strength, toughness, thermal and
electrical
properties,
wear
and
damping
resistance. Application of composite materials can
be found anywhere especially from planes to cars
and sports equipments. Callister (2007) et al
metal matrix composites (MMCs) are composite
materials in which the basic constituent (the
matrix) contribute at least 50 % by volume is a
metal, and the reinforcements whether one
element or more could be a metal, ceramic or an
organic compound. The materials used as a
matrix in these composites are usually Al,
magnesium, copper, titanium, Al-lithium, and
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super alloys. According to Bustamanate et. al.

(2006) describe Al-based (MMC) are widely
spreading and required by many industries due to
their relatively low density, high specific stiffness,
and wear resistance. MMCs can be fabricated by
dispersing reinforcing materials that have unique
physical properties such as oxides, carbides or
nitrides in the Al matrix. The composite carries
the applied load by transferring it from the matrix
to the reinforcement. The main function of the
matrix metal is to bind the reinforcement
together and to transmit and distribute the
external loads to individual reinforcement. This
transfer of load depends upon the bonding
interface
between
the
matrix
and
the
reinforcement. Bonding depends on the type of
the matrix, reinforcement and fabrication
technique. Ibrahim et al. (1991) reported that
matrix can be selected on the basis of oxidation,
corrosion resistance and other properties like
response to heat treatment, etc. The continuous
fiber reinforced Al MMCs offer the best
combination of strength and stiffness. However,
based on the studies of Johnson (1987), the cost
of these systems is very high, mainly because of
high costs of the continuous fibers and of the
production. These materials are mainly of interest
for aerospace or military industries, where weight
savings are very specific properties are of great
importance than material cost. Among the
attractive properties of these materials the most
important one is the elevated temperature
strength. The possibility of mechanical working on
these materials is small, and they are hardly
recyclable. The studies on Al2O3 particulate
reinforced Al-MMCs with varying particulate
percentages by Aghajanian et al. (1993) indicated
that improvement in elastic modulus, tensile
strength, compressive strength and fracture
properties with an increase in the reinforcement
content. Deuis et al. (1996) showed that
Aluminium-Silicon alloys and Aluminium based
metal matrix composites hard particles offer
superior operating performance and resistance to
wear. Friend (1987) had found that the
deformation and fracture behaviour of the
composite revealed that the importance of
particle size. A reduction in particle size observed
to increase the proportional limit, yield stress and
the ultimate tensile stress as per the studies of
Lewandowski et al. (1991). It is well established
that large particles are detrimental to fracture
toughness due to their tendency towards fracture.
It would be highly desirable to have a composite
system where the reinforcing particles are
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relatively fine (4 m or less) so as to get the
stiffness benefits of a composite without
significantly lowering fracture toughness. A
uniform reinforcement distribution is essential for
effective utilization of the load carrying capacity
of the reinforcement. From the investigations of
McKimpson and Scott (1989) non-uniform
distributions of reinforcement in the early stages
of processing was observed to persist to the final
product in the form of streaks or clusters
uninfiltrated reinforcement with their attendant
porosity, all of which lowered ductility, strength
and toughness of the material. Oberlin et al.
(1976) had produced hollow tubes of carbon
ranging between 2nm and 50 nm in diameter by
decomposition of a mixture of benzene and
hydrogen and had described the structure as
turbostratic stacks of carbon layers, parallel to
the fiber axis and arranged in concentric sheets
like the annular rings of a tree. Deng et al. (2007)
fabricate Aluminium matrix composite reinforced
with CNTs. They fabricate a CNT-Al nanostructure
composite by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) and
subsequent hot extrusion techniques. The
investigation of the microstructure and the
measurement of the mechanical properties of
composites are reported. It was reported that 1.0
wt. % carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced 2024Al
matrix composite was fabricated by cold isostatic
press and subsequent hot extrusion techniques.
The mechanical properties of the composite were
measured by a tensile test. Meanwhile, the
fracture surfaces were examined using field
emission scanning electron microscopy. The
experimental results show that CNTs are
dispersed homogeneously in the composite and
that the interfaces of the Al matrix and the CNT
bond well. They found out that the hardness,
Youngs modulus, and tensile strength of the AICNT composite were enhanced by 30.8%, 41.3%,
and 35.7% relative to the 2024Al matrix,
respectively. Meanwhile, the elongation of the
composite was maintained at 17.9%, which is
equivalent to that of the matrix fabricated under
the same process. Recently the same group
studied the thermal expansion behaviors of the
composites [Deng et al. (2008)]. In their work,
aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 1.0
wt. % multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)
fabricated by cold isostatic pressing and hot
squeeze technique. The coefficient of thermal
expansion was measured between 25 and 400 C
with a high-precision thermo- mechanical
analyzer, and compared with those of pure
aluminum and 2024Al matrix fabricated under the
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same processing. Finally they concluded that

addition of 1.0 wt. % MWNTs to 2024Al matrix
decreases the CTE by as much as 12% and 11%
compared with those of pure aluminum and
2024Al matrix at 50 C, respectively, which
indicates that carbon nanotube reinforced metal
matrix composite may be a promising materials
with low CTE. Deng et al. (2008) investigated the
damping behaviors of the composite with
frequency of 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 30 Hz, at a
temperature of 25400 C. It was reported that
the damping capacity of the composite with a
frequency of 0.5 Hz reaches 975103, and the
storage modulus is 82.3 GPa when the
temperature is 400 C, which gives a high
damping capabilities at an elevated temperature
without sacrificing the mechanical strength and
stiffness of a metal matrix. Esawi et al. (2008)
fabricate carbon nanotube-reinforced Aluminium
strips using powder can rolling technique. In their
work the Al-CNT mixtures are blended in either a
mixer-shaker at a rotary speed of 46 rpm, or
under argon in a planetary mill at a rotary speed
of 300 rpm. The strength of the rolled strips is
evaluated for various wt. % CNT samples. It is
repoterd from their work that the Al-0.5 wt. %
composite strips exhibited enhanced mechanical
properties. George et al. (2005) improved the
strength of the aluminum composite using CNTs
as a reinforcements. In their research three major
mechanisms are used for the strengthening of AlCNT composites. They synthesize CNTs by arc
evaporation method and fabricate the Al- CNT
composite by powder metallurgy technique. They
prepare the Aluminium composites reinforced by
both single walled and multi walled CNTs. Three
mechanisms are employed to find the strength of
the composites i.e. thermal mismatch, Orowan
looping and shear lag. The author concludes that
the above mechanisms strengthen the Al-CNT
composite synergetically. The attractive physical
and mechanical properties that can be obtained
with metal matrix composites, such as high
specific modulus, strength and thermal stability,
have been documented extensively by Danels
(1985), McKimpson et al. (1993) and Zhao et al.
(1991). The various factors controlling the
properties of particulate MMCs and the influence
of the manufacturing route on the MMC properties
have also been reviewed by several investigators
such as Wang and Rack (1991), Margaret (1990),
Jain et al. (1993) and Taya et al. (1991).
Improvement in modulus, strength, fatigue, creep
and
wear
resistance
has
already
been
demonstrated for a variety of reinforcements by
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Kirit and Mehrabian (1982) and Kelly (1973). Of
these properties; the tensile strength is the most
convenient and widely quoted measurement and
is of central importance in many applications.
[2] studied on finishing process effects in
the process of spiral polishing process. In microlapping process, dine in silicon and other micromanufacturing process, the required surface finish
need to be met and these surfaces were observed
and studied in this work. Del stark et al of
Brussels [3] in 2006 investigated on the
development of nano composite materials formed
by different methods. Conducting organic
polymers and CNTs were focused on their study;
considering
recent
development
purpose.
HlyaCebeci et al. [4] studied on multifunctional
properties of carbon nanotubes and carbon
nanotube polymer composites. The composite
were studied to enumerate the major properties
getting enhanced on using CNTs as additives.
Enrique Lavernia et al. [5] investigated on
mechanical
properties
of
nanostructures
materials, defined as having a mean grain size
that falls in the 50-200 nm ranges, is reviewed
and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Particular emphasis is placed on nanostructures
materials that are processed via two synthesis
approaches consolidation of Nano-crystalline
powders and electrode position.
Their view
demonstrates that processing history significantly
influence mechanical behaviors as revealed by
the following observations. Russelmcenzi [6] book
on applied composite materials introduced the
various property variations possible in composites
especially when there is an application oriented
approach done in developing the composite. X D
Yang et al [7] studied on synthesis on carbon
nanotube reinforcement in Aluminium powder by
in situ chemical vapour deposition method. The
effect of Ni/Al catalyst on reaction time for CNT/Al
composite was studied. FESEM and TEM
characterization of the composite was performed
and the study emphasizes on a new way to
prepare carbon nanotubes. L Girisha et al [8]
studied on fabrication of multi walled CNT
reinforced aluminium MMC by stir casting
method. The study showed that an 80% increase
in hardness was observed with a small percent
addition of the composite. Moreover, a 2 wt.%
addition of MWCNT made a 20% increase in
strength of the MMC.
3. EXPERIMENTATION OF
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Aluminium carbon nanotubes were prepared

using a series of processes. Metal matrix was
produced by using sand casting. Sand casting is
one of the most popular and simplest types of
casting. Sand casting allows for smaller batches
to be made compared to permanent Mould
casting and at a very reasonable cost. Three
aluminium rods of diameters 20 mm and 380 mm
length dimensions. These aluminium rods were
machined on lathe. For making composite
material an aluminium alloy(LM25) as a matrix
material because it is light metal and can be used
for many purposes like making automobile parts,
Airplane bodies etc. The composition of LM25 are
Fe-0.259%,Si-6.812%,Mn-0.049%,Cu-0.186%,Ni
0.019%,Ti-0.093%,Sn-0.006%,
V-0.006%,
Zn0.090%, Pb- 0.030%, Mg-0.769%, Al-91.676%. In
carbon nanotube, a multi-wall carbon as it is
comparatively cheaper than single wall carbon
nano tube. Three samples are made one without
carbon nanotubes, the other two with 3gm and
7gm of carbon nanotubes. The cast samples were
then tested for hardness, tensile test, Izod test
and wear test. The hardness test is carried out by
Rockwell hardness test and the results are
projected. Similarly tensile test, Izod test, wear
test of the three samples are also found out. The
tested samples were then machined. The
machining process was turning process in a lathe.
Sand casting required a lead time of days for
production at high output rates (120pieces/hr.Mould) and was unsurpassed for large-part
production. Green (moist) sand had almost no
part weight limit, whereas dry sand had a
practical part mass limit of 2,3002,700kg.
Minimum part weight ranges from 0.0750.1 kg.
The sand was bonded together using clays,
chemical binders, or polymerized oils. The mould
consisted of silica, clay and water. When the
water was added it developed the bonding
characteristics of the clay, binding the sand
grains together. When applying pressure to the
mould material it can be compacted around a
pattern, which was either made of metal or wood,
to produce a mould having sufficient rigidity to
enable metal to be poured into it to produce a
casting. Process also uses coring to create
cavities inside the casting.
4.
TESTING
AND
RESULTS
ALUMINIUM WITH MWCNT
OF
4.1 Izod Impact Test

The substitute material suggested here is to be
used as a structural member in aircraft and
marine applications. Hence different properties
need to be investigated before a valid suggestion.
The machined Aluminium bars were then
subjected to tests such as hardness, tensile test,
impact test, and wear test and microstructure test
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analysis. The results were compared with each
other. Izod Impact Test Specimen size used was
75*10*10 having a notch depth of 2 mm. From
this comparison optimum and minimum values of
nano composites impact strength are clarified and
then results are graphically plotted. The result of
Izod impact test is shown in table 1 and chart 1.
Table-1: Results of Izod Impact Test.
Part
Frictional Energy Energy
Descriptio Energy
spent In Absorbe
n
Absorbed breaking d by the
By the
Or
Specime
Bearing bending n (joule)
Without the
Specimen specime
(joule)
n (joule) c = a b
"a"
"b"
Impact
Streng
th
(j/mm)
Aluminium
Lm 25
Aluminiu
m
With
"3"
gram
Mwcnt
Aluminium
With "7"
gram
Mwcnt
S.no
Material
Aluminium
Lm25
142
140
0.03125
142
134
0.125
142
138
0.0625
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Aluminium
with 3
gram
Mwcnt
Aluminium
with 7
gram
Mwcnt
Diameter
of the
Indenter
(mm)
1/16 ball
1/16 ball
1/16 ball
Scale
reading
71
70
72
75
80
69
76
75
72
Avg.
scale
reading
Rockwell
hardness
number
(RHN)
71
71
75
75
74
74
Chart-2: Rockwell Hardness test Graph.
4.3 Tensile test
Chart-1: Impact test Graph.
4.2 Rockwell Hardness test

Hardness testing was done for the newly
formed material and the results were compared
with that of the aluminium monolithic alloy. The
results were tabulated as shown Table 2 and chart
2. From the result 3gms of MWCNT mixed
aluminum gave more hardness comparatively
IMPACT
pure aluminium and
7gms of MWCNT mixed
TEST
aluminium.
1
0
Table-2:
Results of Hardness
8 test.
8
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4
2
4
Impact Factor value:
4.45
ALUMINIUM LM ALUMINIUM
WITH 3
GRAM
25
ALUMINIUM
WITH 7
GRAM
Optimum and minimum hardness were plotted

in chart 3. Tensile testing was performed on the
aluminium specimen as well as the MWCNT added
specimen by following ASTM standard aspect
ratio. The gauge length and diameter for the
machine used was 270 mm and 11 mm
diameters. From the result report nano
composites had more strength than aluminium
alloy. In that mixture of 3gram and 7gram
multiwall carbon nano tubes gave optimum and
minimum strength. The table 3 results showed
that 3gram of multiwall carbon nano tube gave
more strength than 6gram of multiwall carbon
nano tubes. From the result, calculation of the
minimum and maximum points of strength could
be easy.
Table-3: Results of Tensile test.
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Ultimate
strength
2
(N/mm )
Material type
Aluminium
Lm25
197
Aluminium
Lm25with 3grm
Mwcnt
Aluminium
Lm25with 7grm
Mwcnt
272
233
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Aluminium
with 3 gram
Mwcnt
Without load
Aluminium
With 3
gram
Mwcnt
with Load
Aluminium
With 7
gram
Mwcnt
without
Load
Aluminium
With 7
gram
Mwcnt
With load
103
0.3
165
6.1
70
0.2
196
8.1
Chart-3: Tensile test Graph

4.4 Wear test
The material was subjected to wear and
friction test. The specimen size for performing the
process was taken as length equaling 100 mm,
and diameter as 8 mm. From the result nano
composites had less wear resistance in both,
with
and without load conditions. Also the
optimum and minimum wear resistance values
are obtained in 3gm and 7gm multiwall carbon
nano tubes mixture in aluminium LM25 as shown
in table 4. The same results were obtained when
the specimen with and without coating was
subjected to friction testing at loaded
and no
loaded condition as shown in chart 4.
Chart-4: Wear test Graph.
Table-4: Results of Wear test.

Part
description
Aluminium
Lm 25
Without load
Aluminium
Lm 25 with load
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Wear
value
Friction
value
180
0.7
298
9.3
4.5 TESTED SPECIMENS

The experimental evidence shows also
that material strength dependence is higher in
aluminium with 3 gram Mwcnt than in
aluminium
Lm 25. Tensile test is performed
by linear stage and fracture occurred in the
middle of the specimens gauge length as
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shown in Fig 1.
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The
authors
express
their sincere
gratitude to Mr. Arul Murugan, Mr. Sree Vijay and
Mr.C.Sudhahar faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Mahendra
Institute
Of
Engineering
And
Technology, Thiruchengode, Namakkal for their
support and encouragement.
REFERENCES
1. Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminium
Strips, mostafaa.elborady.
2. Finishing effects of spiral polishing method
on micro lapping surfacebyBiing-Hwa Yan,
Hsinn-Jyh.
3. Nano composites 2006by Del Stark,
Marriott Hotel Brussels, March 15th 2006.
4. Multifunctional properties of high volume
fraction aligned carbon nanotube polymer
composites with controlled morphology,
Hlya Cebeci , Roberto Guzman de Villoria
, John Hart , Brian L.Wardle.
5. Mechanical properties of nanostructures,
Materials, bing Q. Han, enrique J. Lavernia
and
farghalli A. Mohamed.
6. Applied
Composite
Materials,
Russelmcenzi.
7. Investigation of CNT reinforced aluminum
matrix composite materials 'by Hansang.
8. X.D. Yang, N.Q. Zhao, C.S. Shi*, E.Z. Liu,
C.N. He, J.J.
Li, Synthesis of carbon
nanotube reinforcement in aluminum
powder by in situ chemical vapour
deposition, 18th International conference
on composite materials.
9. Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminium
Strips, mostafaa,elborady.
Fig-1: Tensile testing specimens.

The specimen used for conducting the Izod
impact test and the fractured specimen are
shown in Fig 2.
Fig-2: Impact testing specimens.
5. CONCLUSIONS
From the five different type of testing the
nano composites gave better tensile strength,
wear resistance, friction, hardness and impact
strength, micro structure than the aluminium
alloy. Usage of nano composites instead of
aluminium alloy in the engineering field like
automobile, aerospace and marine field where
mechanical properties need to be more precise
then what we get in alloys for preventing wear
and friction like in the automobile cylinder.
Regarding these applications, field cost could not
cause a big problem, which resulted as the
demerit of using nano composites. So to our
conclusion nano composites can be handy and
useful in such fields.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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BIOGRAPHIES
C.SOMU,
Assistant
professor, Department of
Mechanical
Engineering,
SNS College of Technology,
Coimbatore, India.
M.AMAL
MADHU,
PG
Scholar,
Department
of
Mechanical
Engineering,
PSG College of Technology,
Coimbatore, India
A.JAGADEESAN,
Assistant
Professor, Department of
`
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Mechanical
Engineering,
Mahendra
Institute
Of
Engineering
And
Technology, Thiruchengode,
Namakkal, India.
N.DHAYANANDH,
UG
Scholar,
Department
of
Mechanical
Engineering,
SNS College of Technology,
Coimbatore, India.
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e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2016