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    383 views40 pages

    Censure of Specultaive Theology - Ibn Qudama

    Uploaded by

    Ardit Kraja
    theological piece

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 40
    IBN QUDAMA’S CENSURE OF SPECULATIVE THEOLOGY ‘An edition and tranilation of Iba Qualima’s Talim an-nazar fi kutud ah! al-talim, with introduction and notes; a contribution to the study of Islamic religious history » GEORGE MAKDISI ‘THE TRUSTEES OF THRE J.W. GIBB MEMORIAL™ rose “B,J. W: O1BB MEMORIAL” Lusty doer #6 ph [sane al Ja an oe saat Da scrcnupnor det Mah [bane dd Mak "tog aca ntonousony dad fae =p. 98h [th eet no Sa, 10) Luoayes es sony-onsoone aiid rer? mdr) [ea sroan, id iu slp se 4m- ot, ‘trie aS neater hp noma ed {bge Acro t nen, aah fg (We OAT, trill ys ge! tay my ited" Bp en eauaron, sted 1995p 2 vaAn, EN fat a 0. sets ie 299 rts nowany, tse Sas Ha Hs Sa Cone erne# 00,178 46 Ort Rall Set, La, WE ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Iernopucrion Bxotst Trassuacton owns 10 sae Teanstarton ‘Isms o Konan Vass Crrs0 List oF Woaxs ax Anriciss CED. assess Avance exe [Noms 0 nie Anaste Teer ‘Anaic Ino Apis 3 Connex’ bee a an sos sos +86 or mo ” ‘To my teachers LOUIS MASSIGNON and HENRI LAOUST asa token of| respect and alfctionate agrtide. INTRODUCTION "This eats in cnsace of speculative teology, aii and its partisans, the matokalims, known 25 one of the works of the’ celebrated doctor of the Hanbalite theologico juridical School, Mawafig ad-Din b. Quéaina? has not hererofore been known to be extant. An ediion and translation, bared fon unique manuserpe preserved in the Aafiya Libra, Hhaidarbid? are offeed ia the ollowing pages. "The author fas recendy been he subject of abe, but excelent, biographical study.t Therefore, except for some significant dyes in the futhow’s Hf and 2 few remarks oa tome of his works, this Introduction will be devoted ently to his present work. Some Dus of Tn Qala! Life -Mureniga€-Din iba Que was bora in 543246 inthe tow of Gamma, near Jerusalem. When he was toa Years of age, his fay, he Band Qodna, let Gamal fe up thet tesidence ia Damascus ews in a Madesea a Slip, founded in sgst6r by Bis ten, Abad b Quan, eat Movafig ain recived the St phase of his ection in seadyng the Koran and Tratton. To complete is elution, he went to Bapheid ie fe tip to tis gest cere of Hanbalsm ws in 6. He stidied thte under the discon of the famed Hanbale mje, ‘Abd abe Gir, tue is dscpehip was cat thor by the lae’'s deuh a he begining of the fllowing Yeats This capesinc, brief thoagh ie tay have bee, was not SPARSE Bal Bap to Hd, orca ct 2 ton ap i Bu a withost it eenee on the young Tha Qudims, who mained 2 favousble airade toward mystic’ His other teachers ia Baghdad were the Haabae doctor Tim aL Gani (03971209) and To al Mor (583/187). Ton Qudima’s Strip eo Baghdad lated wal sq. He is known to have vistel i spun on two diferent occasions berweeh 567 and 974 The fllowing year, in 375, he stted in Dataicas (0 touch. Once more Beis Loown to have let Damas eo take pact in Salads expedions against the ral, paricolacy fn te conquer of Jerse in 83/387 ‘Mowalag ad-Dia ded in Danasois, at the age of 80, in Grojras, He was varied by several dauphtey all tt of sons having ded dosing hifi, ‘Among the biographers of Tin Qudims the jussconslt snd biststn Ab Stns (d 6y/s267), a wade of iss the Say ew ae he Mati Din a ecesnary to uphold te tx school costing @ ‘ar abut An unergesable tot, fr tet was Fabr ad-Din by ‘Aste (8, 573/117) and lke bis exces, he had an A¥aite bast In the rest teat a nother ‘wotkaof his Iba Quo’ penal object isto pbold his fetching of hs choo, carrying on stadia ime Quid’ s Werks A lst of The Qudima’s exant works may be found ia C. Brockelmann’s Guehihe der arsbitcen Littratar Gy 398, Stoplewen, , 688-685). Another list, char of Tho Ragab’s Talat al bande, bas been published by Professor Tao ‘who points out some tes which are mentioned by Brockelmana but not found ia tha Raja’ ist. These ae: ar-Rad ald Ie ‘Agl, abMonigara bole rbarila o2 F360 and Ril f- ‘Of these thee tes, the fest and last may now be identied wih sufcenecerainty) Radel on “Api the tile ofthe ‘he Hiaf chal Nl| tose ge mm maga Fs ig ‘Prtsasn a's Secabe a Rabe Dale PAB es prtsent wot as litted in Brockelmann’s GAL, and its ident tion is dealt with below. The Ril fetaeumyf% party ‘fragment of another work by the sime shor listed in GAL (Gapplinen, 1 69, No. x7) ander the tle of Wea; the other part being & fragment of what appents to be a Wablubite work, ‘Sherein the question of intercession (fia) fe weated Ton Quins Prenat Work at ofthe rginal werk —The date of Ton Qudea'sorigll manuscript may be placed within the space of less dha two ecades. Tha Qudima wrote his treatise some time afer he had headin Damasens, the elation of Iba ‘Agi’ reeaceation of| «462072 from the taditionise AbS Hlafy “Una b. Mulammad i fabacead al-Bagdidl. This heating took place in the month ‘of DSTI, in the year 6/1306, according to the authors ‘own statement "Thus he wrote his tetie some time betwee ‘hie date and the your Seo/iss, year of his deaths and quite likey, fone nay judge by the engency of the mater discussed, in the eatlee pat of this peiod, soon after the report oF ABS ‘hay b. Tsbarzad al Bad Place of compaton-—Derateas appears to have been the place a which Ibn Quiima wrote ths work, At tis period of Fis if, having passed dhe tage of his extensive tavelling, be i fot known eo have lef Damasos for any appreciable lenge of fie, A tore deinite indication of bis having writen i it ‘Damasest may be found je a kind of sub-eleappeasing on the tile page in the folowing worde: pu-iya retby id ahh "Pan, (Ue his (Le. Iba Quiien’s) tease adatersd 10 the People of the town) In shi ate putt of his life, 2 celebrated Soctor of the Hanbalite school, 2 recognized senor and leader, be quite appatencly fle his duty to address the people of hit town, Damascus, warning them against a danger in matters of| teligious belt, « danger of which he had jst become folly ‘Aatborlip and tee manssacipe bears oa te ie page fis Gade andthe fall name of ie author, Ibn Quaéma. The site fs given te Kid fred a on ‘gl (A book mich Cote Sea the Refwtaion of Tbe ‘Agi. As it aow stands, itis not the sort of tle an author would give to his work. He would centile it siaply Kia fb "rr. ot Kitty ar Rad ot ar Radi... any case, without the use off. Tedeed, in Beockelnann’s lst” the tie appears without this word; but fon the tite page of the manuscript iself ic is very plainly ‘weiues. It appeass to have been composed by someone who Ina read che ereatse and, beeaase of the loss ofthe original ie, gave ie a de descriptive of it most prominent part At any ‘ts, this tile gives the tender to understand that the book Contains her dings besides che refutation of Ibo ‘Agi With the a ofthe intersal and external evidence which T have been able to find, I believe that ie may be identified with reasonable ‘ertney at eat theological work by Thm Quiz found ia Tn Rajabis lise under the tle of: Meralef tabrim omnecor fi bain abl ada (N Thess ‘on Pecibiting the Stady of ‘Works by the Parisass of Speculative Theology) ‘To begin with, there is no difclty in accepting the treatise as one of Iba Quddaa’s works on theology. A comparison ‘with his other well-known theological wots, especally Law'et ehitigad and. Dem atten wil realy show from the ftandpoiat of both foom and coatent tat ove aad the sate tuthoe wrote all thee. ut there is futher evidence at and, evidence of an extrinsic aatare, which links the same of the author to the ide of his wosk and suppliy a brief bat sliciensly Sescrptive noe regarding the contents ‘This evidence found fn Tha Malis wkdaih ator. Slightly diferent from the ‘ne found in Th Rafah li she ttle cited by Ton Masi i a follows" elMar? mix annsrar f kat abmabted'e (The Pre= vention ofthe Stady of Works by the Hesece) A comparison of the ewo tiles shows cha the ft and lat-words of one oF| them differ from the corresponding words of the other. Bat these.two sete of wonds ate synonyaious; te one set friar sed mar’, ( prohibition,” " prevention ") are cleaey #0} and TEA ie oo: ka a SIGS Re chee a grt Mead Ahad ‘ines an ages ced Cera eo SIGE Mila Saces erica ari ae the other set, aif absalim and mébtad'e (“the parinns of spenulative chology" and “ dhe bertcs") ase dfsitly so a8 {ar as the atthor, Iba Qudima, i concemed. This e quite plan shoughout the text of his teats, and especialy in one instance ‘where he refers w “the sect of speculative theologians and beceties” (fat ‘Lattin Febtaa)* Ton Mi has this side followed by a text which appeass, au fist glance, to be a diret quote, but on closer scrutiny and ‘ompasisoa wit the otigieal, proves tobe paraphrase usining vp the thesis of Tha Qudima’s work} a purapasse che terms 1d passes of which aze chosen here and therefrom the Body ‘of Ton. Quiz’ txt. Thn Muli weiter?" wadaiaca "Sain Mawatha a4-Din—cthimsho "Iki “LMar ir oneegor boisb ob-mabial'a oil= koa ‘esau yaaa “an ovopalsit sh bid waa oayari fbi wa sina Tatas us an qi: mid koa agbibw 'n-Nabipi—yalla “tha ‘sat ‘wallams—warmani “aba's suasatanor £1 fami "Lamskel ‘pals'sil mottafigins ‘al wugbi bE Lib ws Sanna ‘patiek ad ‘Hain watabd alibi we-higeaihim we Ipabari bisandagatihim wubid'aihim fe-yagiba “Lgsula bi Dsliihi wa-an a yale aii malian walt yagter bihi ahadan. (The Sab Mawes ad-Din mentioned in Thy Prvrtion of th Sat of Works Write byte Het, api, ia substance) ‘The Ancestor weed to profit aseoition withthe partivane cof heretical innovation, as well a the stdy of their works and Tstening to their discourse” (He went on) until he sid (i substance, tescing the poiat of ‘his ther]: “Since che ‘Propher' Companions and those who pursued their path ia all the camp-citis anc in all periods, ate in agreement as *0 the ‘obligation of following the precepts ofthe Book and the Sana, Tonaking the scence oF Aslam, declaring is parieane 10 be betel innovators, deserting them, browsing their ganda ‘and dhs heretical innovation, then itis 2 martes of ablgation that the fality of thir science be professed and shat no one thould pay s the slightest tention nor allow himeei to be deceived by it”) Refsng to thi pase asin on the ext page of is wot ae Musi, ee ee, ae a wetsKam Sai ali atDio si aha fge “Soria da ids erp ye lla eae ue 1 ie above stanament ofthe Sal Mwatig s6-Din implies eat there noo diferece between ie who ines ¢6 Ketel jnovaion and any other. [Le dat spective tbpoogy ie in tc epee of whethespustnnado- ‘ated Orthodoxy o« Beto] The tren: mening of his Satement is that soc wat the teaching of te‘Ancestom) “The forgoing idence, considered together with the conn he ai be dca pouty, cna ‘races Ibn Qua, and cn e's he ele wich be ne in canoe of epecslative theslogy and pactiane, sping He th to aboeda fom shige orks OF te foo es fear ne i ong yay ea Tite le cull ve be coud by Ihe Quadra, sce tes no diincton Ba ale been rerarod,brween the ‘puta of peniive helogy” andthe “her” ‘Cotnti—The ast’ pape i cotune in the Sat cf is wee, to wee the unary ial of the anger SF beng deed by derines nich a thote which Ta “Agi {eda ne tine expounded The acai or is wring of the See cece ch Snes adel yh {Ral the “Agi's wrtinge, plas oot Ibn Qama belong to ‘cir’ pods fhe HE ade ot dense tne of hereay and thc othe of orhodony, the Gvdig ln bing {he even of ts sation which cook plas in 63/7, Ba $s Tn Qui susp tha Th “Ae aay oe have ved up 16 the terns of retactation saat he may we recone to expound beret doce, he desde to atte to the ‘ried of rey any exe wings of To “Al whch may be feand” While te tay appear ahecie Tb “Aq Eom tay eee air the ene 45] enphasien the ct Oat Th ‘hi eres act noe together know, een ses ace de tripe ne a emingiraenl ae ates Seedeaicig winches: eee ee Eee reagent ie cng ae a ny enna etc pale eee cis ce rapa Pe eee lea ep nr Saye ce eens erate pr deelgaicie tegen Soman onrt es Saga eracetaane eens eeete eee aeasia Sie ae ene roeeab cece tene ea piety See's ee fara fsionary in Se ease of orhodoy, Tb “At prtan Peleg weet ueeheeed coves ees Seton Sheth ep ine staan ae obi or dota ae peso locators reer pod mame hed thee be aed bobs ceemete eeoee Sat pepteripct tae ee coaeree ee ee sie tetimnie Ay ttea eee cts eet ao ae allegorical interpzeation ofthe revealed text with regatd to the fivineataibotes Ie is with them thatthe scence of kali, o¢ speculative theology, ou ‘After them, i passed on «0 the AFazte school, "And now, Tha ‘Aqil reveals himself as an fagent of tstamission for thi science. These are the people ‘whom Toa Qadima coademas: all those who indulge in “pecltive teology; and Th ‘Aci s closely linked with them in the statement addcasd by Toa Quam to the parisons of speculative theology: “ dat which las been established by the Book and the Sansa cannot be pat aside bythe shee exving of yout spokesman (ue ba “Agi “Ths te cope of the rats eranscnds the narsow confines of + refutation of one Hankalite by another; forthe broat of ‘oa Qudima’s ack is dzected against all manner of speclation in matters of religious belt, Such speculation, rterstes Tha Qui, is unorthodox; ie isa herieal innovation, All those who indulge ini are o be declared heretical, no matier what their partic school may bes and shi has to'be done in order fo protect the fitful from the pernicious doctrines that were bring dlsscininated under the gute of orthodoxy. ‘This means that Tha ‘Agl, the celebrated Hanbalte doctor, has to be ‘ceoounced in 20 far a4 bo was at ooe time advocating ch hrretieal innovations, “And beyond Tha ‘Aqil are noe only the ‘Murtallites (whoce deviation from orthodoxy is a matter of common kaowledge), bot also the AVasies, their inteecal hits, who parade under the guise of orthodoxy. All of these ‘eagle have one thing in common hey indulge in speculation ‘Pith segatd to the divine atctbues; shey are partisans of the erste science of epecilative theology. Te was bad enough to ‘nufer the fithfl being exposed to herctical doctrines; but fatters becatae far wore ‘when these sume doctrines were Endorsed by woeld-be onthodox people. "Not only, therefore, ‘yete these doctrines tobe exposed ana shuaned when advocated toy the Mo'axlites, bot more especialy when advocated by the “Avartes and by renegades such 25 Iba ‘Aqil and his eohors, ‘The surest way, dhecefore,t9 meet this evils tb expore it in ts ‘nove nepresntaive tenet, that ie may be ecognied and re simpli srt eat ae ate ce ‘eimast be exposed and condemned alongwith spurts anges aie tg er na sein Seceies es Ot rae pi Ata eye hee unitate ae Dinmont rece ere eer ietimeet athena ty Scopes eee cits yon damaneaetae icy ae "ere tr a ce he fae aee Grenier spool isons ees Ze heaee aiey ee ciety at dei hance Seater a cheat ‘As ptoof for thi sateen, Ton Quan os the eve of Tn te Th ig fe eg thei use of allegorical ictespecaion (e's) in dealing withthe free neaenee ope eee See ee fetahant aie tage dnine nesceton stent Hole Gas'bg mtn viotend Hess eeettnemoe ik Higa garment seeders cea eae ct Soanied isola Er chiire yanevuae ae Suleurhet Ske caine tua a aa fata ene ripe a eae seb cut amelie ay kia She orice See ——— (list, and te dspated question ofthe divine oie (et) at eters Grif) i TF the spealitive ceologian’ diningishing mark is vce ese of allegone interpetation, ther opponents, the teuiion- iss, have also thee dstinglting ask; and Too Quaina, thee ceprsentative in ts cate, pea expression to thie Stctuleina wy whichis worthy of anion. Agsnw alegorid LBteprcton, fe advoeatr the unzeserved azeepizace of the owanic expressions andthe tedoas onthe divine atbutes ts they sad allowing thers to pass om inact, a6 they were Taaded down fom the Prope, with emptng to iter them, Tor ouly God knows Shit intended meaning, Tai tieming we eed tot know, age oni heease fi possible forest lacw what only Goa knows, bat alo forthe practical feason that they do atc for any il of enact. Sine We ow om the Kern tat aly Gos Inow he he kaos ledge of tit easing i not nese for ont sleton. ‘reseed dois believe cere expressions a hy stand without ‘sling for thie Intended sesning. Sach fh Is eee sound "This isthe and which goes by the eae of bla, the sccpce of Con's revelation on His aces witost restion, ia poe and simple wehiision, withoot actempting (E'ithom them. hs atude deliver from the sk of ar brtng to Gol that which He has not reveled of Hinsef ‘This what cstingises te pom belerer, follower ofthe plow Ancestors (Sef) fom the meddsome, exocleden Forza of alegorcal inepretion, the speelative theologian. ‘But what about te intellect? Is one never o be alowed its se Ton Quin atewers hat there ae many probe ways, {ose cose intl, ways which are proper ef snstend Of Taking ie in specalations on matters OE tligioos ble, and Speatally on he dive atbsten which lie cts Spe “Tas prolable ways of extending the mange of one's knowedge Const in exreing one's icles nthe vacous fields of figioos lw and hematin, Tyere ample scope hete tO ep one aufly oespid, and t0 keep him fom plang ino prohibited diessdone coneming the divine atsbats, | dlssions which ia themes the dingiing mack of i Grated hat the path of ortodony feng fo mln is tat of the Soc, ow ar pth to Enema Qi’ swe tht © ay be an oly teagh he alton, of ch ne epee an leh tee te bios the waosine—cetn nor the rice thclgn "who te he mest gps of men ah ged tote enon and the mow mgt of thee tes ison." Aad ‘when they o, aso talon, het tannins sald natbesespc bce clefts ‘foes esos contin i "fg Scho So Tin Qabine a Tt?” coctial postion of 1 Cusine heat 3 kn rset tat of Teas Ge sth ont whom he ay el tome tt ppctoogs cope Bosh feo inves ated for dees and rata peut atc ergs bei: brs were upon whe ant fnsedon pipes of une in nwo ene te Sere Neen exe tm with ey af ie Sap" browe fs Roan patty, ering wth the Spas Selonged the Chachi vale ck to ‘eo byway ep tasson those Apa ‘Theborsa bare a0 ito sey hey ny Std es, inept he carly nd ae ton ey os Tn Quai come ey det this oon of Tern, spe eat reed eis hehe che pean nop) onthe Serpe teste Kors si Sona). Te oie biel apa hc thang inprentone Pic eed tte Cops of Se Pepe and all who flowel pat ae aed oy the oblate of llowng he props oe Kons Se the thy so ape Stel coma of emave logy SS eae a aaa i See sone sie i tes ae = CCENSURE OF SPECULATIVE THEOLOGY and in dedieig ts paras to be heretics. ‘Thus Tba Qudizm made use of the doctrine of consensus md), one of the “z00%8"” of Islamic jusspradence (wil aljigh, resected to the fine thee gencetions of Islam, in ‘order to etiblish the ine of demarcation berween the path of fothodosy leading to salvation, and the puth of beretical Innovation exlading i followers feom the commusity of Delcvers. Cenainy in matters of faith sto be found inthe two folowing wurees? the Koran, and the living authonty of taxdtion whose tae deposiaties ace the pious Ancettors (Gal). They are the betes of the Prophet whose path they followed; and be who wishes to follow the tue pach mast be igoided by them. Those who forsake them are heretics who “Eave ap rig to Islam; hey shoul sys Tha Qudarm, dain for themselves 4 law and a system of worship ober han that of Islam, an leave alone Mularad’s religion!™ Muarsmne’s ‘eligon belongs to taaee who fellow the path indicated by the Ancestor, not to those who tamper wih t and distigure ie by ‘hele atiteary incerpretations “Thus orthodoxy is judged by the standard of the Ancestor conver. ‘To prove the postion of one's opponent heredcal, {fis sfcient to show thee his doctine is at innovation, 2nd, ‘hetfoce, not in keeping with that of the pious Ancesors, ‘And the’ strength of this asgumeat rests upon the pereaial Seog of ditional in hm, ‘Por the support ofthis doctrine, bey sketched ere, the author appeal to the tstmoay of the Karan, eo the traditions land to sich Imre as Malik 5, Ama, Sa, Abmac b. anal, ‘Aba Yasuf and others. ‘Sere of th ether and ir merit— he invence of eater “Hanbalite doctors ean be sean Tha Quama’s testis. The ides which he presents ace not new hey may be found inthe works ofthe ealiee masters of his school orin the excepts thereof which have survived ia late compilations. He days ‘heavily on the-txchings of te tadsionaliss, one of whom, in partialr, was the source of mach ofthe material which went ino the wating of his tease. This teadidonalis i the Spaniard imme 280-Une hhh aa (Le) me men i i ve po a tc See ak le "itugh fn Guten sR shee pace ee fg norton een rg een che iin RL er, Tyner’ wt is wpcts maer ef a he psec off don soa Soe jindicated in the critical notes. aad * the met tm oi oa in msn wich rg ogee ae nw nae Hy sheng. In conte with the clear outine of hi othe tests eho agate acta Dew bd ee Gali tc nee mp pean Stine pineal as ape seh of ok doxy, a formula for salvation. i Tenbletmeg he Gale pekos of hn Quien wt fh ap ale tec ate A A Recta Ae (laisse hey te tae nga eatin ah eho epee sed spon oe erasers To Cras (a nt Qu’ ee sy ee as a oda ore or cn dea one he Retaining" laadiian os waenerr se Sein eth eee of oghe sh ee es Ctr pied wr he Sth "Ga Rs a ml eg Soue Eerie “Beant coca ema b na tetesl ‘Seale eee tira teis, couldn! copter with the oposte cn, she alate Oo ua goin a fr atenon atthe prs oe ee ie aint fll of so, eee rane ener TeGollat "ete be proce wae comang iy Pete he Quin tl up nn of oa age SSE wel tur bw ge be ie of « ng work cite hac rina Ts be ton pred Srey in orn: w ase te ct of ne nan arn ene Se A Se aot etna gs Cen, FOS ON Sy ioe whe nein of see ee Ceol Goce and te ae Skt ineatin ah une thw tt dw ons seat noe gi wok Toe he es Gt Ton ene ae Aft elend at his tense he wet oT ony be [ie Ibn ‘Agi! had erased this heretical innovation from bis book, tee ees cfie gow ce ee nena see cing aie ee ips ute cel SOL Pei olla lacsad SERA acess Sn ein norton fertigation 1am ear pct of is, ea Tha Qua ites he {ile of tree worn by Ton “Ac, works whic he deeb at "ed with tion! doctses tod with the rfution of eel innovators” When thes an eliioated fromthe line of Ibn “Agi works given by Ton Ragan ony one comprshcasve won on tesgy i ity namely ki wad Sisal aban. Ths work i secant sown ‘eep iough cepts quoted by ater sho, One of there fects, found in Ibo Mufib's ads tlre ay be ‘ote here becuse of the pila besng fs onthe Prseat gestions warged as Ibn “Aci tba “Ta freatdin an hom Pr al siminit Bigs a "Figo sega orl waite aks ab finan Mid qua ain bimnall bop mooning SSedsar knlaman tatian be "Ag sd in te poe of the nad. apologise forthe sproot made by toe ef oat onemponti in thelr secon "I i ae. proper so eepy on ef in something ter than theology tad to Sauls fom essing > inti hs the merc of one tho ignorant of the righ plac of thengy an deg From wit syit—Tba Agi wows length in chs cn) “There ig hal any need Yo the dametialy enon pit ove on an Th Qui wo acy of tenga dicustons. Thi tement pot ce, and it ortng rs oto ce meson inthe opponents counreratack Te ence seme then to Pat othe ri ot big, na the ejecta he Quant Frongl-wordod nme. Daerpton ofthe monuribt—he mectoned shove, the present tani of Ton Godin's tenise the ul ne Exant, andi preserved ithe Aptipa Libya Hada Iteatlogse meri Many" Te hav yf coc onlin folios yo-ya cf the mau, sth 3y Bae pot Boge. he paper i wormentsa td pce, tc a {he defect ers th the rendog ofthe ext At the loo of he nr of ea fl, the St word oe word of the ee Siiv cation oF erscxarivE nitoLocr rf tne a sr, hn ging ee ies of Scie pelt ete thet Tce Solin aeet 1m he spt, copings Naas “Abd ar-Rabmin b. ‘Urmin b, Ratid b. ‘Usmin Al Galagil as-Sunni e-Nafal; and he gives the date of his manuscapt 25 * the Serre fot mont of Raa re Fa ge Gy 2h ah A tga ep hi 0 ope nc a ceed Sony wih gal SPCR the Ee co ocd ey sa of detach ue cae eon hos Scr bom te kes wc wa oo yO ore NEESER SUSE me neat sec ne mi ny proms Oe am idan ic i bene he oon 8 nES tree nd setad oo nd Sete Sacral ttl snag ld coy Sivawidw tong Saison oe colin ping hi pe cats op May a aes wo gate i, Jo, Sc ema ere peel proces Sh etd eh ty of eo ne gia ets ere et ep ae spay CEE SeceE aP hgh he ye Sires he to nin vey eles Me tad ily ‘Wis sNaay pellet te as bw es sch ‘ee ol we tp nr whith be nt a Stee: see easel hy apne fo SOREL SEL Be ae ee roa Shorea arene age ec Sia cate Spec eat ay Eager at Rime ges gua a ht Sb Paspiegoe Take wets a ination, but aot of conttent pattern. Several plats in the body of the text and in the mafgins boar indletons that the ‘copyiat ka Sled in ane or nore words which he had mised, {this conboriing his sbove-mentoned note tothe effet hat is tet fad ben elated with its ogi ‘The-whole ofthe manuscrip, ncudig al marginal notes sare ia the handwriting ofthe present copyist, ‘The tapes ees” serve various purposes Two of them sum up the gst ‘ofthe pargeph aext to which they sppeat. One of thee Sppene tote author's doiniton of gndag tof acon (Goplostion of the tem ganda). The other one appended {othe author’ teason for ceasuring 2 flow Hanbalite?™ war smi iat bem aba mn (wtice wt led {br thereat 0 is ee Tbh) ale afer be had nepented fori. Some marginal notes are corrections for mistakes, Here “Abd arabia followed two diferereproceduces. He would citer inser the coetetion into the ext noting the mises ia the margin and peesding itor baving i followed. 9y the remarks" a! Gn the original th word fe wien fa this mann); of ese, he would allow the make wo stand 8 ies in the text, ning the correction of conjecture in the ‘naga. Her the cotetion Would be preceded y the ate oti rence (Ose comect word i tis ene is) ot by ‘he conjectural le (8s word should pethape be )* “The won gfe fund into magia note ne opposite the statement thatthe pws Ancestor (Sela) dd not ne se of allegoralitepreition (4) and another opposite the Stat ta pat olgoeat (ah eur nt ea foe a fen and, i eer, would pote epon them hat whichis beyond thie capac Te wold thar appear tha he word is fhe inperagf which could he rented at acop and take Fie a fn HTH PH {fale Tans. notice” used for the purpote of drawing epecal attention to the passiges in question. Other marginal notes canis of 8 ‘word or group of words which the copyst had skipped, then recovered in the proces of collation. ‘Notur-—The notes to the trnsation ate mainly for the identification ofall names mentioned bythe author. They ao ideaify Koranic verses, 2 separate index for which is supplied. Jn cues where the Koraie verte, ot the tradition, is n0t compleely quoted by the author, the completion is made in the notes Wwhea ie appeared necessary forthe understanding of the text. Ortographical modifcations of importance are indieated in the ectcal owes, Modifications of a simple Kind aze not indicate for intance te change of loag aff toa short one, the suppression of an aif the addion of 4 James, ete. "The ‘cltical notes also contin vara readings of identical passages found in other sources, These soutcey cited in abbreviated form, are fully identifed in the List of Works and Atiles aed, Ts conclusion, I wish to express my grate to Mr. Ralad “Abd al- Muttalib ofthe Arab League's Manuscript Insist for photogiaphing the aunuscript of Tha Qudma’s present work for me daring his sayin Hidaribad in ropx.. Ny thanks ae also dae t the Committee on Summet Fellowships, Horace 1 ‘Rackham School of Graduate Stadies, University of Michigas, for «grant in aid of this work, and to the Trustees of the “B, J-W. Gibh Memorial ” for publishing iin the Memorial's New Serie, 1 Arbor, Michigan, May 6, 1956 Five years have pasted siace I submited the origina smanascrige for pablicition. Dificnties connected with the Priming of the Arabic text, a perennial problem of Westen ‘orientalis, made it necesary 10 resort «9 phosopraphing my hand-written copy, for which T eg the readers indulgence Belmont, Massachasee GM. Ocsobee 17, 196. ao 75: I Quins Gm) IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE COMPASSIONATE, ‘THE MERCIFUL 1 Praise be to Ged ia dae proportion to His gift and with ‘de thankless foe His bounty. testify, with the testimony ‘ofa person sincere in declaring the wity of God, tat there i ‘0 god save God soe, and tat He has no associate. Ts ‘hat Mobammad—Gosts blessing and peace be on him —s His ‘servant and Apostle, Seal of the Prophets and the best of His ‘servants. May the blessings of God be on him, on his far, ‘on his Companions and on all those who ling to his Suna and follow hi example. 2. To have come upon the scandal of Ton “Aqil “which he had called “2 good counsel,” and, having considered “what it contained of vile hercical innovations and atzocions ‘lander agaist those who pursue the clear and trve path, I found ie to be a diagaace © its authos, for which God fad

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