ChEn 3005, Homework #6

Due Friday, October 28, 2016

Problem 1. The Bernoulli equation per mass flow reduces to

P
s E
v
=W

In SI units, the pressure drop is


P = (3 atm)

101325 Pa
atm


= 303975 Pa

The density is

=

lb
64 3
ft

so



0.4535 kg
lb



1 ft3
0.0283 m3

= 1025 kg/m3

P
303975 Pa
=
= 296.6 m2 /s2

1025 kg/m3

For the friction term, we have

v = 1 v 2 L f
E
2 RH
The hydraulic radius for a tube is
RH =

R
R2
=
2R
2

For turbulent flow,

f=

0.0791
Re

1/4

0.0791
= 0.004844
(7.11 104 )1/4

In SI units, the radius is


R = (2 in)

0.0254 m
in


= 0.0508 m

the length is

L = (300 ft)

0.3048 m
ft


= 91.44 m

and the velocity is




0.3048 m
ft
v = 2.3
= 0.70104 m/s
s
ft
The viscous loss term is then
v = 1 (0.70104 m/s)2 )
E
2

91.44 m
(0.0508 m)/2

(0.004844) = 4.28 m2 /s2

The work for the pump is

s = 296.6 m2 /s2 + 4.28 m2 /s2 = 300.8 m2 /s2
W
Almost all of the work is used to overcome the pressure difference. To convert to horsepower, we
need to the mass flow rate
m
= R2 v

ChEn 3005, Homework #6

Due Friday, October 28, 2016

The resulting mass flow rate is

m
= (1025 kg/m3 )(0.0508 m)2 (0.70104 m/s) = 5.82 kg/s
The work is then
s=W
sm
W
= 1752 W = 2.34 hp
Problem 2. The Bernoulli equation per mass flow reduces to
s E
v
gh = W
The height difference is

h = (5 ft)

0.3048 m
ft


= 1.524 m

so we have
gh = (9.8 m/s2 )(1.524 m) = 14.93 m2 /s2
The viscous loss is

v = 1 v 2 L f
E
2 RH

For an annulus, the hydraulic radius is

RH =

Ro2 Ri2
Ro2 Ri2
=
2Ro + 2Ri
2(Ro + Ri )

This one is a bit easier to keep in British units first,

RH =

72 32
= 2 in = 0.0508 m
2(7 + 3)

But to compute the area its worth going to SI units with



0.0254 m
= 0.0762 m
Ri = (3 in)
in
and
Ro = Ri (7/3) = 0.1778 m
The area is then
A = (Ro2 Ri2 ) = (0.17782 0.07622 ) = 0.081 m2
The volumetric flow rate is




1 min
0.00378 m3
241 gal
Q=
= 0.015 m3 /s
min
60 s
gal
The average velocity is
v=

Q
0.015 m3 /s
=
= 0.185 m/s
A
0.081 m2

The Reynolds number is

Re =

4vRH
4(103 kg/m3 )(0.185 m/s)(0.0508 m)
=
= 37595

103 Pa s
2

ChEn 3005, Homework #6

Due Friday, October 28, 2016

This is turbulent so we can estimate

f=

0.0791
Re1/4

= 0.00568

The other piece of information we need in SI units is



0.3048 m
L = (20.3 ft)
= 6.19 m
ft
Now we can compute the viscous loss,
v = 1 (0.185 m/s)2 6.19 m (0.00568) = 0.0118 m2 /s2
E
2
0.0508 m
Again, we find that the friction is nothing compared to the other term, in this case gravity. The
work is
s = gh + E
v = 14.93 m2 /s2 + 0.0118 m2 /s2 = 14.94 m2 /s2
W
The mass flow rate is
m
= Q = (103 kg/m3 )(0.015 m3 /s) = 15 kg/s
The pump power is then
s=m
s = 224 W = 0.3 hp
W
W
Problem 3. This problem is non-linear, so I found it easiest to solve it numerically. The Bernoulli
equation per mass flow reduces here to
gh +

P
v
= E

The height difference is h = 26 ft and the pressure difference is the hydrostatic head in the top
tank,
P = g(12 ft)
For the viscous loss, you have L = 37 ft of straight piping and two fittings. I estimated the fittings
at ev = 0.5, which gives a viscous loss


v = 1 v 2 4L f + 1
E
2
D
Assuming turbulent flow, the friction factor is
f=

0.0791
Re1/4

where the Reynolds number is

Re =

vD

To solve the problem, you need to make an initial guess for v and then solve it iteratively using
Newtons method. I used Goal Seek in Excel, which implements this method. All of the numerical
calculations are in the file BSLK7A.6.xls.
3

ChEn 3005, Homework #6

Due Friday, October 28, 2016

Problem 4. If you start from Eq. 7.6-5,

P = v2 (v1 v2 )
We know from conservation of mass that
v1 D12 = v2 D22
so we have
v2 = v1
using the book notation = D12 /D22 . Substitution gives
P = v12 ( 2 )
The critical point is
P
= v12 (1 2) = 0

which gives
= 1/2
Substitution gives
D12
1
=
2
D22
or

D2
= 2
D1

To confirm that this is the maximum, we compute

2 P
= 2v12
2
Since and v12 are positive, the critical point is a maximum.
Problem 5. From the Hagen-Poiseuille result, we have
Q=

P (D/2)4
8L

The hydrostatic pressure driving the flow at time t is

P = g(H + L)
The mass balance is

dmsys
= m
out = Q
dt
The mass of the system inside the tank is
msys = R2 H

ChEn 3005, Homework #6

Due Friday, October 28, 2016

The differential equation is then

R

2 dH

dt


=

g(H + L)D4
128L

Separation of variables gives

dH
gD4
=
dt
H +L
128R2 L
Integrating over the time to drain the tank gives
Z tf
Z 0
dH
gD4
dt
=
128R2 L 0
H0 H + L
which gives

ln

L
H0 + L


=

gD4
tf
128R2 L

The time to drain the tank is then

tf =

128R2 L
ln
gD4

H0 + L
L

For the numerical solution, we have

128(0.5 m)2 (103 Pa s)(0.5 m)
tf =
ln
(103 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s2 )(1 103 m)4

(0.5 m) + (0.5 m)
(0.5 m)

The result is

0.016 s
ln 2 = 13 days
9.8 109
Clearly, you should not try to drain a big tank with a small straw!
tf =

To check that the result is internally consistent, we need to compute the Reynolds number at the
maximum pressure drop. In this case, we have
P = g(H0 + L) = (103 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s2 )(1 m) = 9800 Pa
The volumetric flow rate is
Q=

(9800 Pa)(0.5 103 m)4

= 1.53 107 m3 /s
8(103 Pa s)(0.5 m)

The area is
A=

D2
(1 103 m)2
=
= 7.85 107 m2
4
4

The average velocity is

hvi =

Q
= 0.195 m/s
A

The Reynolds number is

Re =

hviD
(103 kg/m3 )(1.95 m/s)(103 m)
=
= 195

103 Pa s

This is a bit on the high side, but still less than 2100.
5