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Student should be able to:
FLUID MECHANICS
CLB 11003
Static Fluid
UNIKL MICET
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Introduction
Hoover Dam
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Pascals Law
Pascals Law
OR
You might think that there is more
pressure under side B, because there
is more water, but if it had more
pressure, it would push side A up.
Pascal Law states that pressure at any point in a body of fluid is the same in every
direction, exerting equal force on equal areas. Now if you apply more pressure to
one side of the container, the fluid will rise on the other side.
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Pascals Law
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape of the
container. It is same at all points on a horizontal plane in a
given fluid.
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Hydraulic Lift
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Hydraulic Brakes
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P1 P2
F1 F2
A1 A2
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure exerted / transmitted by
water at rest.
In a stationary mass of a single static fluid,
the pressure is constant in any cross
section parallel to the earths surface but
varies from height to height.
F2 A2
F1
A1
Chapter 3: Static Fluid
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Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Scuba Diving
and
Hydrostatic
Pressure
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Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
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+h
P2-P1 = - (z2-z1)
-h
P = Pa - h
Water
* =g
Hydrostatic pressure distribution in
ocean and atmosphere.
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RTo
Where:
T0 = Sea level temperature
T0 = 288.16 K = 15C
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Bz
P Pa1
T0
g/(RB)
Exact formula
Where:
g/RB = 5.26 (air)
To = 518.68R = 288.16 K = 15C
B = 0.003 566R/ft = 0.00650 K/m
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Ans: a) 54 000 Pa
b) 56 040 Pa
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Pressure
Pressure
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F ma
A
A
Chapter 2: Fluid Characteristics and Behavior
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1m
Pgage,2 gz 1000 3 9.81 2 100ft
m
s
3.28ft
1atm
299kPa
2.95atm
101.325kPa
Pabs,2 Pgage,2 Patm 2.95atm 1atm
3.95atm
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100 ft
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Pressure at a Point
Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all directions.
Pressure has a magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity.
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In the presence
of a gravitational
field, pressure
increases with
depth because
more fluid rests
on deeper
layers.
maz 0
P2 x P1x g xz 0
Dividing by x and rearranging
gives
P P2 P1 g z s z
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Pressure head
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Barometer
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Simplest manometer
Open at the top
Consists of a vertical tube
Attached to the top of a vessel
containing liquid at a pressure
to be measured (higher than
Patm).
P measured is relative to
atmospheric = gage pressure.
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Piezometer tube
Pressure at A = Pressure due to
column of liquid
above A
PA= gh1
Pressure at B = Pressure due to
column of liquid
above B
PB = gh2
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Manometer
U-tube manometer
Consists of a U-tube
containing one or more
fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil.
Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if
large pressure
differences are
anticipated.
Pressure in continuous
static fluid is the same
at any horizontal level,
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Fluid P
Density,
P1 P2
Pressure PB at B =
Pressure PC at C
B
P2 Patm gh
h2
h1
C
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U-tube manometer
U-tube manometer
Since PB = PC
PA + Pgh1= mangh2
PA
= mangh2 Pgh1
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Mutlifluid Manometer
For multi-fluid systems
P = gh
Pressure increases downward,
and decreases upward.
Two points at the same
elevation are at the same
pressure.
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Buoyancy
Buoyancy is an upward
force on a body
immersed in a fluid.
FB = Fbottom Ftop
= f g(s + h)A f gsA
= f gV
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Archimedes principal
Buoyancy
Vtotal
f
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Buoyancy
Application of buoyancy
Buoyancy force FB is
equal only to the displaced
volume fgVdisplaced.
Three scenarios possible
1. body < fluid :
Floating body
2. body = fluid :
Neutrally buoyant
3. body > fluid :
Submerged body
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Submerged
body
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Application of buoyancy
Application of buoyancy
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