SEVERN GLOCON CONTROL VALVES

Severn Glocon have been designing & manufacturing Control Valves & Actuators
for approximately 40 years and this has led to extensive international experience
across the whole spectrum of the Process Industry.
Applications range from the most simple to the most severe, involving noise
reduction, high pressure drop, low temperature, corrosive / abrasive, toxic fluids
and many more. Although continued expansion has found it necessary to pursue
standardisation in keeping with other leading equipment manufacturers, Severn
Glocon remains dedicated to provide, whenever asked, valves for applications
that are commercially acceptable and above all technically correct.

At Severn Glocon Specials are Standard

All products are designed with the help of CAD systems in accordance with
international standards using a wide range of materials to suit the application and
manufactured with the latest CNC machining technology. The stringent demands
that the Process Industry market makes on its suppliers are easily met by Severn
Glocon due to the flexible approach taken to customers requirements together
with a refined Quality Assurance system that has been certified in accordance
with BS EN ISO 9001: 1994. As a result, thousands of Severn Glocon valves are
now operating in plants throughout the world. All valves supplied carry their own
unique serial number enabling trace ability and when repaired / overhauled are
entered into a comprehensive Service Records Data base.

Manual
SG 10

SEVERN GLOCON LTD.

Control Valves for the Process Industry

Sizing and Selection

Manual

Severn Glocon Technical

Manual Scope

SEVERN
GLOCON

Scope

Sizing and selection of control valves demands an accurate knowledge of the operating
parameters into which this equipment is to be placed. Upon the selection of this final
control element relies the automatic operation of most modern processing and industrial
plant.
In operation these valves control processes which operate continuously or intermittently,
without attention, to regulate process parameters such as flow rate, pressure,
temperature, level, etc. The advances of computer technology within the industry,
together with the demand for designs capable of handling a wider range of process and
fluid requirements, within a very competitive market, has necessitated a higher level of
accuracy in sizing and selection of these critical control elements. This coupled with the
use of high technology valves, to deal with increasing temperature and pressure range
applications, gives rise to a demand for a greater understanding of the control valve
operating characteristics.
The Severn Glocon procedures for control valve selection recognizes these
requirements, the sizing formulae used within this manual basically follow those
published in the referenced national standards, combined with Valve Style Modifier data
developed from the companys valve testing programmes.
The Severn Glocon Control Valve Sizing and Selection Manual is divided into a number
of parts each containing information required during the specification of a control valve,
and includes both selection guidelines and material considerations.

Contents of Technical Manual SGT 10

SGT 10/1 Scope.

Scope of Sizing and Selection.
Contents of Technical Manual.
Valve Identification System Top Level.
Actuator Identification System Top Level.
Instrumentation Identification System
Top Level.
SGT 10/2 Control Valve Sizing.
Introduction.
Standards Reference.
Sizing Nomenclature.
Generalised Liquid Flow.
Flashing Flow.
Cavitation and Cavitation Index.
Liquid Sizing.
Liquid Flow Velocity.
Flashing Liquid Velocity Calculation.
Flow of Vapours and Gases.
Gas Velocity Calculation.
Mixed Phase Fluids.
SGT 10/3 Flow Characteristics.
Quick- Opening Flow Lift Characteristics.
Linear Flow Lift Characteristics.
Equal Percentage Flow Lift Characteristics.
Modified Equal Percentage or Parabolic Flow
Lift Characteristics.
SGT 10/4 Pressure Recovery Factors.
Valve Lift v Pressure Recovery Charts.
Nomenclature.
Pressure Recovery Formulae.
Pressure Recovery Tables and Charts.
SGT 10/5-Pipework Connected to Valve.
Reducers and Expanders.
Determination of Coefficient Fp.
Calculation of Coefficient Ki.
Calculation of Combined Recovery Coefficient
FLP.
Modified Cavitation Index p.
Charts of Cv/d^2 versus Fp.
Charts of Cv/d^2 versus FLP
Charts of Cv/d^2 versus p.

SGT 10/6 Viscous Flows.

Viscous Flow Regimes.
Valve Style Modifier Fd Values.
Valve Reynolds Number Factor FR
Calculation of Viscous Flow Effect on Valve Cv.
SGT 10/7- Recommended Pressure Drops.
Limiting Pressure Drops and Trim Materials.
Temperature considerations.
Produced noise and power conversion.
Calculation of liquid and gas energy levels.
SGT 10/8 Noise Prediction.
Introduction.
Standards Reference.
Sizing Nomenclature.
Liquid Noise.
Liquid Noise Calculation Example.
Aerodynamic Noise Generation.
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction.
Aerodynamic noise Calculation Example.
SGT 10/9 Fixed Area Attenuators.
Flow Path Noise Attenuation.
Valve Seat Exit Diffusers.
Baffle Plates.
Absorption Silencers.
MLT. Vent Silencing
Pressure Recovery and Style modifier Fd Values.

SGT 10/10 Valve Actuator Sizing.

Static Forces on Valve Trims.
Seat Leakage Requirements.
Allowances for Friction.
Dynamic Forces on Valve Trims.
Calculating Correct Actuator Thrust Requirements.
Actuator and Trim Dimensional data.

SEVERN GLOCON NUMBERING SYSTEM

Valve Identification System Top Level
Description
Product Family

2000 Series Globe

Split Body

3000 Series Globe

Cold Box
Extended Body

First Digit
(Valve
Series)

Second Digit
(Product
Construction)
1 = Plastic
2 = Reserved
3 = Bar Stock
4 = Casting
5 = Forged
6 = Fabrication
X = Special / Other

As above

4000 Series Globe

Cold Box Welded
Body Extension

As above

5000 Series Globe

Multi Purpose &
Field Cryogenic

As above

6000 Series Globe

Corrosive Duty Lined

As above

7000 Series Globe

Ultra High Purity

8000 Series Butterfly

9000 Series Ball

Valve

As above
1 = Standard(Class II)
2 = Rubber Lined
3 = High Performance
4 = TSO Cryogenic
5 = Plastic Lined
6 = Ultra High Purity
X = Special / Other
1 = Full Bore
2 = Reduced Bore
3 = Vee Ball
X= Special / Other

Third Digit
(Product Shape)
1 = Globe
2 = 3 Way
3 = Angle
5 = Z Pattern
7 = 3 Way Angle
X = Special / Other

1 = Globe
2 = 3 Way
5 = Z Pattern
8 = Long Z Pattern
X = Special / Other
1 = Globe
2 = 3 Way
3 = Angle
5 = Z Pattern
X = Special /Other
1 = Globe
2 = 3 Way
3 = Angle
5 = Z Pattern
6 = High Capacity
X = Special /Other
1 = Globe (Pfeiffer)
4 = Y Pattern
X= Special /Other
1 = Globe
2 = 3 Way
3 = Angle
5 = Z Pattern
X = Special /Other
1 = Wafer
2 = Lugged Wafer
3 = Double Flanged
4 = U Pattern
X= Special /Other
1 = Flangeless
2 = Flanged

Fourth Digit
(Pressure Grouping)
0 = ANSI 125 (PN 10)
1 = ANSI 150 (PN 20)
2 = ANSI 300(PN50)
3 = ANSI 600(PN110)
4 = ANSI 900 (PN150)
5 = ANSI 1500(PN250)
6 = ANSI 2500(PN240)
7 = ANSI 4500(API 10000)
D = Design Rated
X = Special / Other
As above

As above

As above

As above

As above

As above

As above

SEVERN GLOCON NUMBERING SYSTEM

Actuator Identification System Top Level
First Digit
(Actuator Series)

Second Digit
(Duty / Action)

A = Rotary Numotor
B = Pneu Cylinder +
Rotary Linkage
E = Electric Motor
F = Electro Hydraulic
G = Gearbox &
H/Wheel
L = Lever
M = Manual H/Wheel.
OS&Y
N = Nomotor
P = Pneumatic
Cylinder
R = Rack & Pinion
(1/4 Turn)
W = Spring &
diaphragm
Y = Self Acting Pilot
X = Special / Other

0 = Manual Operation
1 = Modulating (AFO)
2 = Modulating (AFC)
3 = Modulating (AFS)
4 = Reserved
5 = On/Off (AFO)
6 = On/Off (AFC)
7 = On/Off (AFS)
X = Special / Other

Third Digit
(Actuator Size
Series)

A = 25 in2
B = 50 in2
C = 100 in2
D = 200 in2
E = 400 in2
F = 600 in2
G = 38 in2
H = 75 in2
J = 150 in2
K = 300 in2
X = Special / Other

Fourth Digit
(Ancillaries)
H = side Mounted
Handwheel
T = Top Mounted
Handwheel
J = Top Mounting
Jacking Screw
M = Maximum Limit
Shop
L = Minimum Limit
Shop
N = None
X = Special / Other

Key
AFO = Air Fail Open
AFC = Air Fail Close
AFS = Air Fail Stayput
Notes: Actuators size also applies to manual handwheels, for example MOCN is C series size handwheel.

Instrumentation Identification System Top Level

First Letter
(Product Family)
B = Volume Boosters
C = Check Valves
F = Filters
G = Filter Regulators
J = Junction Boxes
L = Lock-up Valves
P = Positioners (Pneumatic)
R = Positioner (Electrical)
X = Special / Other

Second Letter
(Operating Range)
E = Electrical 4-20 ma
G = Pneumatic 3-15 psig
(0.2-1.0 bar)
H = Split Range
N = Natural Gas 0-100 psig
(0-7 bar)
P = Air 0-100 psig (0-7 bar)

First Digit
(Construction
Material)
1 = Aluminium
2 = Brass
3 = Stainless Steel

Third Letter
(Connection
Size)
A = NPT
B = NPT
C = NPT
D = 1 NPT

Example I-BPIA is a Volume Booster working on air (0-100 psig). Aluminium construction with NPT connections.

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Control Valve Sizing
Contents.
Introduction.
Standards Reference.
Sizing Nomenclature.
Generalised Liquid Flow.
Flashing Flow.
Cavitation and Cavitation Index.
Liquid Sizing.
Liquid Flow Velocity.
Flashing Liquid Velocity Calculation.
Flow of Vapours and Gases.
Gas Velocity Calculation.
Mixed Phase Fluids.

SEVERN
GLOCON

Introduction.
Selection of a control valves demands an
accurate knowledge of the operating
parameters into which the control valve is to
be placed. The control valve flow capacity
Cv determined by the formulae given is
based upon the industry standards
referenced below.
The Cv calculations include consideration of
the various flow regimes, together with the
effects of flow conditions which incur
flashing or cavitation. The techniques for
evaluating the effects on Cv, of highly
viscous fluids and pipework reducers and
expanders is given in other parts of this
manual, as are the valve produced noise
levels with recommended pressure drops
and energy conversion levels.
To ensure correct selection of valve size in
order to maximize operational working life,
fluid velocity calculations are included
together with recommended limits for the
different flow conditions.
Standards used in Sizing.
BS5793 : Part 2 Section 22.
IEC 534-2 : Section 2.
ANSI/ISA : S75.01 : S75.02.
Standards Reference.
ISA RP75.23-1995.
IEC 534-8-4.

Figure 1. Severn Glocon MLT Low Noise

Valve.

General nomenclature used within this publication.

Note : For clarity specific nomenclature is listed locally when dealing with specialized
topics.
Unit

Definition

Imperial

Metric

a
Cv
Kv
d
D
Fd
Ff
Fk
FL
Fp
Kie
Gf
Gg
K
Mn
M
P1
P2
Pv
Pc
p
Pvc
Q
q
T1
u
V
w
x
X
XT
Y
Z
Y1

Sonic Velocity
Valve Flow Coefficient
Valve Flow Coefficient
Valve Nominal Diameter
Internal Diameter of Pipe
Valve Style Modifier
Critical Pressure Ratio
Ratio of Specific Heat Factor = K / 1.4
Pressure Recovery Factor ( see Table 1 )
Piping Geometry Factor
Incipient Cavitation Coefficient
Upstream Liquid Specific Gravity
Gas Specific Gravity ( Relative to air 1 )
Gas Specific Heat Ratio
Mach Number
Molecular Weight
Upstream Pressure
Downstream Pressure
Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions
Thermodynamic Critical Pressure
Pressure Drop Across Valve
Apparent Pressure at vena contracta
Volumetric Flow Rate ( liquid )
Volumetric Flow Rate ( gas )
Inlet Temperature ( absolute units )
Specific Volume ( 1 / Specific Weight )
Velocity
Weight or Mass Flowrate
Fraction of Liquid Flashed to Vapour
Pressure Drop ratio p / P1
Pressure Drop Ratio Factor
Expansion Factor ( Gas / Liquid Ratio )
Compressibility Factor
Specific Weight (Upstream Conditions)
General Cavitation Index
Cavitation Index System Application
Manufacturers Recommended Valve style
cavitation index.

ft /sec
US Units
----------inches
inches
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2
lbf/in2 A
US gpm
scf / hr
o
R
ft3 / lb
ft / sec
lb/hr
-----------------------------------------lb/ft3
-------------------------

m / sec
---------Metric Units
mm
mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mr
mr

bar A
bar A
bar A
bar A
bar
bar A
m3/hr
m3/hr
o
K
m3 / kg
m / sec
kg/hr
---------------------------------------------kg/m3
----------------------------

Flow Coefficient Cv.

Each valve which is supplied by Severn Glocon has a specified design Cv which has been
determined in flow tests carried out in accordance with ISA Standard S75. 02.
The definition of Cv is the flow of water at 60o F in US gallons per minute, that produces a
pressure drop of 1 lb/in3 across the fully open valve.
Flow Coefficient Kv.
An alternative flow coefficient Kv is now often used within the S.I. system of units. This is defined
as the flow of water Gf = 1 between 6o C and 34oC in m3/hr with a pressure drop across the fully
open valve of 1 bar (or 1Kgf/cm2).

Bar units :- Kv = Cv / 1.167

Kgf/cm2 Units :- Kv = Cv / 1.178.

Generalised Liquid Flow within a Control

Valve.
This passage of a liquid through a control
valve is very complex and includes regions
of high turbulence, impingement, boundary
layer separation and low static pressures.
Within these regions can also be seen the
growth and rapid collapse of cavities within
the liquid, which result whenever the
prevailing fluid pressure falls below the
vapour pressure of the liquid. The
subsequent rise in pressure, above the
vapour pressure value results in cavitation.
See Figure 2.
The lowest pressures can normally be
measured immediately after a restriction,
which causes a reduction in flow area and a
consequent loss of pressure, resulting in a
localized increase in fluid velocity. See
Figure 3.
As the flow passes from the control valve
inlet towards the trim entry, the static
pressure reduces due to frictional and
turning losses. Fluid approaching the trim
has to accelerate in order to pass through
the area contraction presented by the trim
entry geometry. This acceleration continues
until a point just downstream from the trim
outlet where the maximum stream velocity is
reached, this is recognized as the vena
contracta.
The typical flow path through a control valve
is shown in figure 4.
Down stream of the vena contracta the flow
area expands, resulting in a reduction in flow
stream velocity and consequent rise in static
pressure. The amount of pressure recovery
is a function of the control valve trim design
and is quantified as the valve pressure
recovery factor FL.

Figure 2. Pressure Variations within a

Control Valve

Figure 3. Static Pressure and Velocity

Relationship.

FL2 = P1 P2 / P1 Pvc
Where :- Pvc = Pv FF
and FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor
which is = [ 0.96 0.28 [ Pv/Pc]0.5 ]
This factor is used within the control valve
sizing formulae, and the relationship of the
actual p to the pvc is an important factor
in determining the point at which cavitation
or flashing would start.
As the main noise and vibration producers
within a control valve, on liquid service, are
flow velocity and cavitation it is essential to
select the correct trim for the application. In
addition the velocity of a fluid through a
valve has a major influence on the erosive
effects both within the valve body and trim.
While cavitation can quickly render a valve
unserviceable.
The values of the pressure recovery
coefficient FL at different valve lifts are given
in SGT 10/4.

Figure 4: Typical Flow Path through a

Control Valve

Flashing Flows.
When a control valve reduces the inlet
pressure to below the fluid vapour pressure,
and on exiting the trim the local state
pressure remains below this level, then
flashing of the fluid results. See Fig 2. One
of the main problems which arise from
flashing service is erosion of the valve and
trim if correct selection of the construction
materials is not undertaken. This is due to
increase in velocities cause by the change in
fluid state, which results in fluid particles
being carried at high speed in the ensuing
gaseous / fluid stream.
Practice has shown that the single stage
trim, constructed from materials with good
erosion resistance, often provides the best
solution for flashing service. Contoured
trims, with their high recovery values, offer
advantages when large amounts of flashing
product are required. However, the single
cage guided valve provides a highly stable
and vibration resistant trim for the higher
duty flashing applications, when the flow is
directed over the head to dissipate the
energy and take advantage of the hardened
trim construction materials.
Selection of a valve, with an angle body
configuration, where the inlet is at right
angles to the outlet can provide a good
solution for flashing service, particularly if
the outlet expands to a greater area than the
inlet. If a Globe Valve is selected then
protection of the body by fitting internal flows
diffusers may well be required, particularly if
the fluid is contaminated eg. Sand in oil/gas
separation flashing service. Figure 5 shows
a trim with typical flashing damage.
Calculation of Valve Cv in Flashing
Service.
In order to calculate the % flash that will
occur within a valve the full thermodynamic
properties of the flowing fluid are required.
This involves taking a heat balance in order
to calculate the amount of liquid and vapour
phases, however, with the exception of
water these thermodynamic details are not
normally available.
Investigation on standard control valves has
shown that only up to 50% of flashing takes
place in the region of the valve seat, the
remained occurring in the valve outlet or
pipework. In the absence of accurate
process data, using this value, the individual
Cv values for the liquid and vapour phases
can be calculated, which may be considered
as a maximum in order to size the valve.
Arguably this could lead to oversizing the
valve but this has to be balanced against the
potential erosion and choking effects which
could occur with too small a valve being
selected.

In selecting the body size the maximum

outlet vapour phase velocity should not
exceed some 250m/s or 0.3 Mn. A line size
valve is often specified in high pressure drop
cases, with flashing flows.

Figure 5. Trim with Flashing Damage.

Figure 6.

Trim with Cavitation Damage.

Cavitation.
Simply viewed, cavitation consists of the
formation, growth and rapid collapse of
cavities in a liquid. These vapour bubbles
are generated if the local static pressure
falls below the vapour pressure. Subsequent
collapse occurs if the static pressure again
rises above the vapour pressure.
Different levels of cavitation can be
produced, depending upon the valve
selected and the application conditions.
These are generally classified by the
following benchmarks :a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Incipient Cavitation
Constant Cavitation
Incipient Damage
Choking Cavitation
Maximum Vibration Cavitation

For more information on these levels (a) to

(e) see ISA Recommended Practice 75.23
1995.
Figure 6 shows typical damage to a control
valve trim, caused by constant cavitation.
Cavitation Index.
Severn Glocon use a single parameter mr to
indicate the operating limit, or cavitation
index, of each particular product, see Table
1. This manufacturers recommended single
value is applicable at the full open position
for sizing purposes. In common with FL the
pressure recovery, the value of mr changes
with the valve opening. This is shown in
detail within Section 4 (SGT 10/4) of this
Manual for the different valve and trim style
combinations. If the value calculated for the
application falls below the cavitation index
given for the valve selected, then the
cavitation in one of its forms will result. A
high value of mr indicates a high recovery
valve/trim style, and one that is prone to
cavitation when high pressure drops are
applied.
The Cavitation Index values mr, which
Severn Glocon recommend and use, are a
product of the valve pressure recovery factor
FL2 and an incipient cavitation coefficient Kje
determined from the testing programmes
carried out on the different valve/trim styles.

Cavitation Index mr for different valve lifts

are given in SGT 10/4. Section SGT 10/7
details multiplier values for mr to account for
different trim materials.
Low values of mr indicate the higher duty
low recovery valves. One method of
achieving this higher performance is to fit a
multi-stage pressure letdown trim. Figure 7
shows the pressure let down which is
obtained using a 3 cage Series 5000 Nova
Trim, where the overall pressure recovery is
significantly lower than if a single cage valve
had been selected.
The Multi-Labyrinth Trim (MLT) pressure
letdown curve shown in figure 8 takes this
advantage further by providing much greater
fluid velocity control within the trim, by
incorporating the pressure reducing effects
of multi-turns, commingling of flow streams
together with impingement and fluid
directional changes.

Figure 7. Pressure Curve 3 C.C. Series

5000

mr = ( P1 - Pv ) = 1
( P1 - P2 ) = FL2 Kje
This single index allows the engineer
selecting the valve / trim to quickly assess
the suitability of a product. If the value of mr
calculated for the application is below that of
the product selected then cavitation
problems may well occur. Values of

Figure

8.

Multi-Labyrinth

Trim.

MLT.

Table 1. Generalised Values of Pressure Recovery Factor FL and Cavitation Index mr

Valve Series

Valve Type

Trim Style

Flow Direction

Recovery
FL

Cavitation Index mr

Series 2000 Split

Body

Globe &
Corner Series
2410

Trickle

Under
Over

0.93
0.93

1.26
1.26

Contoured

Under
Over

0.85
0.80

1.73
1.93

Cage Plug

Under
Over

0.89
0.89

1.58
1.58

Contoured

Mixing &
Diverting
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over

0.80

1.93

0.93
0.93
0.89
0.71
0.91
0.91

1.26
1.26
1.58
2.36
1.34
1.34

Under
Over
Under or Over

0.85
0.80
0.89

1.73
1.93
1.58

Under
Over
Under
Over

0.93
0.93
0.90
0.85

1.26
1.26
1.54
1.71

Ported

Under or Over

0.88

1.43

Single Cage

Under or Over

0.94

1.19

Double Cage

Under or Over

0.95

1.17

Triple Cage

Under or Over

0.96

1.14

Quad Cage

Under or Over

0.97

1.12

Multi-labyrinth

Under or Over

0.99*

1.05*

Contoured

0.85

1.71

Ported

Mixing &
Diverting
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over

0.93
0.93
0.90
0.72
0.87

1.26
1.26
1.54
2.30
1.47

Cage

Under or Over

0.94

1.19

Double Cage

Under or Over

0.95

1.17

Triple Cage

Under or Over

0.96

1.14

Quad Cage

Under or Over

0.97

1.12

Multi-labyrinth

Under or Over

0.99*

1.05*

Contoured

Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Through

0.90
0.85
0.90
0.83
0.90
0.83
0.66 [60o]
o
0.53 [90 ]
0.50
0.75

1.65
1.85
1.54
1.81
1.54
1.79
3.53
7.27
9.09
2.50

3 Way Series
2430
Angle Series
2430

Trickle
Contoured
Cage Plug

Series 3000 & 4000

Cryogenic

Globe

Contoured
Cage

Series 5000 MultiPurpose

Globe Series
5410

Trickle
Contoured

3 Way Series
5420
Angle
Series 5430

Trickle
Contoured

Series 6000
Corrosive
Series 7000
Ultra High Purity
Series 8000
1/4 Turn Rotary
Series 9000
Turn Rotary

Globe
PTFE Lined
Y Pattern

Contoured

Globe
UHP
Butterfly

Contoured

Standard Ball
V Ball

Reduced Bore
V - Flow

Vane

Note: * Indicates two stages of multi-labyrinth trim.

Through

Flow of Non Vapourising Liquids.

The flow rate of a liquid through a control
valve can be treated as incompressible and
therefore a function of the differential
pressure p ie ( P1 P2 ) providing the
liquid does not vapourise between the inlet
and outlet of the valve.
If a vapour is formed either transitionally
through the onset of cavitation or constant
with the introduction of flashing, then this
relationship to differential pressure will
probably change. Different flow regimes
depend on the level of vapourisation and are
used to describe the fluid behaviour.
Normal Flow.
Normal flow describes the case when
fluid is assumed to be incompressible
vapour formation). Under this condition
volume flow rate is proportional to
square root of the pressure drop across
valve, shown in Figure 9.

made to the onset of cavitation, and the

conditions which result in mechanical
damage of the trim.

the
(no
the
the
the

Transitional Flow Regime. (Semi-critical

Flow)
When the static pressure at the vena
contracta just falls below the fluid vapour
pressure pressure bubbles form and the flow
cannot be assumed incompressible. This
transitional zone between non vapourising
and vapourising liquid (choked) flow,
coincides with the onset of incipient
cavitation.
Cavitation which occurs in this transitional
zone can produce damage within the valve,
and is to be avoided. Figure 9 illustrates the
different flow regimes referenced to
pressure drop versus flowrate through the
valve.
Flow of Vapourising Liquids (Choked
Flow).
Choked flow is the limiting or maximum, flow
rate reached when no further increase in
upstream pressure changes the throughput,
with constant downstream conditions
applied. At this stage the pressure at the
vena contracta has reached its minimum ie
supercooled vapour pressure Pvc. Further
pressure drop only increases cavitation or
flashing levels. Figure 10 shows the
relationship between the flow regimes.
Severn Glocon Sizing of Liquids.
In common with most valve sizing
techniques Severn Glocon follow the ISA
guidelines and omit the semi-critical flow
regime. This assumes that the normal flow
follows the straight line shown on figure 9
until it intersects with the critical flow line. An
error of some 2% results from this
assumption, but the calculation procedure is
much simplified. Figure 11 shows the
various stages of flow with reference also

Figure 9. Different Flow Regimes.

Figure 10.
Regimes.

Relationship

between

Flow

Figure 11. Different Stages of Flow and

Cavitation.

Liquid Flow Valve Sizing Procedure

The following flow chart gives the sequence of steps used during the selection of a control valve.

Start
Select Trim
Style

Sequence Re-entry
Point 1

Equation 2

Calculate
Ap limit

Is P1-P2
> P1-Pv

Equation 3

Calculate
cavitation
index osa

No

See Table
1

Confirm suitability
of trim style

Equations
4,5,6,7

Determine valve
Cv

Re Product
Bulletins

Select Trim design

Cv & Valve size

See
SGT 10/4
& equation 2

See Table 1

See
SGT 10/5
SGT 10/6

See Table 2

Flow is
flashing
Determine
Valve Cv

Calculate
% flash

Re-entry

No

Using new FL at
Valve opening
recalculate Dp limit

Check cavitation
index and confirm
trim selection

No

Recalculate Cv
using corrections
for pipework & fluid
viscosity

Equation
18

Is velocity
acceptable?

250m/s or
0.3 Mn

Calculate power
conversion

See
SGT 10/7

Is power level
acceptable?

See
SGT 10/7

Calculate sound
pressure level

See
SGT 10/8

Is SPL OK?

No

Is velocity acceptable?

Calculate power
conversion

See
SGT 10/7

Is energy level
acceptable?

See
SGT 10/8

Calculate sound
pressure level
Is SPL OK?
End

Equations
16 & 17

Calculate flow
velocities

End

Calculate flow
velocities

See
SGT 10/7

Equations
12 to 15

Select trim
Cv & valve size

Is trim design Cv
acceptable?

Equations
8,9,10,11

Yes

No

No

Re-enter at point 1

No

Re-enter at point 1

No

Re-enter at
point 1

Valve Flow Coefficient Cv Liquids.

The valve flow coefficient Cv is used to
determine the valve and trim size required to
satisfy a particular flow rate at a specified
pressure drop. Once this Cv value is known
then a suitable valve trim combination can
be selected with a design Cv that meets
these capacity requirements. The selected
valve design Cv will fix the minimum
requirements for valve size, however,
pipeline size and inlet/outlet flow velocities
must also be considered.
Valve rangeability must not be exceeded,
therefore sizing should be carried out at
maximum, normal and minimum flowrates
and pressures.

Based on the information available select

one of the four equations (1) to (4). Using
the p value determined above, and Fp=1 as
the piping geometry factor.
Imperial Units
Cv = Q ( Gr / p) 0.5 ------------------------- (4)
Fp
Cv =

Cv = Q ( Gr / p) 0.5 -------------------------- (6)

0.865 Fp
Cv =

where :- Pvc = Pv FF
and FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor
which is = [ 0.96 0.28 [ Pv/Pc ] 0.5 ] ------ (1)
(b) Determine the limiting pressure drop,
corresponding to commencement of critical
flow.
p limit=FL2 (P1-Pvc) = FL2 (P1-Pv FF) ----- (2)
2

Generalised values of FL
can be
determined from Table 1 or if the valve
opening is known then refer to SGT 10/4.
(c) Valve sizing pressure drop.
If the pressure drop across the valve is less
than or equal to the limiting pressure drop
p limit then the flow is normal and the actual
sizing pressure drop p sizing is taken as the
actual value given.
If the value p sizing > p limit then p must be
taken as the value determine for p limit. This
accounts for cavitating and flashing flows.
(d) Determination of Cavitation Index.
Determine the cavitation index for the
system application from the following
equation.

SA = ( P1 - Pv ) ---------------------------- (3)
( P1 P2 )
Select a trim and valve style with a mr value
from table 1 smaller than or equal to the SA
value calculated.

(e) Calculation of the flow coefficient Cv

----------------- (5)

Metric Units

Sizing Procedure Turbulent Flow

(a) Calculate the value of Pvc

W
63.3 Fp ( 1 p) 0.5

W
27.3 Fp ( 1 p) 0.5

----------------- (7)

(f) Select the trim design Cv and

appropriate valve size.
It is normal to operate at 50% - 70% valve
openings.
Calculate the actual valve opening and
determine the correct value for FL and mr
from SGT 10/4.
(g) Re-calculate the new limiting pressure
drop.
Using the new FL value determine the psizing
value. Using this value, repeat the steps to
confirm the trim and valve selection.
(h) Re-calculate the final Cv.
Taking into account any corrections for the
pipework configuration Fp and fluid viscosity,
by referring to sections SGT 10/5 & SGT
10/6 of this manual. The value of Cv is
determined.
(i) Calculate valve exit velocity.
Based upon the information available select
one of the equations (5), (6), (7) or (8) and
determine the valve inlet and outlet
velocities, as detailed in liquid flow velocity
section. Should these levels be excessive
when compared with the recommended
limits given in Table 2, resulting in a change
in valve size, then repeat step (g).
(j) Check on energy conversion at valve
With valves and trims which are to convert
large amounts of energy, a check should be
carried out to determine the suitability of the
valve and trim selected. Refer to section
SGT 10/7 of this manual which details the
formulae to be used in calculating these
energy levels. The recommended pressure
drops, materials of construction and energy
conversion levels for valves and trims is also
given.

Factors Influencing Velocity Limits.

Liquid Flow Velocity.

In the selection of a valve to work on either

liquids or gases, one of the major
considerations is the effect of flow velocity
within the both the trim and the valve body.

With liquids high fluid velocities can lead to

erosion and vibration problems. Table 2
gives mean velocity limits which should be
applied during valve selection. However, it
should be noted that local velocity levels
within the valve, due to turbulence, will be
much higher.

The main factors which have to be

considered for limiting the velocities within
the valve are :-

Procedure.
1) reduction in pressure loss.
2) minimize erosion damage.

a) Calculate the mean flow velocity through

the valve body, using the appropriate
equation below.

3) reduce vibration potential.

Imperial
4) energy conversion.

Velocity = 0.408 Q/d2

5) secondary noise potential.

Velocity = 8.2 x 10-4 w/Gr d2 weight flow -- (9)

6) phase difference between trim and

inlet turbulence.
Selection of the trim design can enable
higher
body
velocities
to
be
accommodated. A well guided cage
trim, is far less likely to suffer vibration
and instability problems due to flow
impingement, than a trim fitted with a
small stem guide.

volume flow ------ (8)

Metric
Velocity = 354 Q/d2

volume flow ------ (10)

Velocity = 0.354 w/Gr d2 weight flow ----- (11)

b) Compare the calculated flow velocity
value with the recommended limits of the
valve selected from the Table 2.
c) If outside the velocity limits given use
larger
valve
size
as
appropriate.

Table 2. Maximum Recommended Valve Body Velocities for Liquid Flows.

Valve Type

Series
2000 & 3000
Series
5000 & 9000
Series
6000 & 7000
Series
8000

Valve Size
ins
to 2
3 to 6
1 to 12
1 to 12
14 to 24
1 to 6
8 to 16
4 to 12
14 to 24
>24

mm
12 to 50
80 to 150
25 to 300
25 to 300
350 to 600
25 to 150
200 to 400
100 to 300
350 to 600
>600

For other sizes consult factory.

Trim Style

Contoured
Seat / Cage
Seat / Cage
Guided
All
Types
All
Types

Carbon Steel
ft/s
m/s
41
12.5
34
10.4
35
10.6
43
13.1
35
10.7
28
8.5
23
6.9
28
8.5
23
6.9
23
6.9

Valve Body Material

Alloy Steel
Br/Cu/Ni Alloy
ft/s
m/s
ft/s
m/s
46
14
25
7.6
36
10.9
21
6.4
38
11.5
22
6.7
52
15.8
25
7.6
43
13.1
21
6.4
30
9.1
20
6.1
25
7.6
15
4.6
30
9.1
20
6.1
25
7.6
15
4.6
25
7.6
15
4.6

Plastic & Lined

ft/s
m/s

10
8
10
8
8

3.1
2.4
3.1
2.4
2.4

Flashing Flows.
When the valve outlet pressure is lower than
or equal to the saturation pressure for the
fluid temperature, part of the fluid flashes
into vapour. The valve Cv is determined as
for normal flow except that the sizing
pressure drop used is that determined as
the limiting pressure drop p limit where FL is
replaced by FLP ( see SGT 10/5 )
This modifies equations (1,2,3) and (4) to
read :Cv = Q ( Gr / P1-FF PV ) 0.5 ----------------- (12)
FLP
Cv =

W
-------- (13)
63.3 FLP ( 1 ( P1 - FF PV )) 0.5

Metric Units
Cv = Q ( Gr / P1-FF PV ) 0.5 ----------------- (14)
0.865 FLP
Cv =

W
-------- (15)
27.3 FLP ( 1 ( P1 - FF PV )) 0.5

The following expression may be used to

calculate the velocity under flashing
conditions, the relative velocity of each
phase is largely dependent upon the vapour
content in the downstream flow. This
requires knowledge of the pressure drops
and fluid thermodynamic properties which is
not often available except in the case of
water/stream. The amount of vapour
formation is usually quantified by the % flash
which is % vapour by weight to the total
mass flow rate, and is denoted by x.
i.e. x = W v

------------------------------- (16)

W tot
x may also be calculated by considering the
changes in enthalpy across the valve as
follows :x = ( hf1 hf2 ) ------------------------------ (17)
hfg2
Where:x
= fraction of liquid mass flashed to
vapour
h11 = Enthalpy of saturated fluid at inlet
temp.
h12 = Enthalpy of saturated fluid at outlet
pressure
hfg2 = Enthalpy of evaporation at outlet
pressure
Flashing Liquid Velocity.

The velocity for flashing flow may be

calculated from the following equation
(15) :V = 0.040 w { { 1-x )Vf2 + x Vg2 } -----(18)
A
where:x =fraction of liquid mass flashed to vapour
V =Velocity in Ft/sec
w =Liquid flow rate lb/hr
A =Valve outlet flow area ins2
V12 =Saturated liquid specific volume at
outlet pressure in ft3 / lb.
Vg2 =Saturated vapour specific volume at
outlet pressure in ft3 / lb.
Flashing Flow Example
A valve working on water at an inlet
pressure and temperature of 250psia and
350o F is required to reduce the outlet
pressure to 90psia.
Reference to the steam tables shows that at
90psia the saturation temperature of water is
320.28oF therefore flashing is taking place.
From the steam tables the following values
can be determined.
hf1 = 321.8 Bthu/lb at 350oF
hf2 = 290.7 Bthu/lb at 90psia
hfg2 = 894.6 Bthu/lb at 90psia
From equation (17) x = 321.8 290.7 = 0.034
894.6
Therefore %flash = 0.034 x 100 = 3.4%
If the valve has a 3ins diameter outlet and a
flowrate of 4 x 105 lbs /hr then the exit
velocity may be determined by using
equation (18).
Vf2 = 0.0177 ft3/lb at 90 psia.
Vg2 = 4.895 ft3/lb at 90 psia.
V = 0.04x4x105 {(1-0.034)0.0177+0.034x4.89}
7.07
Valve Exit Velocity V = 415 ft/sec
Velocity limits for flashing service.
Flashing velocities should not exceed
250m/s or 0.3Mn. therefore this calculated
velocity would be acceptable for typical
Series 2000 and 5000 bodies. Hardened
trims should be considered for this duty and
overlayed bodies are often required
dependent upon the line fluid.
Where fluid data is not available it is often
more appropriate to check the inlet velocity,
as a single phase fluid, and a line size valve
is often specified by reference to the
downstream pipework dimensions.

Gas / Vapour Flow Valve Sizing Procedure

The following flow chart gives the sequence of steps used during the selection of a control valve.

Start
Select Trim
Style

Sequence Re-entry
Point 1

Calculate Ap
limit

Is
X>=Fk Xt

Equation
19

Calculate
expansion
factor Y

Equation
20,21

Calculate specific
weight optional

Figure 12

Determine
compressibility Z

Equations
22 to 29

Determine
valve Cv

Re Product
Bulletins

Select trim design

Cv & valve size

See
SGT 10/4

Using new Xt factor

at valve opening
recalculate Ap limit

See
SGT 10/5
SGT 10/6

Recalculate Cv
using corrections
for pipework & fluid
viscosity
Is trim design Cv
acceptable?

See
Table 4

Yes

Flow is
flashing
Ap sizing
is Ap limit

No

Re-entry

No

Calculate flow
velocities

See Table 5

Is velocity acceptable?

See
SGT 10/7

Calculate power
conversion

See
SGT 10/7

Is energy level
acceptable?

See
SGT 10/8

Calculate sound
pressure level

No

No

Re-enter at point 1

Re-enter at point 1

Is SPL OK?

No
End

Flow of Vapours and Gases.

Two principal regimes apply to gas and
vapour flows.
These are normal and critical or (choked)
flow.
Normal Flow.
Throughout the normal flow regime an
increase in pressure drop across the valve
produces an increase in flow. At low
pressure ratios, upto a Mach No.0.3 the flow
is almost proportional to the square root of
the pressure drop, similar to the normal
liquid flow regime.
At higher pressure ratios the compressibility
effects of the flowing fluid begin to take a
greater effect.
The relationship between increasing flow
and pressure drop gradually diminishes,
until further increase in pressure ratio P1/P2
produce no further increase in flow. Normal
flow has now ceased.
Critical or Choked Flow.
Choking is considered to have occurred
when with constant upstream conditions, at
the valve, reducing the downstream
pressure further produces no change in flow
rate.
Gas / Vapour Flow Sizing.
The flow of liquid through a control valve
may be considered incompressible provided
it does not produce vapours, due to
cavitation or flashing.
This type of flow does not produce any
significant change in density at any point in
the flow path. Because of compressibility,
gases and vapours expand as the pressure
drops, thereby increasing the specific
volume. To account for the change in
specific weight, an expansion factor, Y, is
now introduced into the valve sizing formula.
Calculation of Flow Coefficient CvGases
a) Determine the Limiting Pressure Drop
Calculate the specific heat factor Fk relative
to air from the following equation.

Therefore plimit occurs when X = Fk XT

Where XT is the pressure drop ratio from
Table 3.
b) Valve sizing pressure drop.
If the pressure drop across the valve is less
than or equal to the limiting pressure drop
plimit then the flow is normal and the actual
sizing pressure drop psizing is taken as the
actual value given.
If the value of psizing > plimit then p must
be taken as the value determine for plimit.
c) Calculation of Expansion Factor Y.
The expansion factor Y can be calculated
from
Y=1
X
----------------------------------- (19)
3 Fk XT
( Limits 1.0 >= Y >=0.67 )
d) Calculation of the Inlet Specific Weight 1.
If the inlet specific weight is required for the use
in the valve sizing equations then this may be
calculated from the following expressions.
Imperial
1 =

MP

-------------------------------- (20)

10.72 Z T1
Metric
1 = ( M P1 x 105 )

-------------------------- (21)

8314 Z T1
e) Determine the Compressibility Factor Z
To obtain the compressibility factor Z, it is
first necessary to calculate the reduced
pressure Pr and the reduced temperature Tr
using the following equations.
Pr = P1 / Pc

and

Tr = T1 / Tc

Fk =k/1.4 where k is gas specific heat ratio.

Where :- suffix r is the reduced value

suffix 1 is the absolute upstream value
suffix c is the absolute critical value

Calculate the ratio of actual pressure drop to

absolute inlet pressure x from

Using the values of Pr and Tr calculated find

Z in Figure 12.

X = p / P1

f) Calculate the Flow Coefficient Cv

Depending upon the process conditions
given, select one of the equations listed
below, assuming Fp = 1.
Imperial units
Cv =

w
63.3 Fp Y ( X P1 1 ) 0.5

-------- (22)

Cv =

q (Gg T1 Z / X)0.5 --------(23)

1360 Fp P1 Y

Cv =

w
19.3 Fp P1 Y

Cv =

q (M T1 Z / X)0.5 ---------(25)
7320 Fp P1 Y

(T1 Z / X M)0.5 ---------(24)

Metric Units
Cv =

w
27.3 Fp Y ( X P1 1 ) 0.5

-------- (26)

Cv =

q
417 Fp P1 Y

(Gg T1 Z / X)0.5 --------(27)

Cv =

w
94.8 Fp P1 Y

(T1 Z / X M)0.5 ---------(28)

q (M T1 Z / X)0.5 ---------(29)
2250 Fp P1 Y
(g) Select the trim design Cv and
appropriate valve size.
It is normal to operate at 50% - 70% valve
openings.
Calculate the actual valve opening and
determine the correct value for XT from SGT
10/4.
Cv =

Figure 12. Compressibility Factors for Gases.

(h) Re-calculate the new limiting pressure

drop.
Determine the plimit value ( arising from any
revision of XT ). Using this value, repeat the
calculation steps to confirm the trim and
valve sizing.
(i) Re-calculate the final Cv.
Taking into account any corrections for the
pipework configuration Fp and fluid viscosity,
by referring to sections SGT 10/5 & SGT
10/6 of this manual. The value of Cv is
determined.
(j) Calculate valve exit velocity.
Based upon the information available select
one of the equations from Table 4 and
determine the valve inlet and outlet
velocities, as detailed in Gas flow velocity
section. Should these levels be excessive
when compared with the recommended
limits given in Table 5, resulting in a change
in valve size, then repeat step (i).
(k) Check on energy conversion at valve.
With valves and trims which are to convert
large amounts of energy, a check should be
carried out to determine the suitability of the
valve and trim selected. Refer to section
SGT 10/7 of this manual which details the
formulae to be used in calculating these
energy levels. The recommended pressure
drops, materials of construction and energy
conversion levels for valves and trims is also
given.

Table 3. Compressible Flow Pressure Drop Ratios, XT

Valve Series
Series 2000 Split
Body

Valve Type
Globe & Corner
Series 2410

Trim Style
Trickle
Contoured
Cage Plug

3 Way
Series 2420
Angle
Series 2430

Contoured
Trickle
Contoured
Cage Plug

Series 3000 &

4000 Cryogenic

Globe
Series 3410

Series 5000
Multi-Purpose

Globe Series
5410

Contoured
Cage
Trickle
Contoured

3 Way Series
5420
Angle Series
5430

Ported
Single Cage
Double Cage
Triple Cage
Quad Cage
Multi-labyrinth
Contoured
Trickle
Contoured

Series 6000
Corrosive
Series 7000 Ultra
High Purity
Series 8000
Turn Rotary
Series 9000
Turn Rotary

Globe PTFE
Lined
Y Pattern

Ported
Single Cage
Double Cage
Triple Cage
Quad Cage
Multi-labyrinth
Contoured
Contoured

Globe UHP

Contoured

Butterfly

Through Vane

Standard Ball
V - Ball

Reduced Bore
V - Flow

Note : * Indicates two stages of Multi-Labyrinth Trim.

Flow Direction
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Mixing &
Diverting
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Mixing &
Diverting
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
60o
90o
Through

Ration XT
0.85
0.78
0.73
0.66
0.91
0.91
0.66
0.85
0.78
0.71
0.66
0.91
0.91
0.73
0.66
0.91
0.85
0.78
0.75
0.7
0.79
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.98*
0.7
0.85
0.78
0.75
0.67
0.79
0.86
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.98*
0.75
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.75
0.7
0.36
0.26
0.15
0.12

Gas Flow Velocity.

It is Important that checks are made upon
both the inlet and velocities during sizing of
a control valve. Much attention is often given
to the elimination of excessive outlet
velocities which would result in the creation
of shock waves, and consequent vibration of
the valve plug, as sonic velocity
approached. This secondary source of noise
generation and instability should not be
underestimated and within Table 5 is the
recommended maximum Mach Numbers
which should not be exceeded if specified
noise levels are to be achieved. However,
high inlet velocities also may result in
excessive dynamic forces acting on exposed
plugs and stems causing vibration and early
mechanical failure.

c) If the velocities are outside these limits

given then a solution could be one of the
following:Fit fixed area baffle within the outlet of valve
body, to reduce gas specific volume and
hence velocity.
Increase size of valve body.
Use limited discretion as there is no exact
line between a correct and problem solution.
d) Calculation of valve outlet Mach No.
The sonic velocity can be calculated from
the expressions given for a given in Table
4.
Mach No. = v/a
Where:- v is valve body velocity.
and a is the sonic velocity.

Procedure.
a) Depending upon the process
conditions given select one of the
equations from Table 4. Calculate both
the inlet and outlet velocities for the size
of valve selected.

(e) Recalculation of Cv if Body Size Change

Recalculate Cv if body size has increased
(due to eliminating excessive outlet velocity)
thereby altering the Piping factor Fp.

b) Compare the calculated flow velocity

with the recommended limits in Table 5.

(f) Select Appropriate Trim

Identify suitable trim from ranges available in
order to satisfy final calculated Cv and flow
characteristics required.

Table 4. Gas / Vapour Velocity Equations and Units of Measurement.

Formulae for mean
velocity

Stream
Velocity
v

Internal
valve
Dia. d

v=0.051 u W
2
D

ft/sec

v=354 u W
2
d

Mass
flow
W

Specific
volume
u

inches

lb/ hr

ft3 /lb

m/sec

mm

kg/ hr

m3 kg

v=1.52*1033 QT
2
dP

ft/sec

inches

lbf/ in a

nft / hr

v=1.31 QT
2
dP

m/sec

mm

bar a

nm / hr

v=0.547 W T
2
d PM

ft/sec

inches

lbf/ in a

lb/ lb mol

lb/ hr

v=29.5 W T
2
d PM

m/sec

mm

bar a

kg/ kg mol

kg/ hr

0.5

Absolute
Pressure P

Volume
Flowrate
Q

Molecular
weight
M

Specific
Ht Ratio
K

Absolute
Temp.
T

ft/sec

lbf/ in a

non-dim

ft / lb

0.5

m/sec

bar a

non-dim

m / kg

0.5

ft/sec

lb/ lb mol

non-dim

0.5

m/sec

kg/ kg mol

non-dim

a=68.1 (Kpu)

a=316.4 (Kpu)
a=223 (KT/M)

a=91.3 (KT/G)

Note : v is the mean velocity through the valve and a is the sonic velocity.
Specific volume u is 1/1 the specific weight.

Table 4. Maximum Recommended Valve Body Velocities for Gas/Vapour Flows.

Valve Type

Valve Size
Ins

Series
2000 & 3000

Trim Style

Maximum
Inlet Velocity
ft/s
m/s

Contoured

104
90
70

830
830
830

253
253
253

0.65
0.65
0.65

0.5
0.5
0.5

0.3
0.3
0.3

mm

Maximum
Outlet Velocity
ft/s
m/s

Maximum outlet Mach No.

for predicted noise level.
>95 dba
<95 dba
<85 dba

to 2
3 to 6
1 to 12

12 to 50
80 to 150
25 to 300

Seat / Cage

340
295
230

Series
5000 & 9000

1 to 12
14 to 24

25 to 300
350 to 600

Seat Cage
Guided

340
475

104
144

830
830

253
253

0.65
0.65

0.5
0.5

0.3
0.3

Series
6000 & 7000

1 to 6
8 to 16

25 to 150
200 to 400

All
Types

295
230

90
70

640
640

194
194

0.65
0.65

0.5
0.5

0.3
0.3

Series 8000

4 to 12
14 to 24
>24

100 to 300
350 to 600
>600

All
Types

200
100
80

61
30
24

350
350
350

107
107
107

0.65
0.65
0.65

0.5
0.5
0.5

0.3
0.3
0.3

For other sizes consult factory.

Calculation for Cv for MixedPhase

Fluids.
This method of Cv calculation for two phase
flow assumes that the gas and liquid pass
through the controlling orifice within the
valve at the same velocity, and that the
pressure within the valve is high enough to
prevent cavitation or flashing of the liquid
thereby creating a choked flow situation.
The required Cv is determined by using an
equivalent density for the liquid / gas
mixture.

where:-

Liquid / Gas Sizing

This method is intended for use with
mixtures of a liquid and a non-condensable
gas.
When a liquid / gas mixture passes through
a valve, the liquids density remains constant
while the gas expands and reduces its
density. The formula below calculates a
mean density for inclusion in a simple Cv
calculation.

Vena = vc=

Imperial Units

While the specific volume of gas at the vena

contracta is given by:-

Cv =

W
------------(30)
0.5
44.8 (p( 1 + vc) )

where:W = Total flowrate lb/hr

1 = Upstream density lb/ft3
vc = Vena contracta density lb/ft3
p = Pressure drop lb/in2

Metric Units
Cv =

W
------------(31)
19.3 (p( 1 + vc) ) 0.5

W = Total flowrate kg/hr

1 = Upstream density kg/m3
vc = Vena contracta density kg/m3
p = Pressure drop bar
The densities are given by :Upstream = 1 = Cv =

1
-----(32)
XG1 VG1 + (1-XG1) VL

1
----------------(33)
XG1 VGVC + (1-XG1) VL

Where:XG1 = fraction by weight of gas in the flow

VG1 = specific vol. of gas at inlet ft3/lb (m3/kg)
VL = specific vol. of liquid at inlet ft3/lb (m3/kg)
VGVC= specific vol. of gas at vena contracta ft3/lb
(m3/kg)

VGVC =

VG1

----------------- (34)
2

1 ( p / P1 FL )
P1 =inlet pressure lb/in2 abs (bara)
FL =liquid pressure recovery factor see
Table 1 also SGT 10/4.

Liquid / Vapour Sizing.

There is no reliable data for accurate sizing
of mixture in their own vapour as difficulties
arise due to the transfer of energy and mass
between the liquid and vapour phases.
However, the formulae used for the
liquid/gas calculations may be adapted to
produce an acceptable estimation by basing
the vena contracta density on the fraction by
weight of vapour downstream of the valve.
The example below illustrates this method.
Two Phase Sizing Example.
A valve working on hydrocarbon liquid is
subjected to two phase flashing under the
following conditions of operation. Calculate
the valve Cv.
Flow rate liquid
Flow rate vapour XG1
Flow rate vapour XG2
P1
P2
P
k
Cp
Pv
S.G.
T
Pipe size
S.G.
Pc
FL

= 1125 usgpm
= 4.5% by weight at
Inlet
= 15.8% by weight at
Outlet
= 391 lb/in2 abs
= 205 lb/in2 abs
2
= 186 lb/in
= 1.16
= 0.4 BthU/lb oR
= 391 lb/in2
= 0.5 (liquid)
= 565oR
= 8ins Schedule 40
= 1.0 (vapour)
= 592 lb/in2
= 0.95

(a) Calculate total weight of flow at valve

inlet.

(d) Calculate the upstream density 1 using

equation (32)

Upstream = 1 = 1
XG1 VG1 + (1 XG1) VL
XG1 is given and equals 0.045

VG1 can be derived from gas equation PV =

WRT as follows:VG1 = V/W = R T / P and R = Ro / M
Where:Ro is the universal gas constant = 1545 ft
lb/lbmoloR
M = Molecular weight
VG1 = Ro T1 = 1545 x 565 =0.535 ft3/lb
144 MP1 144 x 29 x 391
=0.032 ft3/lb

VL =

1
=
62.4xS.G.

1 =

1
=18.3 lb/ft3
0.045x0.535 + (1-0.045) x 0.032

1
62.4x0.5

(e) Calculate vena contracta density vc from

equation (33) modified to utilize XG2 the
fraction by weight of vapour downstream of
the valve.
Vena = vc =

1
XG2 VGVC + (1 XG2) VL

Liquid phase flow = 1125 x 60 x 10 x 0.5 =

1.201
281,250 lb/hr
vapour phase flow = 294,503 lb/hr

XG2 is given and equals 0.158

VGVC vena contracta specific volume VGVC
can derived from equation (34)
VGVC =

(b) Liquid critical pressure ration FF

VG1
1 ( p / P1 FL2 )

FF = 0.96 0.28 (391/592)0.5 = 0.732

VGVC =
FL2

(P1 FF x Pv)
(c) P allowable =
= 0.902 (391 0.732 x 391)
= 94.5 lb/in2

0.535

= 0.731

1 ( 94.5/391.0.902 )
vc =

1
= 7.02 lb/ft3
0.158.0.731+(1-0.158) 0.032

(f) From equation (30) Cv can be calculated

as follows:Cv =
w
44.8 (p (1 + vc) ) 0.5
Cv =

294503
= 134.5
44.8 (94.5 ( 18.303 + 7.02 ) )0.5

Multi-Phase Velocity Calculation.

Using this example the Multi-Phase
velocities can be calculated using the
following procedure.
1) As the flash fraction (x) is given, then the
liquid and vapour phase velocities can be
calculated. A measure of the different phase
velocities is given by the slip ratio (s). This is
the ratio between the vapour phase and
liquid phase velocities. From this equation it
is evident that as the flash fraction increases
so does the slip ratio, and hence the vapour
flow velocity.

4) Determine the void fraction (Vf) and

phase flow areas AL and Av
Vf =

Xv

(Xv +(1-Xv)s)

0.455
(0.455+(1-0.455)1.243)

Vf = 0.401
Liquid phase flow area AL =(1 - Vf) x total
flow area
Vapour phase flow area AV = Vf x total flow
area
Assuming a Series 5000 size 4ins valve is
selected in order to accommodate trim with
a design Cv 120 (calculated Cv 95.1). This
valve would have a total outlet flow area of
0.087 ft2

s = ( x L / v + 1 x )0.5
where:- L is the liquid density and v the
downstream vapour density.

5) Determine the liquid phase flow velocity

VL

s = (0.158.31.25/7.020+1-0.158)0.5= 1.243

VL =

QL

AL 3600

7935
0.599 x 0.087 x 3600

2) Calculate the downstream vapour Qv2 and

liquid phase volume QL flowrates by dividing
by the appropriate density.

VL = 42.29 ft/sec

Qv2 = Wv / v and QL = WL / L

6) Determine the vapour phase velocity Vv

Qv2 = 0.158. 294503 / 7.020 = 6,628ft3/hr

Vv = Qv

= 6628

QL = 0.842. 294503 / 31.25 = 7,935 ft3/hr

Av 3600 0.401 x 0.087 x 3600

Vv = 52.77 ft/sec

3) Calculate the downstream vapour volume

ratio Xv
Xv =

Qv2
=
6,628
= 0.455
Qv2 + QL 6,628 + 7935

Both these calculated velocities would be

within the limits given in Tables 2 and 5 for
Series 5000 cage guided trims.

Notes

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Flow Characteristics
Contents.
Quick-Opening Flow-Lift Characteristics.
Linear Flow Lift Characteristics.
Equal
Percentage
Flow

Lift
Characteristics.
Modified Equal Percentage or Parabolic
Flow Lift Characteristics.

SEVERN
GLOCON
Technical Manual Section SGT 10/3

Introduction.
The valves flow characteristic is the
relationship of valve capacity to valve travel.
The shape and movement of the valve plug
surface development, relative to the static
seat ring, determines the flow / lift
characteristic. Normally valve plugs are
designed for set positional control, i.e.
on/off, or for throttling duty where the valve
plug may be positioned at any point within
the working range dictated by the process
requirements.
The inherent characteristic can be designed
into the valve trim so that the valve gain will
vary in a prescribed way with the valve
capacity thereby theoretically controlling
loop gain at all ladings and set points.
However, this characterization at the valve is
often modified by the flow loop with its own
in built resistance and characteristics. In
addition actuator non-linearity and varying
time constant can adversely affect the
smooth characterization, produced within
the mechanical limitations of the flow
controlling trim profiles.
Clearly, the same valve working on
compressible fluid if switched to an
incompressible one will exhibit a different
flow characteristic.
Also when a valve chokes due to sonic
velocity in the case of a gas or with
cavitation or flashing when flowing a liquid,
the flow-lift characteristic at that point is
affected. Therefore care needs to be
exercised in relying on the flow lift
characterization to give full control of the
valve gain characteristics over a wide
operating range.
There are four main inherent flow-lift
characteristics for control valves, they are
quick opening, linear, equal percentage,
modified equal percentage pr parabolic.
These curves are shown in figure 1.

Figure
1.
Control
Characteristic Curves.

Valve

Flow

Quick Opening Characteristic.

This trim profile provides the maximum
change in flowrate at low valve travels,
within a fairly linear relationship. This
contrasts with the higher levels of valve
travel, where the change in flowrate nears
zero.
Application.
In a control valve the quick opening
characteristic is used primarily for on-off
service, where the flow must be established
quickly as the valve begins to open. A
typical application would be as a relief valve.
Design.
The valve plug may be shaped to provide
some smoothing of the flow with valve
opening. In essence when the lift on the plug
equals some 25% of the seat bore
dimension the two areas are equal. In
consequence the any flow increase, for
further valve lift will decrease sharply.
Linear Flow Characteristic.
The linear flow characteristic curve shows
that the flow rate is directly proportional to
valve travel. This proportional relationship
produces a characteristic with a constant
slope, so that with constant pressure drop,
the valve gain is the same at all flows.
Application.
The linear characteristic valve is commonly
specified for liquid level control and for some
flow control applications where constant
gain is required.
Design.
With equal increments in valve travel
resulting in equal increments of flow the
following simple equation may be used to
express the linear flow characteristic.

Figure 2. Construction of a Quick Open

Flow Characteristic Plug.
Application.
Control valves with an equal percentage
flow characteristic are probably the most
frequently specified, for pressure control as
it is considered their particular gain
characteristics are the most tolerant and are
likely to provide stable control at low lifts.
They are suitable for other applications
where a large percentage of the pressure
drop is normally absorbed by the system
itself, with only a relatively small percentage
available at the control valve.
Equal percentage characteristics should
also be considered where a high variation in
the pressure drops could occur.
Design.
The formula, which describes the equal
percentage flow characteristic, is:Q = Qo emx

Q = Kx
Where:Q = Flow Rate.
K = Constant depending upon units.
x = Valve travel.
Equal Percentage Characteristics.
The equal percentage flow characteristic
produces flow changes which are equal
percentages of the existing flow, for equal
increments of valve travel. The change in
flowrate is always proportional to the flow
rate that exists just before the change in
valve position is made, this means a given
change in valve travel always produces the
same equal percentage change in existing
flow.

Where:Q = Flowrate
Qo = Minimum controllable flow.
x = Valve position
m = In R/T = constant for a particular valve.
R = Valve rangeablity = Qm / Qo
In = Natural Logarithm
T = Maximum valve travel.
Qm = Maximum flow rate.
These parameters can be combined to
produce several common variations of equal
percentage flow equation, which are of
exponential nature:Q = Qo e(x/t)InR
Q = QoR(x/t)
Q = QmR{(x/t)-1}

In conventional contoured plug valve, as the

plug is moved through its travel range by the
actuator, the throttling flow area changes as
dictated by the contoured shape on the plug.

Figure 3 Profile
Contoured Plug

of

Characterised

Modified Equal Percentage or Parabolic

Characteristics.
The modified equal percentage or parabolic
flow characteristic curve falls between the
linear and equal percentage characteristics.
Application.
For
economic
reasons
this
flow
characteristic is most commonly used on
small capacity trims where the physical size
can make machining of the full equal
percentage
characteristic
impractical.
Therefore the applications are mainly on
pressure control, or where highly varying
pressure drop conditions can be expected.
Design.
The exposed flow area of the valve trim
parts varies as a parabolic function of the
valve travel. Assuming that the flow is
proportional to the flow area the flow
equation can be expressed as:-

However, in valves fitted with cage guided

trims the plug is a symmetrical cylinder and
the flow characterization is determined by
the shape or sequencing of the flow
openings in the wall of the surrounding
cage.
As the plug is moved away from the seat
ring, the apertures in the guide are
uncovered to permit flow. Standard cages
are produced with flow ports and these
ported trims with discrete large apertures
can be characterized accurately to produce
any of the four main flow rate / travel
relationships.
Cage designs for low noise or anti cavitation
applications utilize high numbers of flow
holes or apertures in order to break down
the main flow within the trim into multistreams, to instigate low pressure recovery
and velocity control flow regimes. The shape
and positioning of these flow apertures
clearly has a direct influence on the
characteristic produced, which in certain
cases may well be compromised by other
aspects of the design requirements.
Main control of the characterization is
attributable to the plug uncovering the flow
apertures in the primary cage guide. In
multi-cage trims the characterization can be
further changed by the influence of the
attached outer cages.
This is due to the series resistance to flow,
with the primary cage guide being the only
controller or variable restrictor. Therefore as
the flow increases the resistance of the
outer cages rises, with a direct effect on the
flow rate / travel relationship.
The flow / lift curve from the multi-hole cage
trim is generally characterized by having a
number of steps rather than the smooth
shape given by the contoured plug.

Q = Kx2
Where:Q = Flow rate.
K = Constant depending upon units.
x = Valve travel.
The slope of this flow curve maintains the
same constant proportionality to the valve
travel at every flow condition.
Flow Characterisation of Cage Guided
Valves.
Figure 4 Characterised Cage Trims.

Flow Characterisation of Disc or Plate

Stack Trims.
This type of trim is normally specified for the
higher duty applications, as multi-stage
pressure let down can be readily built into
the design.
The long and thin aspect of the rectangular
shaped flow apertures in the discs, together
with the large number of plates making up
disc stack reduce the problems of
characterization highlighted for the multisleeve cage designs which normally use
drilled holes to control the flow rates.
Inherent
and
Installed
Flow
Characterisation.
The objective of valve flow characterization
is to vary the gain of the valve to
compensate for changes in process gain
with changing load. The gain or sensitivity of
a valve is measured by how its flow output
varies in relation to changes in input signal
or valve travel. A high gain valve is one in
which high changes in flow result from small
changes in valve travel.
Contouring the valve plug or characterising
trim cages will provide a predetermined
inherent relationship by changing the
exposed flow areas with valve travel. Clearly
variations in flow can also result from
changes in pressure drop, with no change in
valve travel. In practice where the control
valve is installed within a process system
the pressure drop is seldom constant, due to
dynamic pressure losses, and the flow /
travel that results is called the installed
characteristic. This contrasts with the flow /
travel relationship when constant pressure
drop is applied which is the inherent
characteristic.
An assessment of the effects on the valve
controllability and control accuracy provided
by the installed flow characteristic curve
could be made using a valve gain curve.
This gain curve for the installed valve
describes the changes that take place in
relative flow rate (Q) divided by the change
in relative travel (x).
i.e. Gain = dQ / dx
It follows that by taking into account the
relative control signal and the relationship
between relative inherent flow characteristic
and installed valve gain, the optimum flow
characteristic for a process can be
determined.

Figure 5. Section of Typical Stacked Disc

trim.

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Pressure Recovery Factors
Contents.
Valve Lift v Pressure Recovery Charts.
Nomenclature.
Pressure Recovery Formulae.
Pressure Recovery Tables and Charts.
Introduction.
As the flow passes from the control valve
inlet towards the trim entry, the static
pressure reduces due to frictional and
turning losses. Fluid approaching the trim
has to accelerate in order to pass through
the area contraction presented by the trim
entry geometry. This acceleration continues
until a point just downstream from the trim
outlet where the maximum stream velocity is
reached, this is recognized as the vena
contracta.
Down stream of the vena contracta the flow
area expands, resulting in a reduction in flow
stream velocity and consequent rise in static
pressure. The amount of pressure recovery
is a function of the control valve and trim
design and is quantified as the valve
pressure recovery factor FL.
This factor is used within the control valve
liquid sizing formulae, and the relationship of
the actual p to the pvc is an important
factor in determining the point at which
cavitation of flashing would start.
Severn Glocon use a single parameter mr
to indicate the operating limit, or cavitation
index, of each particular product. This
manufacturers recommended single value is
applicable at the full open position for sizing
purposes, and is a product of the pressure
recovery factor FL and a valve / trim modifier
ratio Kic which has been determined from
test data.
In common with FL the pressure recovery,
the value of mr changes with the valve
opening.
In gas sizing the limiting pressure drop
plimit for different types of valve and trim
combinations, before choked flow is
reached, is determined from the pressure
drop ratio XT.
This ratio is multiplied by the specific heat
ratio FK (Air = 1) to account for different
flowing gases. The valve and trim pressure
recovery factors for the Severn Glocon
product range are given in the following
tables and charts.

SEVERN
GLOCON

Figure 1. Typical Flow Path through a

Control Valve.

Figure 2. Pressure Variations within a

Control Valve.

Nomenclature used within this publication.

Unit
Fd
FF
Fk
FL
Kie
P1
P2
Pv
Pc
p
Pvc
X
XT
Y
Z

mr

Definition
Valve Style Modifier
Critical Pressure Ratio
Ratio of Specific Heat Factor = K/1.4
Pressure Recovery Factor
Incipient Cavitation Coefficient
Upstream Pressure
Downstream Pressure
Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions
Thermodynamic Critical Pressure
Pressure Drop Across Valve
Apparent Pressure at vena contracta
Pressure Drop Ratio p / P1
Pressure Drop Ratio Factor
Expansion Factor (Gas / Liquid Ratio)
Compressibility Factor
Cavitation Index
Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index.

Associated Formulae using Valve Trim

Recovery Factors.
Liquids.
(a) The amount of pressure recovery is a
function of the control valve trim design and
is quantified as the valve pressure recovery
factor FL.

Imperial
-------------------------------------------------------lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2 A
lbf/in2
lbf/in2 A
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Metric
---------------------------------------------bar A
bar A
bar A
bar A
bar
bar A
-------------------------------------------------------

Gases
a) Determination of the Limiting Pressure
Drop in a gas valve applications is carried
out in the following manner:Calculate the specific heat factor Fk relative
to air from the following equation.

Where:- FL2 = P1 P2 / P1 Pvc

and
Pvc = Pv FF
where:- FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio
factor which is [0.96 0.28[Pv/Pc]0.5]

Fk = k/1.4 where k is gas specific heat ratio.

(b) The Cavitation index values mr , which

Severn Glocon recommended and use, are
a product of the valve pressure recovery
factor FL2 and an incipient cavitation
coefficient Kie determined from the testing
programmes carried out on the different
valve/trim styles.

X = p/P1

mr = (P1 Pv)
(P1 P2)

1
FL2

Kie

This single index allows the engineer

selecting the valve / trim, to quickly assess
the suitability of a product. If the value of mr
calculated for the application is below that of
the product selected then cavitation
problems may well occur.
(c) Determination of the limiting pressure
drop, for a valve trim combination is carried
out by calculating the p limit using the
following equation. This corresponds to the
commencement of critical flow, and is
maximum valve used in the calculation of
Valve Cv.
p limit = FL2 (P1 Pvc) = FL2 (P1-Pv FF)

Calculate the ratio of actual pressure drop to

absolute inlet pressure X from

Therefore p limit occurs when X = Fk XT

Where XT is the pressure drop ratio, for the
selected Valve/Trim combination, taken from
the appropriate Table shown within this
Manual.
b) Determination of Valve sizing pressure
drop. If the pressure drop across the valve is
less than or equal to the limiting pressure
drop p limit then the flow is normal and the
actual sizing pressure drop p sizing is taken
as the actual value given.
If the value of p sizing > p limit then p must
be taken as the value determine fro p limit.
c) The gas expansion factor Y, used in the
determination of valve Cv, can be calculated
from:Y = 1

X
3Fk XT

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 2000 Split Body Valves

Valve
Series 2410
Globe / Corner

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 2410
Globe / Corner

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 2410
Globe / Corner

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 2410
Globe / Corner

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 2410
Globe / Corner

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series
2420
3-way
Mixing
and
Diverting

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

10
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.88

20
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.85

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
0.94 0.93 0.93
0.93 0.93
0.88 0.86 0.86
0.86 0.86
0.92 0.92 0.92
0.92 0.92
1.23 1.26 1.26
1.26 1.26
0.81 0.79 0.78
0.78 0.78

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

10
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.89

20
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.89

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
0.94 0.93 0.93
0.93 0.93
0.88 0.86 0.86
0.86 0.86
0.92 0.92 0.92
0.92 0.92
1.23 1.26 1.26
1.26 1.26
0.87 0.87 0.87
0.85 0.85

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

10
0.68
0.46
0.81
2.67
0.47

20
0.72
0.52
0.81
2.38
0.49

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.76 0.79 0.79
0.80 0.80 0.80
0.58 0.62 0.62
0.64 0.64 0.64
0.81 0.81 0.81
0.81 0.81 0.81
2.14 1.98 1.98
1.93 1.93 1.93
0.53 0.57 0.57
0.66 0.66 0.66

90
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

100
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

10
0.95
0.90
0.80
1.39
0.82

20
0.93
0.86
0.80
1.45
0.79

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.92 0.91 0.89
0.89 0.88 0.86
0.85 0.83 0.79
0.79 0.77 0.76
0.80 0.80 0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80
1.48 1.51 1.58
1.59 1.61 1.65
0.78 0.75 0.75
0.73 0.73 0.73

90
0.86
0.74
0.80
1.69
0.73

100
0.85
0.72
0.80
1.73
0.73

10
0.97
0.94
0.80
1.33
0.96

20
0.96
0.92
0.80
1.36
0.95

% Travel Seat Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.95 0.94 0.93
0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90
0.90 0.88 0.86
0.85 0.83 0.81 0.81
0.80 0.80 0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.39 1.41 1.45
1.48 1.54 1.54 1.54
0.94 0.94 0.93
0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92

100
0.89
0.79
0.80
1.58
0.91

10
0.68
0.46
0.81
2.67
0.47

20
0.72
0.52
0.81
2.38
0.49

% Travel Contoured 3 Way

30
40
50
60
70
0.76 0.79 0.79
0.80 0.80
0.58 0.62 0.62
0.64 0.64
0.81 0.81 0.81
0.81 0.81
2.14 1.98 1.98
1.93 1.93
0.53 0.57 0.57
0.66 0.66

100
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

80
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

90
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 2000 Split Body Valves

Valve
Series 2430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 2430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Ratio
Series 2430
Angle

%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Ratio
Series 2430
Angle

%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 2430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

10
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.88

20
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.85

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26
0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

10
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.89

20
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.89

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26
0.87 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

80
0.71
0.50
0.84
2.36
0.66

90
0.71
0.50
0.84
2.36
0.66

100
0.71
0.50
0.84
2.36
0.66

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89
0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.41 1.45 1.48 1.51 1.54 1.58
0.75 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71

90
0.89
0.79
0.80
1.58
0.71

100
0.89
0.79
0.80
1.58
0.71

% Travel Seat Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91
0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.83
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
1.23 1.26 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.34
0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91

100
0.91
0.83
0.90
1.34
0.91

10
0.87
0.76
0.84
1.57
0.78

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over

20
30
40
50
60
70
0.82 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.71
0.67 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.50
0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
1.77 1.91 1.96 2.12 2.30 2.36
0.72 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66

10
0.96
0.92
0.80
1.36
0.82

20
0.95
0.90
0.80
1.39
0.77

10
0.97
0.94
0.90
1.18
0.93

20
0.96
0.92
0.90
1.21
0.93

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 3000 & 4000 Cryogenic Valves

Valve
Series 3410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 3410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 3410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

10
0.68
0.46
0.81
2.67
0.47

20
0.72
0.52
0.81
2.38
0.49

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.76 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80
0.58 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.64
0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
2.14 1.98 1.98 1.93 1.93 1.93
0.53 0.57 0.57 0.66 0.66 0.66

90
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

100
0.80
0.64
0.81
1.93
0.66

10
0.95
0.90
0.80
1.39
0.82

20
0.93
0.86
0.80
1.45
0.79

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.92 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87
0.85 0.83 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.76
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.48 1.51 1.58 1.58 1.61 1.65
0.78 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73

90
0.86
0.74
0.80
1.69
0.73

100
0.85
0.72
0.80
1.73
0.73

10
0.97
0.94
0.80
1.33
0.96

20
0.96
0.92
0.80
1.36
0.95

% Travel Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90
0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.51 1.54
0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92

90
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.92

100
0.89
0.79
0.80
1.58
0.91

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Valves

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

10
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.85

20
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.83

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26
0.81 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

10
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.91

20
0.94
0.88
0.92
1.23
0.90

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93
0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26
0.89 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

10
0.53
0.28
0.81
4.40
0.62

20
0.55
0.30
0.81
4.08
0.65

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.68 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.85
0.46 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.72
0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
2.67 1.71 1.63 1.63 1.67 1.71
0.65 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.70 0.70

90
0.85
0.72
0.81
1.71
0.70

100
0.85
0.72
0.81
1.71
0.70

10
0.96
0.92
0.80
1.36
0.86

20
0.95
0.90
0.80
1.39
0.85

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90
0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.81
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.41 1.45 1.48 1.48 1.51 1.54
0.83 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.75

90
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

100
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

10
0.56
0.31
0.90
3.54
0.47

20
0.72
0.52
0.90
2.14
0.65

% Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.82 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88
0.67 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.77
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
1.65 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.43 1.43
0.75 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79

90
0.88
0.77
0.90
1.43
0.79

100
0.88
0.77
0.90
1.43
0.79

10
0.96
0.92
0.90
1.21
0.87

20
0.94
0.88
0.90
1.26
0.84

% Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Under

30
40
50
60
70
80
0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88
0.85 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.77
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
1.31 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.43 1.43
0.84 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.79

90
0.88
0.77
0.90
1.43
0.79

100
0.00
0.77
0.90
1.43
0.79

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Valves

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5410
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr

* 2 stages of
Valve
Series 5410
Globe

XT
MLT Trim
Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

10
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.88

20
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.88

% Travel Single Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.19
0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88

10
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.90

20
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.90

% Travel Double Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

10
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.92

20
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.92

% Travel Triple Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92

100
0.96
0.92
0.95
1.14
0.92

10
0.98
0.96
0.95
1.10
0.96

20
0.98
0.96
0.95
1.10
0.95

% Travel Quad - Cage Flowed Under or Over

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.10 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

100
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.94

100
0.94
0.88
0.95
1.19
0.88

% Travel Multi-Labyrinth Trim *(MLT) Flowed Under or Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.99
0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.98
0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
0.97
0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
1.05
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
0.98
0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

% Travel Contoured 3 Way

10
20
30
40
50
0.53
0.55 0.68 0.85 0.87
0.28
0.30 0.46 0.72 0.76
0.81
0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
4.40
4.08 2.67 1.71 1.63
0.62
0.65 0.65 0.67 0.67

60
0.87
0.76
0.81
1.63
0.70

70
0.86
0.74
0.81
1.67
0.70

80
0.85
0.72
0.81
1.71
0.70

90
0.85
0.72
0.81
1.71
0.70

100
0.85
0.72
0.81
1.71
0.70

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi-Purpose Valves

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Over

10
20
30
40
50
0.94
0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93
0.88
0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86
0.92
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
1.23
1.23 1.23 1.26 1.26
0.85
0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79

60
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

70
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.78

% Travel Trickle Flowed - Under

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.94
0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93
0.88
0.88 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86
0.92
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
1.23
1.23 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.26
0.91
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.86

70
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.86

80
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

90
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

100
0.93
0.86
0.92
1.26
0.85

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.89
0.83 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73
0.79
0.69 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.53
0.84
0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
1.50
1.73 1.91 1.96 2.12 2.23
0.47
0.53 0.57 0.63 0.63 0.67

70
0.72
0.52
0.84
2.30
0.67

80
0.72
0.52
0.84
2.30
0.67

90
0.72
0.52
0.84
2.30
0.67

100
0.72
0.52
0.84
2.30
0.67

% Travel Contoured Flowed - Under

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.96
0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92
0.92
0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85
0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.36
1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.48
0.85
0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.78

70
0.91
0.83
0.80
1.51
0.78

80
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

90
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

100
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

% Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.90
0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88
0.81
0.81 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.77
0.90
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
1.37
1.37 1.40 1.40 1.43 1.43
0.84
0.83 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.79

70
0.87
0.76
0.90
1.47
0.79

80
0.87
0.76
0.90
1.47
0.79

90
0.87
0.76
0.90
1.47
0.79

100
0.87
0.76
0.90
1.47
0.79

% Travel Ported Cage Flowed - Under

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.94
0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92
0.88
0.88 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85
0.90
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
1.26
1.26 1.28 1.28 1.31 1.31
0.85
0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.79

70
0.91
0.83
0.90
1.34
0.79

80
0.91
0.83
0.90
1.34
0.79

90
0.91
0.83
0.90
1.34
0.79

100
0.91
0.83
0.90
1.34
0.79

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 5000 Multi Purpose Valves

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve Ratio
Series 5430
Angle

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

90
0.94
0.88
0.95
1.19
0.86

100
0.94
0.88
0.95
1.19
0.86

% Travel Double Cage Flowed Under or Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.97
0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95
0.94
0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90
0.95
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.12
1.12 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.17
0.91
0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89

90
0.95
0.90
0.95
1.17
0.89

100
0.95
0.90
0.95
1.17
0.89

80
0.96
0.92
0.95
1.14
0.91

90
0.96
0.92
0.95
1.14
0.91

100
0.96
0.92
0.95
1.14
0.91

% Travel Quad - Cage Flowed Under or Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.98
0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.96
0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
0.95
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.10
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
0.94
0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93

90
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.93

100
0.97
0.94
0.95
1.12
0.93

% Travel Triple Cage Flowed Under or Over

%
10
20
30
40
50
60
FL
0.97
0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96
0.94
0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92
FL2
0.95
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
Kie
1.12
1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14
mr
0.92
0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91
XT
Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 5430
Angle

% Travel Single Cage Flowed Under or Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.97
0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94
0.94
0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.88
0.95
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
1.12
1.12 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.19
0.89
0.89 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

70
0.96
0.92
0.95
1.14
0.91

% Travel Multi-Labyrinth Trim *(MLT) Flowed Under or Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.99
0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.98
0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
0.97
0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
1.05
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
0.98
0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 6000 Corrosive Service Valves

Valve
Series 6000
Globe
PTFE Lined

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 6000
Globe
PTFE Lined

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 6000
Y Pattern
Valve

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 6000
Y Pattern
Valve

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

% Travel Contoured Flowed Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.63
0.65 0.75 0.78 0.85 0.85
0.40
0.42 0.56 0.61 0.72 0.72
0.75
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
3.36
3.16 2.37 2.19 1.85 1.85
0.63
0.65 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.70

70
0.85
0.72
0.75
1.85
0.70

80
0.85
0.72
0.75
1.85
0.70

90
0.85
0.72
0.75
1.85
0.70

100
0.85
0.72
0.75
1.85
0.70

% Travel Contoured Flowed Under

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.75
0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.90
0.56
0.61 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.81
0.75
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
2.37
2.19 2.19 2.08 2.03 1.65
0.69
0.69 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.65

70
0.90
0.81
0.75
1.65
0.65

80
0.90
0.81
0.75
1.65
0.65

90
0.90
0.81
0.75
1.65
0.65

100
0.90
0.81
0.75
1.65
0.65

% Travel Contoured Flowed Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.71
0.75 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.83
0.50
0.56 0.62 0.69 0.69 0.69
0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
2.48
2.22 2.00 1.81 1.81 1.81
0.55
0.57 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.66

70
0.83
0.69
0.80
1.81
0.66

80
0.83
0.69
0.80
1.81
0.66

90
0.83
0.69
0.80
1.81
0.66

100
0.83
0.69
0.80
1.81
0.66

% Travel Contoured Flowed Under

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.92
0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90
0.85
0.85 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.83
0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.48
1.48 1.48 1.51 1.51 1.51
0.75
0.72 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.68

70
0.90
0.83
0.80
1.51
0.68

80
0.90
0.83
0.80
1.51
0.68

90
0.90
0.83
0.80
1.51
0.68

100
0.90
0.83
0.80
1.51
0.68

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 7000 Ultra High Purity Valves
Valve
Series 7000
U.H.P.
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 7000
U.H.P.
Globe

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

% Travel Contoured Flowed Over

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.53
0.55 0.68 0.78 0.81 0.83
0.28
0.30 0.46 0.61 0.66 0.69
0.81
0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
4.40
4.08 2.67 2.03 1.88 1.79
0.62
0.65 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.70

70
0.83
0.69
0.81
1.79
0.70

80
0.83
0.69
0.81
1.79
0.70

90
0.83
0.69
0.81
1.79
0.70

100
0.83
0.69
0.81
1.79
0.70

% Travel Contoured Flowed Under

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.96
0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92
0.92
0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85
0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
1.36
1.39 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.48
0.86
0.85 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.78

70
0.91
0.83
0.80
1.51
0.75

80
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

90
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

100
0.90
0.81
0.80
1.54
0.75

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 8000 Turn Rotary Valves

Valve
Series 8000
Through Vane
Butterfly
Upstream
Seating

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 8000
Through Vane
Butterfly
Downstream
Seating

Degrees of Opening Butterfly Valve Upstream Seating

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.95
0.91 0.81 0.80 0.74 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.53
0.90
0.83 0.66 0.64 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.36 0.28
0.75
0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.55 0.49 0.49
1.48
1.68 2.18 2.30 2.77 2.89 4.17 5.67 7.27
0.55
0.47 0.45 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.26

Ratio Degrees of Opening Butterfly Valve Downstream Seating

%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
FL
0.94
0.89 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.60 0.55 0.53
0.88
0.79 0.67 0.59 0.52 0.44 0.36 0.30 0.28
FL2
0.75
0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.55 0.49 0.49
Kie
1.51
1.75 2.12 2.48 2.92 3.53 5.05 6.75 7.27
mr
0.55
0.47 0.45 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.26
XT

Pressure Recovery Ratios for Series 9000 Turn Rotary Valves

Valve
Series 9000
Reduced Bore
Ball
Valve

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

Valve
Series 9000
V Flow
Ball
Valve

Ratio
%
FL
FL2
Kie

mr
XT

% Travel Ball Valve Reduced Bore

10
20
30
40
50
60
0.92
0.91 0.91 0.90 0.86 0.80
0.85
0.83 0.83 0.81 0.74 0.64
0.75
0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65
1.58
1.68 1.73 1.82 2.05 2.40
0.78
0.74 0.71 0.67 0.62 0.56

70
0.72
0.52
0.58
3.33
0.49

80
0.61
0.37
0.53
5.07
0.38

90
0.61
0.37
0.49
5.48
0.26

100
0.50
0.25
0.44
9.09
0.15

% Travel Ball Valve V - Flow

10
20
30
40
50
0.96
0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92
0.92
0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85
0.75
0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71
1.45
1.54 1.59 1.63 1.66
0.72
0.65 0.60 0.54 0.48

70
0.88
0.77
0.71
1.82
0.36

80
0.86
0.74
0.71
1.90
0.28

90
0.82
0.67
0.71
2.09
0.16

100
0.75
0.56
0.71
2.50
0.12

60
0.90
0.81
0.71
1.74
0.42

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Pipework Connected To Valve
Contents.
Reducers and Expanders.
Determination of Coefficient Fp.
Calcualtion of Coefficient Ki.
Calculation of Combined Recovery Coefficient FLP.
Modified Cavitation Index p.
Charts of Cv/d^2 versus Fp.
Charts of Cv/d^ versus FLP.
Charts of Cv/d^2 versus p.

Introduction.
The capacity and performance of a control
valve is influenced by the overall piping
arrangement into which it is connected.
Valve sizing coefficients are determined
from tests run with the valve mounted in a
straight run of pipe which is the same
diameter as the valve body. Pressure
tappings are situated at specified distances
from the valve and the whole system
configuration is usually covered within an
appropriate testing standard such as
ANSI/ISA 75.02. Control Valve Capacity
Test Procedure.
When valves are mounted between pipe
reducers there is a decrease in the inherent
valve flow capacity.
This reduction is attributable to the pressure
losses, arising from the reducers which act
ac contractions or enlargements in series
with the valve. Additional pressure losses
can also be attributable to adjacent isolating
valves, pipe fittings etc. The magnitude of
these losses can be determined from flow
testing, but as it would prove impractical to
test all piping combinations, estimates are
normally made of any necessary increase to
the valve capacity.
If the process piping conditions are different
from the standard test arrangement, the
apparent valve capacity is changed.
The effect of pipe reducers and expanders,
on the inherent valve capacity, can be
approximated by the use of the piping
geometry correction factor Fp. This factor Fp
can be determined using the formulae
detailed within SGT 10/5 together with the
installed pressure recovery FLP for the valve
reducer combination and the modifies
cavitation index p.
Reference Standards
ANSI/ISA S75.01
ANSI/ISA S75.02

SEVERN
GLOCON
Technical Manual Section SGT 10/5

Figure 1.
Reducers

Valve fitted with Pipeline

Nomenclature used within this publication.

Unit
Cv
Cvr
d
D
FF
FL
FLP
Fp
Kic
Ki
K1
K2
Kt
N2
P1
P2
Pv
Pc
p
plimit
pi
Pvc

p
mr

Definition
Valve Flow Coefficient
Combined Valve Reducer Flow Coefficient
Valve Nominal Diameter
Internal Diameter of Pipe
Critical Pressure Ratio
Pressure Recovery Factor
Valve reducer Combined Pressure Recovery Coefficient
Piping Geometry Correction Factor
Incipient Cavitation Coefficient
Head Loss Coefficient
Head Loss Coefficient for upstream reducer
Head Loss Coefficient for downstream reducer
Head Loss Coefficient used in FLP calculation
Constants used in Fp and FLP calculations
Upstream Pressure
Downstream Pressure
Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions
Thermodynamic Critical Pressure
Pressure Drop Across Valve
Installed Critical Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop Across Valve Reducer combination
Apparent Static Pressure at vena contracta
Cavitation Index for Valve Reducer combination
Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index

Imperial
Metric
US Units
-------------------- Metric Units
inches
mm
inches
mm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------890
0.00214
lbf/in2 A bar A
lbf/in2 A bar A
lbf/in2 A bar A
lbf/in2 A bar A
lbf/in2
bar
lbf/in2
bar
bar
lbf/in2
lbf/in2 A bar A
-------------------------------------------

Flow Coefficient Cv
Each valve which is supplied by Severn Glocon has a specified design Cv which has been
determined in flow tests carried out in accordance with ISA Standard S75. 02. and can be
calculated using the formulae given in SGT 10/2 Control Valve Sizing which is based upon ISA
Standard S75. 01.
The definition of Cv is the flow of water at 60o F in US gallons per minute, that produces a
pressure drop of 1 lbf/in2 across the fully open valve.
Pipework Expanders and Reducers
The pipework expanders and reducers
directly connected to the valve act as
contractions and enlargements in series
(see figure 1) which introduce additional
pressure losses. This may lead to larger
valve design Cv. As these fittings can also
affect the valve pressure recovery factor, a
modified value designated FLP is used to
account for the combined effect of the valve
and pipepwork reducers.
This modified pressure recovery value FLP is
used in calculating the limiting pressure drop
to determine if the fluid is vapourising ie
choked flow, which then leads to flashing or
cavitation.
The pressure drop attributable to the
pipework fittings can be obtained from the
velocity head multiplied by a head loss
coefficient Ki which depends upon the
pipework geometry. See equation (1).
P1 P2 = Ki v2

---------------------------(1)

Generally if the ratio of the valve to pipework

diameter is greater than 0.75 the losses will
have negligible affect upon the valve flow
coefficient.
Determination of Piping Geometry Factor
Fp
The piping geometry factor Fp accounts for
fittings attached to either the valve inlet or
outlet that change the flow such that the
valve capacity is affected.
By definition, the pipework correction factor
Fp is given by:Fp = Cvr / Cv

------------------------------(2)

Where:Cvr is the combined valve reducer flow

coefficient.
Cv is the flow coefficient of the same valve
installed in a straight pipe of the similar
diameter calculated using formula given in
Section SGT 10/2.

The piping geometry factor Fp can be

calculated from the following equation (3)
Fp = { Ki Cv2 + 1 } 0.5
{ N 2 d4 }

------------------(3)

Where the value for N2 in Metric and

Imperial units is 0.00214 & 890 respectively.
For pipe reducers with an included
angle<40o the value for Ki can be
determined from equation (4) as only a
single reducer (outlet) is effective.
Ki = K2 = { 1 (d/D)2 }2

----------(5)

Combined Liquid Pressure Recovery

Factor FLP.
When a valve is installed with reducers or
other attached fittings the liquid pressure
recovery changes from that of the valve
alone. For calculations involving choked
flow, it is convenient to treat the piping
geometry factor (Fp)
and the FL factor for the valve-fitting
combination as the single factor FLP. The
value of FL for the combination is then FLP /
Fp see equation (6).
Where:Fp

--------------------------(6)

( P1 Pvc)

For maximum accuracy FLP is determined by

flow test.
The valve / pipe reducer combined pressure
recovery coefficient FLP can be calculated
with reasonable accuracy using equation
(7).
FLP = ( Kt FL 2Cv2 + 1 ) 0.5 ------------(7)
( N 2 d4 )
Where the values for S in Metric and
Imperial units is 0.00214 & 890 respectively
and for pipe reducers with an included
angle<40o the value of Kt is determined by
equation (8).
Kt = 1 (d/D)4

Modified Cavitation Index p

The change of recovery factor from FL to FLP
for the combination of valve with reducers
directly changes the valve cavitation index
mr to the higher designated value of p.
Where:-

Ki = K1 + K2 = 1.5 {1 (d/D)2 }2

FLP = ( P1 P2 )

Kt = 1.5 (d/D)2 0.5 (d/D)4 --------------(9)

--------------------(4)

For pipe reducers with an included

angle>40o the value of Ki can be determined
from equation (5) as both inlet and outlet
reducers are effective.

0.5

For pipe reducers with an included

angle>40o the value of Kt is determined by
equation (9).

------------------------------(8)

p = (P1 Pv) =
(P1 P2)

------------------(10)

FLP2 Kie

The value determined for p should replace

that of mr (for a valve only) when assessing
the ability of a valve reducer / pipework
combination not to cavitate.
Calculation of Flow Coefficient corrected
for pipework losses
Using the value determined for FLP a
reassessment of the limiting pressure drop,
plimit under the installed conditions is
carried
out
corresponding
to
commencement of critical flow.
plimit = FLP2(P1-Pvc)=FLP2(P1-Pv FF)-------------(11)
Using the formulae detailed in SGT 10/2
recalculate the required Cv for the valve to
compensate for the added resistance of the
pipework fittings.
Valve Reducer Correction Charts.
The computed values of both the pipework
correction factor FP and the valve/reducer
recovery factor FLP, and hence p cavitation
index, clearly change with different valve /
pipework diameter ratios. As it is possible to
relate these to the produced valve Cv / unit
area, i.e. Cv/d2 a series of reference curves
have been compiled from which values of FP
and FLP together with p can be determined
for different pipework valve / reducer
diameter ratios. See Figures 2 to 8 inclusive.
The formulae given can be used to
determine values outside those available
from within the curves.

d/D RATIO=0.8

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Viscous Flow Characteristics
Viscous Flow Regimes.
Valve Style Modifier Fd Values.
Valve Reynolds Number Factor FR
Calculation of Viscous Flow Effect on Valve
Cv.
Introduction.
One of the factors which influences the
turbulence levels within a fluid is the
viscosity. In the sizing of valves for liquid
service, using the equations given in
Section SGT 10/2 of this Manual, it is
assumed that during normal conditions
the flow is turbulent. However, if the flow
is highly viscous or has low fluid
velocities, then turbulent flow conditions
may not be reached and this can have a
significant effect on the required Cv and
must therefore be taken into account.
When the viscous forces dominate the flow
through a control valve the flow is
considered laminar, however, when inertial
forces dominate i.e. high velocities due to
increasing pressure energy conversion, the
flow is turbulent. Clearly there is a
transitional range between these two
developed flow regimes. These three states
of flow are diagrammatically reproduced in
Figure 1. where a highly viscous fluid will
produce laminar or streamline flow giving no
intermixing of layers, moving through the
transitional and into turbulent flow which is
characterized by inter-layer mixing and
pipewall friction.
The occurrence of laminar or turbulent flow
is indicated by the value determined for the
ratio of inertia to viscous forces. This
dimensionless value is quantified by the
Reynolds Number (Rev). This ratio is applied
in control valve sizing to determine a
viscosity correction factor FR which is used
to modify the Cv calculated using the basic
equations for turbulent flow, as given in
Section SGT 10/2 of this Manual.

SEVERN
GLOCON
Technical Manual Section SGT 10/6

Figure 1 Diagrammatic Representation

of Three Flow Regimes.

Viscous Flow.
In the normal flow regime, flowrate of a fluid
through a valve is proportional to the square
root of the pressure drop. This simple
relationship assumes that the flow is in the
turbulent region for the fluid passing. See
Figure 1.
This can be confirmed by the value of the
Reynolds Number (Rev) see Figure 2, which
relates the fluid inertia to the viscous forces.
The resistance to flow is due to viscous
shear forces between adjacent fluid layers.
With turbulent flow, velocities are generally
high while the fluid has a low viscosity.
Vigorous intermixing of the various fluid
layers within a control valve usually
characterizes a turbulent flow regime.
Clearly, viscous effects need to be taken
into account when selecting a control valve,
otherwise undersizing can occur. To account
for the viscous effects of different flow paths
within valves, a sizing modifier Fd applicable
to various trim styles is used. See Table 1.
It is normal to recommend large single flow
area trims for viscous fluid application i.e.
contoured, ported, butterfly or ball. Where
the flow is split into smaller multi-streams
the viscosity effects are more pronounced
and are still evident at higher flowrates.

5] The viscous corrected flow coefficient Cvc

can now be calculated from :Cvc = Cv / FR
6] An appropriate valve design Cv is then
selected, from the Severn Glocon Product
Brochures.
Table 2. Valve Style Modifier Fd.
Valve Series
Trim Sty Valve Style
Modifier Fd
Series 2000
Trickle
0.25
Split Body
Contoured
1
Cage Plug
0.5
Series 5000
Trickle
0.25
Multi-Purpose
Contoured
1
Ported
0.75
Cage
0.5
Multi-Cage
0.45
M.L.T
0.35
Series 8000
Butterfly
0.7
Series 9000
Ball
1
Note: For valve series not covered use
appropriate trim style and modifier Fd
from above table.

Sample Calculation of Viscosity Effect on

Valve Cv.
1] Calculate the valve Cv in normal manner,
assuming turbulent flow.
2] Select the appropriate value of Fd from
Table 1.
3] Calculate the Reynolds Number Rev from
one of the following equations.
Imperial
Rev = 17,300 Q x Fd/v[Cv]0.5 {by volume}
Rev = 34.6 W x Fd/Gv[Cv]0.5

{by weight}

Metric
Rev = 76.120 Q x Fd/v[Cv]0.5 {by Volume}
Rev = 76.1 W x Fd/Gv[Cv]0.5

{by weight}

4] Taking the calculated value of Rev read

the viscous flow correction value FR from
Figure 2.

Figure 2. Reynolds No Factor FR (Liquids)

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Recommended Pressure Drops
Contents
Limiting Pressure Drops and Trim Materials.
Temperature Considerations.
Produced Noise and Power Conversion.
Calculation of Liquid and Gas Energy
Levels.
Introduction
For low pressure drop or on/off applications
a high recovery type valve constructed from
basic materials to suit the corrosion aspects
of the fluid being controlled will probably
work reliably for long periods. This contrasts
with a valve on high pressure drops where
the selection of the trim style and trim
material is crucial.
If we assume the aspects of cavitation and
flashing have been successfully dealt with
by following the selection details given
earlier in this manual, and the trim material
is specified to suit the line conditions, then
we are starting to reduce the possibilities of
excessive wear rates.
However, erosion wear damage can also be
attributed to high pressure drops as when
throttled these lead to very high flow stream
velocities. This is of particular concern when
contaminants or solid inclusions exist within
the flow as typically impingement erosion is
related to velocity3.
To reduce these effects multi-stage trims
with good velocity control can be selected.
These trims can be manufactured using
hardened
materials
throughout
their
construction; or hard facings, from weld
deposited metals such as stellite, can be
specified on the surfaces prone to wear for
example the seat faces or guide posts.
Selection of the appropriate material for the
application is of extreme importance as the
resistance of trim materials to erosion is
directly related to their hardness.

SEVERN
GLOCON

Figure 1 Valve fitted with MLT Trim

capable of High Energy Conversion

Limiting Pressure Drops and the wear

effects on Trim Materials.
Many factors influence the wear aspects
within a Control Valve and selection of
suitable materials must take account of:

Pressure Differentials.

Fluid Medium i.e. Gas or Liquid.

Fluid Temperature.

Table
1.
Valve
Trim
Materials
Recommended
Upper
and
Lower
Temperature Limits oC
Lower

Upper

300 Series Stainless Steel

-250

300

316 Stainless Steel/Stellite

-250

800

420 Stainless Steel

-29

750

Fluid Corrosion.

410/440C Stainless Steel

-30

425

Fluid State Flashing or MultiPhase.

431 Stainless Steel Rc 45

-30

550

Duplex/Super Duplex St. St.

-100

300

Bronze

-198

285

Fluid Contaminants and Solids.

Trim Material

Aluminium Bronze

-198

285

Temperature Considerations
As the working temperatures increase,
many trim materials become more
susceptible to wear erosion as there is a falloff in their mechanical properties.
Therefore compatibility with temperature
must be considered during material
selection. Table 1 shows recommended
upper and lower temperature limits for
common materials used in valve trims. In
cryogenic service valves 316 stainless steel
is used extensively by Severn Glocon, as its
wear properties improve significantly with
reducing temperatures. Conversely with
temperatures greater than 300o hardened
seating should be used throughout.

Inconel 718/750/625

-240

650

Hastelloy B

-198

375

Hastelloy C

-198

538

Monel 400/K-500

-198

485

Titanium

-185

345

Nickel

-240

454

Alloy 20

-45

315

Alloy 25

-250

800

17-4 PH

-40

425

Stellite / Alloy 6

-250

800

Electroless Nickel Plate

-250

425

Chrome Plating

-250

590

Cavitation Index.
The Cavitation Index values mr, which
Severn Glocon recommend and use, are a
product of the valve pressure recovery factor
FL2 and an incipient cavitation coefficient Kie
determined from the testing programmes
carried out on the different valve/trim styles.

Nitrile

-40

95

Viton

-25

200

Neoprene

-40

85

TFE

-250

230

Nylon

-70

95

PCTF / KEL F

-250

230

Polyethylene

-70

95

mr = (P1 P2) =
(P1 P2)

1
FL2 Kie

This single index allows the engineer

selecting the valve/trim, to quickly assess
the suitability of a product. If the value of mr
calculated for the application is below that of
the product selected then cavitation
problems may well occur. Values of
Cavitation Index mr for different valve trims
are given in SGT 10/2. However some trim
materials have higher resistance to
cavitation damage than others, therefore it is
possible to adjust the allowable level of the
cavitation index to take this into account
when these materials are used. The mr
multiplier values, based upon a maximum p
per stage of 750 lb/in2 (50 Bar), for various
trim materials are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Cavitation Index mr Multiplier

Values for different Trim Materials
Trim Material
300 Series Stainless Steel
316 Stainless Steel/Stellite
410 Stainless Steel
440 \C Stainless Steel Rc 55
Monel 400/K-500
17/4 PH Steel

Multiplier Values
0.993
0.975
0.972
0.965
0.989
0.988

Recommended Pressure Drops

The amount of pressure which may be throttled across a trim, depends not only on the type of
trim specified in order to resist noise, cavitation and vibration, but also on the material selected for
its construction in order to resist erosion. As erosion is related to the hardness of the trim
material, the flow velocity due to throttling may need to be limited.
Table 3 shows the maximum pressure drop recommended for some trim materials working with
clean fluids. For contaminated fluids the materials of construction are highly dependent upon the
type of contamination and also its concentration within the line fluid. Typically for concentrations
above 0.1% of sand by weight and with pressure drops in excess of 4 bar (60 psi) a fully stellited
trim would be replaced by a cermet or ceramic trim. Figure 2 shows the recommended maximum
operating enveloped for valves flowing various fluids, where hard facings or hardened materials
are not generally required when following the guidelines in Table 3. It should be noted that valves
working on liquids require the use of hardened trims more often than gas application valves.
Table 3. Maximum Pressure Differentials per Stage for various Trim Materials.
Trim Material
316 St St
Duples St St
Bronze
K Monel
17/4 Ph
Inconel 718
410/416 St St
Stellite 6
Colmonoy 5
Stellite 12
Hychrome 20
440C St St
Tungsten Carbide
Ceramic

Hardness
Rockwell C
15-22
18-25
15-20
26-32
28-38
32-36
35-40
39-45
45-50
47-51
51-58
55-60
72-80
o/a

Impact Strength
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Fair
Poor

Erosion
Resistance
Fair
Fair
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Very Good
Very Good
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent

Figure 2 Maximum Operating Envelope for Valve Trim Materials <25Rc

Maximum p per
Trim Sage Bar
20
25
<20
30
35
35
38
50
50
60
60
55
>60
>60

Valves for Oxygen Service.

Severn Glocon have a long experience of providing valves for warm gaseous oxygen systems.
Design requirements for these applications result in specific material selections compatible with
oxygen purities greater than 25%. Considerations include areas within the valve of potentially
high velocity and impingement, together with the maintenance of high levels of cleanliness and
machining accuracy to avoid discontinuities within the flow path. The following benchmarks are
used to evaluate the design of valves for this type of service:a) Maximum working pressure and temperature.
b) Materials of construction.
c) Optimum wall sections for heat flux management.
d) Produced velocity and flow impingement.
Clearly the efflux from a control valve can generate an area of turbulence with the risk of high
velocity impingement. It is therefore recommended that for 10 diameters downstream of the
valve, the pipe should be straight, and constructed of similar material to the valve body. Pipe
bends, tee pieces, thermo wells should be avoided as these are places where the flow stream
changes direction leading to impact with the pipewall.
Most control valves are considered to have such a tortuous flow path through the body that
velocity impingement is inevitable. Therefore carbon steel construction is excluded and thin wall
sectioned stainless steel below some 0.25 ins is to be avoided.
The problems arise within the valve and trim due to pressure losses resulting in localized high
velocities. The maximum possible velocity in a valve is the local speed of sound, irrespective of
the pressure ratio across the valve. Therefore the material selection for the valve should be the
same for all pressure ratios in excess of 2. Table 4 below gives the recommended maximum
valve body velocities for the different materials used for gaseous oxygen service, these take
account of different internal working pressures and temperatures. Table 5 gives maximum
recommended valve body and trim velocities for liquid oxygen service. For convenience the body
velocities listed are the average calculated values based upon the valve flange dimensions.
Table 4.Recommended Material and Maximum Velocities for Globe Valves on Gaseous O2
Service.
Internal Gas Pressure psig.
Material
Working Temp
Series
C max F max
300 StSt.
93
200
400 StSt.
93
200
300 StSt.
149
300
400 StSt.
149
300
Tin Bronze
205
400
Cu. Alloys
205
400
Monel
205
400
Inconel
205
400

Note:

100

200

250

300
400
500
600
700
800
Maximum Valve Body Velocities Ft/sec

1000

>1000

830
830
110
100
830
830
830
830

800
800
110
100
830
830
830
830

500
450
80
75
830
830
830
830

70
60
65
60
830
830
830
830

10
10
10
10
650
650
830
830

5
5
5
5
470
470
650
650

45
40
45
40
830
830
830
830

30
30
30
30
830
830
830
830

25
25
25
25
830
830
830
830

20
20
20
20
650
650
830
830

15
15
15
15
650
650
830
830

The values given are the average calculated velocities based upon the valve flange dimensions.
The maximum Aluminium content for the Cu. Alloys is 2.5%.
The velocity values given are based upon a minimum wall thickness of 0.25 ins.

Table 5. Recommended Materials and Maximum Velocities for Liquid O2 Service.

Material Series
Stainless Steel 316
Stellite 6 Hard Facings
Copper Alloys & H.T. Brass
Monel
Inconel

Body Velocity ft/s

25 for Valve Body
sizes up to 6 ins. N.B.
21 for Valve Body
sizes 8 ins to 16 ins

Trim Velocity ft/s

105
180
110
145
160

Note: Trim Velocity equates to pressure drop in psi/trim stage whose value is calculated using
equation (1)
Pressure Drop (psi) = 0.0214 (Max. Trim Velocity)2

----------------------------------------- (1)

Produced Noise and Power Conversion

Level
High noise levels emitting from a control
valve are a good indicator towards possible
future problems with fatigue arising within
the valve trim or possibly within the
downstream pipework. Since all noise is
generated by vibration, this audible warning
cannot be ignored. In addition to the
environmental concerns the valve, with its
internals, could be vibrating beyond
acceptable limits. When these fluid pressure
pulsations induce mechanical vibration of
the valve stem and plug, high noise levels
and failure of components due to resonance
can result. Improving the stiffness of the
trim, by guiding at the point of pressure
reduction, together with dissipating the
pressure energy gradually through the valve
by increasing the number of throttling stages
can provide a solution. In addition attention
to downstream pipework, particularly
adjacent bends, abrupt expanders and
supports will often benefit the reduction in
associated valve vibration.
The noise levels produced by mechanical
vibration tend to center around a discrete
frequency whose value depends upon valve
and pipework design.
As conversion of pressure energy into
velocity results in the generation of the main
noise producing elements within the valve,
particularly when the wrong type of trim is
selected, it is not totally acceptable to rely
on noise as the factor for determining a
valves suitability. Therefore in addition to the
produced noise plus the usual items such as
capacity, pressure and temperature ratings
and materials of construction, etc.,
consideration must also be given to the
energy conversion that is being carried out
within the valve.
Experience has shown that the different trim
types have energy conversion capabilities
which can limit their application, in addition
to the valves as a whole. Recommended
maximum permissible guideline levels of
energy conversion, for the different trim
styles and sizes, together with those for the
valves are given in Tables 5 & 6.
It will be noted that the permissible levels of
energy conversion are much greater for
compressible flows than those for liquids.
This difference is to account for the shock
loading which can be delivered on to the
valve and trim, in liquid flow regimes, due to
the medium being virtually incompressible.

Calculation of Liquid and Gas Power

Levels.
The requirements of the power limits are
usually satisfied if those of noise limitations
are met. However, this is not always the
case. The following formulae may be used
to determine the levels of power being
converted, and compared against the
recommended levels given in the Tables 4
to 6.
Liquid Flow
Imperial Units.
Power Converted Kw = ( p3 )0.5 Cv
( SG )
2300
where:- p = Pressure Drop lb/in2
Cv = Operating Cv in US Units
SG = Specific Gravity
Kw = Kilowatts Power Conversion
Metric Units
Power Converted Kw = (3050(p3))0.5
( SG )

Kv
1972

where:- p =Pressure Drop. Bars

Kv =Operating Flow Coefficient SI Units
SG =Specific Gravity
Kw =Kilowatts Power Conversion
Gas Flow
Imperial Units
Power Converted Kw
Kw =

P1 V1 (1-r-1/)

(-1)

W
5.12

where:- W =Flow Rate lb/se

P1 =Inlet Pressure lb/in2 abs
r =Pressure Ratio = P2/P1
V1 =Specific Volume at inlet = ft3/lb
=Specific Heat Ratio
Metric Units
Power Converted Kw
Kw =
(-1)

P1 V1 (1-r-1/)

W
36 x 106

where:- W =Flow Rate Kg/Hr

P1 =Inlet Pressure = Bar A x 105 (Pa)
r =Pressure Ratio = P2 / P1
V1 =Specific Volume at inlet = M3 / Kg
=Specific Heat Ratio

Permissible Power Conversion Levels

The following maximum recommended power conversion levels for the different trim styles can be
applied to control valves of all pressure temperature ratings.
Table 6. Power Limts Liquid Flows Kw / Full Size Trim Stage
Valve Size
ins
mm

1
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600

Contoured
Trim Style

Ported
Cage Trim

Cage
Trim

Multi-Labyrinth
Trim / 4 Turns

11
23
32
65
110
210
236
310
360
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

17
34
49
95
160
290
355
480
560
640
730
880
990
1150

25
50
76
149
215
440
590
790
990
1150
1320
1650
1820
2100

52
100
135
195
250
470
620
810
1000
1150
1320
1650
1820
2100

Table 7. Power Limits Gas & Steam Flows Kw / Full Size Trim Stage
Valve Size
ins
mm

1
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600

Contoured
Trim Style

Ported
Cage Trim

Cage
Trim

Multi-Labyrinth
Trim / 4 Turns

50
102
144
349
568
1145
1490
1960
2225
n\a
n\a
n\a
n\a
n\a

73
149
210
508
829
1672
2150
2900
3080
3310
3560
3840
4120
4400

100
204
288
697
1136
2290
2950
3980
4360
4710
5030
5450
5890
5250

210
395
530
1310
1950
4190
5300
6870
7550
7850
7960
8230
8410
8600

Permissible Power Conversion Levels

There is a maximum power conversion level for individual styles beyond which it is not advisable
to exceed irrespective of the number of pressure letdown stages installed within the valve. This is
due to valve shape, type of construction together with working clearances and design of the
components forming the assembly.
Figure 3, details the maximum recommended power conversion levels resulting from
compressible and non-compressible flows which should not be exceeded for given sizes of Series
5000 Globe Valves.
Figure 3. Maximum Power Conversion Levels Series 5000 Globe Valves

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Control Valve Noise Prediction
Contents
Introduction.
Standards Reference.
Sizing Nomenclature.
Liquid Noise.
Liquid Noise Calculation Example.
Aerodynamic Noise Generation.
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction.
Aerodynamic Noise Calculation Example.

SEVERN
GLOCON
Technical Manual SGT 10/8

Introduction.
When control valves are required to drop
significant amounts of pressure energy, one
of the most troublesome by products of
this throttling is the production of noise.
Whether this is produced in liquid flow by the
onset of cavitation and associated vibration,
or in aerodynamic flow by the generation of
shock waves, the solutions offered are
based upon similar concepts.
Low noise valve trims work on the principle
of controlling the flow passage sizing and
directional parameters and/or attenuating
the stream velocity produced by the
throttling action. This treatment at the source
of the noise, which effectively limits the
noise being produced, is classified
generically as multi-path or multi-step
throttling.
Many innovative designs of control valve
trim exist based around these concepts, and
can achieve upto some 30dba of noise
reduction compared to conventional control
valves.
Once the valve noise has been generated,
and further reductions are required, this
necessitates attention to the downstream
flow path in order to reduce the acoustic
energy transmission within the piping
system. Control of gas exit velocities from a
valve, are one area of concern, where
unrestricted efflux into larger pipe sizes can
produce a significant source of secondary
noise.
These aspects of flow path noise attenuation
using fixed area attenuators are dealt with in
section SGT 10/9 of this manual.
Standards used in Noise Calculation.
IEC 534-8-4
IEC 534-8-3 1995
ANSI/ISA : S75.17
Standards Reference.
CEI IEC 534-8-2
ISA 75.23 1995

Figure 1. Severn Glocon MLT Low Noise

Valve

General nomenclature used within this publication for Hydrodynamic Flow

Symbol
Av
Cf
Cp
Cv
di
do
f
fm
fr
FF
FL
Kv
lo
lp
LpAe
LwAn
Lwe
LwAe
Lwi
LF
m
Po
P1
P2
Pv
Pc
p
T1
TL
t
U2
Wm
Wo
x
xf
xfz
xfz

F
F
p
mr

Definition
Flow Coefficient
Speed of Sound in the Fluid
Speed of Sound of the longitudinal waves in the pipe wall
Valve Flow Coefficient
Inside Diameter of Downstream Pipe
Outside Diameter or Downstream Pipe
Frequency
Octave Centre Frequency
Ring Frequency
Critical Pressure Ratio Factor
Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor (see Table 1)
Flow Coefficient
Reference Pipe Length = 1
Length of Pipe
A-weighted sound power level external of pipe
A-weighted sound power level of the nth octave band
External sound power level (unweighted)
A-weighted sound power level external of pipe
Internal sound power level (unweighted)
Valve specific correction factor
Mass Flow Rate
Reference sound pressure = 2 x 10-5
Valve Inlet Absolute Pressure
Valve Outlet Absolute Pressure
Absolute Vapour Pressure at inlet conditions
Fluid Critical Pressure
Pressure Drop Across Valve
Inlet Absolute Temperature
Transmission Loss (unweighted)
Thickness of pipewall
Fluid velocity at Valve Outlet
Fluid Power Loss in the Valve
Reference Sound Power = 10-12
Pressure Drop Ratio p / P1
Differential Pressure Ratio (P1 P2) / (P1 Pv)
Characteristic Pressure Ratio
Characteristic Pressure Ratio at
Relative flow coefficient
Acoustical efficiency factor for liquid ( at = 0.75 )
Density (specific mass) at P1 and T1
Density (specific mass) of pipe material
Manufacturers Recommended Valve style cavitation index.

Units
m2
m/s
m/s
US Units
m
m
Hz
Hz
Hz
------------------------m
m
dB(A) (ref Po)
dB(A) (ref Wo)
dB(A) (ref Wo)
dB(A) (ref Wo)
dB
(ref Wo)
dB
(ref Wo)
kg/s
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
o
K
DB (ref Wo)
m
m/s
W
W
------------------------------------------------------Kg/m3
Kg/m3
----------

Liquid Noise generation in Control

Valves.
There are three basic mechanisms within a
liquid flow valve that can produce
objectionable noise, these are cavitation,
vibration and flashing flow. High noise levels
produced by any of these mechanisms
serves as a warning that damage to the
valve and/or trim may result unless action is
taken to correct the problem.
Cavitation.
Simply viewed, cavitation consists of the
formation, growth and rapid collapse of
cavities in a liquid. These vapour bubbles
are generated if the local static pressure
falls below the vapour pressure. Subsequent
collapse occurs if the static pressure again
rises above the vapour pressure.
Different levels of cavitation can be
produced, depending upon the valve
selected and the application conditions.
These are generally classified by the
following benchmarks:a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Incipient Cavitation
Constant Cavitation
Incipient Damage
Choking Cavitation
Maximum Vibration Cavitation

from the testing programmes carried out on

the different valve/trim styles.

mr =

(P1 Pv)
(P1 P2)

1
FL K i
2

Vibration.
The passage of a liquid through a control
valve is very complex and includes regions
of high turbulence, impingement, boundary
layer separation and low static pressures.
When these fluid pressure pulsations
induce mechanical vibration of the valve
stem and plug, high noise levels and failure
of components due to resonance can result.
Improving the stiffness of the trim, by
guiding at the point of pressure reduction,
together with dissipating the pressure
energy gradually through the valve will
usually provide a satisfactory solution.
Attention
to
downstream
pipework,
particularly
adjacent
bends,
abrupt
expanders and supports will often benefit
the reduction in associated valve vibration.
The noise levels produced by mechanical
vibration tend to center around a discrete
frequency whose value depends upon valve
and pipework design.

Flashing Flows.
When a control valve reduces the inlet
pressure to below the fluid vapour pressure,
and on exiting the trim the local static
pressure remains below this level, then
flashing of the fluid results. Although flashing
produces low noise levels, the increase in
velocity caused by the change in fluid state,
which results in fluid particles being carried
at high speed in the ensuing gaseous / fluid
stream can result in secondary noise
generation.
Figure 2. Noise Emission as a function of Differential Pressure Ratio xF (where xFZ = 1/mr)
For more information on these levels (a) to
(e) see ISA Recommended Practice 75.23
1995.
Severn Glocon use a single parameter mr
to indicate the operating limit, or cavitation
index, of each particular product, see SGT
10/2 and SGT 10/4.
These values of mr are a product of the
valve pressure recovery factor FL2 and an
incipient cavitation coefficient Ki determined

Table 1. Values of Pressure Recovery Factor FL, Cavitation Index mr for linear, Equal %
and Quick open characteristic trims at a relative flow coefficient of = 0.75
Valve
Series

Valve
Type

Trim
Style

Flow
Direction

Linear
FL

Series 2000
Split Body

Globe &
Corner
Series 2410

Trickle

Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Mixing & Diverting

0.93
0.93
0.88
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.80

Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Mixing & Diverting

Contoured
Cage Plug

3 Way
Series 2420

Contoured
Trickle
Contoured
Cage Plug

Series
3000 & 4000
Cryogenic
Series 5000

Globe
Globe
Series 5410

Multi-purpose

Contoured
Cage
Trickle
Contoured

3 Way
Series 5420
3 Way
Series 5430

Ported
Single Cage
Double Cage
Triple Cage
Quad Cage
Multi-labyrinth*
Contoured
Trickle
Contoured

Series
6000
Corrosive
Series
7000
Ultra
High
Purity
Series 8000
Turn Rotary
Series 9000
Turn Rotary

Globe PTFE
Lined
Y Patter

Ported
Single Cage
Double Cage
Triple Cage
Quad Cage
Multi-labyrinth*
Contoured
Contoured

Globe UHP

Contoured

Butterfly

Vane

Standard Ball
V-Ball

Reduced Bore
V Flow

Note : *Indicates two stages of Multi-Labyrinth Trim.

mr

Equal %
FL
mr

Quick-open
FL
mr

1.26
1.26
1.61
1.93
1.54
1.54
1.93

0.93
0.93
0.86
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.80

1.26
1.26
1.67
1.93
1.54
1.54
1.93

0.93
0.93
0.89
0.79
0.93
0.93
0.79

1.26
1.26
1.58
1.98
1.45
1.45
1.98

0.93
0.93
0.90
0.71
0.91
0.91
0.88
0.80
0.91
0.93
0.93
0.91
0.86
0.88
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.86

1.26
1.26
1.54
2.36
1.34
1.34
1.61
1.93
1.51
1.26
1.26
1.51
1.67
1.43
1.17
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.05
1.67

0.93
0.93
0.89
0.71
0.91
0.91
0.86
0.80
0.90
0.93
0.93
0.90
0.85
0.88
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.85

1.26
1.26
1.58
2.36
1.34
1.34
1.67
1.93
1.54
1.26
1.26
1.54
1.71
1.43
1.19
1.17
1.14
1.12
1.05
1.71

0.93
0.93
0.92
0.75
0.93
0.93
0.89
0.79
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.99
0.87

1.26
1.26
1.48
2.12
1.28
1.28
1.58
1.98
1.45
1.26
1.26
1.48
1.63
1.47
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.05
1.63

Under
Over
Under
Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under or Over
Under
Over
Under
Over
Under
Over

0.93
0.93
0.91
0.72
0.87
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.71
0.68
0.80
0.71
0.91
0.86

1.26
1.26
1.51
2.30
1.47
1.17
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.05
2.64
2.88
1.95
2.84
1.51
1.67

0.93
0.93
0.90
0.72
0.87
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.71
0.68
0.80
0.71
0.90
0.85

1.26
1.26
1.54
2.3
1.47
1.19
1.17
1.14
1.12
1.05
2.64
2.88
1.95
2.84
1.54
1.71

0.93
0.93
0.92
0.75
0.88
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.99
0.71
0.68
0.80
0.71
0.92
0.87

1.26
1.26
1.48
2.12
1.43
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.05
2.64
2.88
1.95
2.84
1.48
1.63

60 open
90 open

0.66
0.53
0.50
0.75

3.53
7.27
9.09
2.50

0.66
0.53
0.50
0.75

3.53
7.27
9.09
2.50

0.66
0.53
0.50
0.75

3.53
7.27
9.09
2.50

Through

Table 2. Acoustic Efficiency Factors F for different types of Valve Style.

Valve
Style
Globe
Angle
3-Way
Butterfly
Ball

Acoustic Efficiency F for Valve Sizes in inches upto 36 ins diameter.

<2
10-8
10-8
10-8
n/a
10-7

2
10-8
10-8
10-8
2x10-7
1.5x10-7

3
10-8
10-8
10-8
2x10-7
2x10-7

4
10-8
10-8
10-8
2x10-7
2x10-7

6
2x10-8
2x10-8
2x10-8
1.5x10-7
2x10-7

8
4x10-8
4x10-8
4x10-8
1.5x10-7
2x10-7

10
6x10-8
6x10-8
6x10-8
1.5x10-7
n/a

12
8x10-8
8x10-8
8x10-8
2x10-7
n/a

14
1.2x10-7
1.2x10-7
1.2x10-7
2x10-7
n/a

Table 3. Valve Trim Style Correction Factor LF for cavitating flows.

Pressure Ratio XF
Trim Style
Trickle
Contoured
Multi-Hole Cage
Multi-Labyrinth

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0
0
5
5

0
0
5
5

0
0
5
5

0
0
5
5

0.5
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
Values of Trim Correction Factor LF
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
6
8
12
15
12
5
6
8
12
15
12

16
1.7x10-7
1.7x10-7
1.7x10-7
2x10-7
n/a

18
2.6x10-7
2.6x10-7
2.6x10-7
2x10-7
n/a

20
3x10-7
3x10-7
3x10-7
2.5x10-7
n/a

24
5x10-7
5x10-7
5x10-7
2.5x10-7
n/a

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.0

0
0
10
10

0
0
8
8

0
0
5
5

0
0
4
4

Note: Correction factors are same for all multi-stage trims as noise levels are calculated using last stage
Basis of Noise Calculated
This is calculated in accordance with IEC 534-8-4 Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow.
The calculated values are sound power levels, and derived sound pressure levels, in the frequency range
of octave bands 500 Hz through 8000 Hz. Outside this range noise problems are reduced due to the Aweighting, decreased pipe radiation at low frequencies, and increased absorption at high frequencies.
The formulae used for cavitating service contains two parts. Part one is as used for the non-cavitating
flow, to which is added another part representing the effects of cavitation. Severn Glocon try to avoid
cavitation in all cases, therefore equation (4) will normally be used to calculate the internal sound power
level.
The noise levels for multi-stage trims are calculated from the pressure drop taken across the last stage,
therefore the trim style correction factor LF given in Table 3 will be the same regardless of the number of
stages of pressure let-down.
Calculation of Internal Sound Power Level Lwi
Case 1 Non-cavitating flow
(a) Non cavitating flow occurs when XF < 1/mr
Where XFZ = 1 / mr and mr is taken from Table 1 depending upon trim flow-lift characteristic.
Calculate XF = (P1 P2) / (P1 Pv)

----------------------------------------- (1)

(b) Calculate the Stream Power Level Wm

where Wm = m p
F

-------------------------------------------------------------- (2)

(c) Calculate the Radiated Internal Sound Power Level Lwi

where Lwi = 10 log F m p
F W o

------------------------------------------------ (3)

when Wo = 10 12 W equation (3) is rewritten as

Lwi = 120 + 10 log F + 10 lg m + 10 log p 10 log F

-------------- (4)

36
n/a
n/a
n/a
2.5x10-7
n/a

Case 2 Cavitating Flow

(a) Cavitating flow occurs when XF > or = 1 / mr
where XF = 1 / mr and mr is taken from Table 3 depending upon trim flow-lift characteristic.
Calculate XF from equation (1)
(b) Calculate the Radiated Internal Sound Power Level Lwi
Lwi =120+10 log F + 10 log m + 10 lg p10 log F + LF + 180 (XFZ) 0.0625 (1 XF)0.8 log [1XFZ] ---------(5)
(XF) X fz
[ 1 - XF ]

Note : Within this calculation of Lwi it is necessary to restrict the influence of term 10 lg p therefore the
following limits apply.
If p <= FL2 (P1 FF Pv) then use the actual p
If p > FL2 (P1 FF Pv)

then the value of p shall be limited to p = FL2 (P1 FF Pv)

Where FF = Fluid critical pressure ratio factor = [0.96 0.28 [Pv / Pc] 0.5]
Calculation of Internal Spectrum Frequency Lwi (f)
The relative mean frequency spectrum of the sound power level, for single seated, single stage globe
valves can be calculated from the following equation (6).
Lwi (f) = Lwi - 10 log fm 2.9

----------------------------------------------------------------- (6)

500
where fm = Octave center frequencies Hz from Table 4.
Airborne Noise Emissions.
This is the characterization of noise resulting from either the external sound power levels or the external
pressure levels, when penetrating into an outside acoustical field.
External Sound Power Level (unweighted) Lwe
For a valve installed within a pipeline, the external sound power will be determined from the internal
sound power level taking into account the downstream pipe transmission loss.
Since both Lwi and the pipe transmission loss TL both depend upon the frequency, equation (7) reflects a
spectral calculation for the octave bands 500 through 8000Hz.
Lwe (f) = Lwi (f) 17.37lp 10-0.1 TL(f) TL(f) + log 4 lp ------------------------------------------------- (7)
2 do
do
The minimum pipe length lp is 3 metres.
The transmission loss TL can be calculated from the following equation (8)
TL(f) = 10 + 10 log Cp p t + 10 log [fr + (f)1.5]2
[ f (fr) ]
CF F do

------------------------------------------------ (8)

Where the ring frequency fr in Hz is calculated from equation (9)

fr = Cp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (9)
do

External Sound Power Level (A. weighted) LwAe.

LwAe = 10 log 10 0.1 LwAn

---------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)

Where n is the center frequency number

LwA(f) = Lwe(f) + correction (f)

Note : the correction values in dB are given in Table 4

LwAe = 10 log (100.1LwA1) + 10 0.1LwA2 + 100.1LwA3 + 100.1LwA4 + 100.1LwA5) ---------------------- (11)

TypicallyLwA1 = LwE1 + (-3.2) for n = 1 ie (500 Hz).
External Sound Pressure Level (A. weighted) LpAe.
This is calculated using equation (12) for a free field with cylindrical radiation at a position 1m
downstream of the valve outlet and 1m away from the pipe wall. In equation (12) 1p = 3m minimum
length.
LpAe = LwAe 10 log [ 1p (d1 +1) ]
[ 1o

(do

------------------------------------------------------------- (12)

)]

Application Limits.
The liquid noise levels calculated from the formulae given within IEC 534-8-4 considers only the noise
generated via the hydrodynamic processes in the valve and connected pipework. Not considered is the
noise that may be generated by reflections, resonances or loose trim parts. Laminar flow conditions and
flashing are not considered. The limits of application for the formulae are given in Table 5.
Table 4. Correction Valves for A weighting of sound levels dba.
Centre Frequency Number n

Octave Centre Frequency fm Hz

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

Correction Values db

-3.2

0.0

1.2

1.0

-1.1

Table 5. Limiting Values for Application of Formulae.

Term
U2

Description
Fluid velocity at valve outlet

Limiting Values

Units

< or = 10
-6

m/s
-1

m2

Av

Flow coefficient

2.78 x 10 to 1.67 x 10

Kv

Flow coefficient

1.0 x 10-1 to 6 x 103

m3/h

Cv

Flow coefficient

1.16 x 10-1 to 6.94 x 103

Usgpm/ (psi^0.5)

5.29 x 10-3 to 3.16 x 102

Litres/ (min Pa^0.5)

xf

Differential pressure ratio

0.01 to 0.95

Lwi

Internal sound power level

> or = 40

dB

Liquid Noise Calculation Example.

A Series 5000 Globe Control Valve 50mm
diameter fitted with a contoured equal % trim
is throttling water at 20 oC under the
following service conditions. Calculate the
external A weighted sound pressure level
from the hydrodynamic sources due to the
water flow, given the conditions of operation
below:Valve inlet absolute pressure
P1=790kPa
Valve outlet absolute pressure
P2=295kPa
Absolute vapour pressure at inlet conditions
Pv=2.75kPa
Critical pressure of fluid
Pc=22.1MPa
Flow Rate
m=18.7kg/s
Length of pipe
lp = 3m
Inside diam of downstream pipe
di=0.0522m
Thickness of pipewall
t=0.0039m
Outside diameter of downstream pipe do=0.060m
Speed of Sound in pipewall
Cp=5060m/s
Speed of Sound in Fluid
Cf=1448m/s
p=7800Kg/m3
Density of Pipe material
Fluid Density at P1 & T1
F=998Kg/m3
Pressure recovery coefficient (Table 1) FL = 0.9
Cavitation Index (Table 1)
mr = 1.54

(a) Check for non-cavitating flow.

Non cavitating flow occurs when xF < 1/mr

Lwi(500) = Lwi 10 log 500-2.9 = 79.61-0-2.9

500
Lwi(500) = 76.71 dB
Lwi(1000) = 73.7 dB
Lwi(2000) = 70.71 dB
Lwi(4000) = 67.71 dB
Lwi(8000) = 64.71 dB
(d) Calculation of External Sound Power Level
Lwe
The transmission loss can be calculated from
equation 8.
1.5 2
TL(f) = 10+10 log cp p t + 10 log [ fr+(f) ]

cF F do

The ring frequency fr is calculated from equation

9
fr = cp = 5060 26,840 Hz.
do 0.06

10log [ 26,840 + (500

1.5 2
) ]

[ 500
(26,840) ]
TL(500) = 10 + 10 log 1.77 + 10 log 2881.8
= 10 + 2.4 + 34.6

xF = 495 / 787.25 = 0.629

as

non-

(b) Calculate the Stream Power Level Lwi.

From equation 4

TL(500) = 47 dB
Using the values for fm octave center frequencies
Hz in Table 4.

Lwi =120+10log F+10log m+10log p-10log F

TL (1000) = 41 dB

Lwi =120+10log 10-8+10log 18.7+10log 49500010log 998

TL (2000) = 35 dB

Lwi =120+10(-8)+10(1.27)+10(5.69)-10(2.999)

TL (8000) = 23 dB

Lwi =120 - 80 + 12.7 + 56.9 29.99 = 79.61 dB.

Lwi(f) = Lwi - 10 log fm 2.9

500

TL (500) = 10+10 log 5060 x 7800 x 0.0039 +

1448 x 998 x 0.06

From equation 1
xF =(P1-P2)/(P1-Pv) =(790-295)/(790-2.75)

(c) Calculation of Internal Spectrum

Frequency.
Lwi (f) from equation (6).

[ f (fr)

Therefore transmission loss at 500Hz is

Where xFZ = 1 / mr and mr = 1.54

Therefore xFZ = 0.649

Therefore flow is confirmed

cavitating as xF < xFZ

Using the values for fm octave center frequencies

Hz in Table 4.

TL (4000) = 29 dB

The External Sound Power Level can now be calculated from Equation 7. For (f) = 500 Hz the value for Lwe
is
Lwe(f) = Lwi(f) 17.37 lp 10-0.1 TL(f) TL(f) + 10log 4 lp
2 do

do
-4.7

Lwe(500) = 76.71 17.37x3x10

47 + 10log 4x3

2x0.06

0.06
-4.7

47 + 23

= 52.7 dB

-4.1

41 + 23

= 55.67 dB

Lwe(500) = 76.71 434.25 x 10

Lwe(1000) = 73.7 434.25 x 10

-3.5

35 + 23 = 58.57 dB

-2.9

29 + 23 = 61.7 dB

-2.3

23 + 23 = 62.53 dB

Lwe(2000) = 70.71 434.25 x 10

Lwe(4000) = 67.71 434.25 x 10
Lwe(8000) = 64.71 434.25 x 10

(e) External Sound Power Level (A. weighted) LwAe.

This can be obtained from equations 10 & 11.
LwAe = 10 log (10 0.1LwA1 + 100.1LwA2 + 100.1LwA3 + 100.1LwA4 + 100.1LwA5)
The values of LwA 1 to 5 are weighted as per Table 4.
Therefore LwA1 = LWE1 + (-3.2) = 49.5 dba for n=1 ie (500 Hz).
LwA2 = 55.67 dba
LwA3 = 59.77 dba
LwA4 = 62.7 dba
LwA5 = 61.43 dba
LwAe

= 10 log (89,125 + 368,978 + 948,418 + 1,862,087 + 1389953)

= 10 log (54,658,561)

= 66.7 dba

(f) External Sound Pressure Level (A. weighted) LpAe.

This is calculated using equation (12) for a free field with cylindrical radiation at a position 1m downstream of
the valve outlet and 1m away from the pipe wall. In equation (12) 1p = 3m
LpAe = LwAe 10 log [ 1p (d1 + 1) ]
[ 1o (do

)]

LpAe = 66.7 10 log [3 (0.0522 +1)]

[ 1 (0.06
LpAe = 66.7 10 log 17.67

)]

= 54.23 dba

Aerodynamic Noise Generation.

Aerodynamic
noise
resulting
from
compressible gas flow is the highest
contributor to the source of valve noise.
Turbulence and shock waves sue to high
velocity and high mass flows are the main
causes. This turbulence is converted into
both internal and acoustic energy, with the
acoustic
energy
being
propagated
downstream where a small proportion is
transmitted through the pipewall to the
environment. High individual stage pressure
drops should be avoided, and for the best
performance, the fluid velocity should be
controlled over each stage, with the final
mean valve outlet not exceeding 0.3 Mn.
Peak valve noise usually emanates some 1
to 2 metres from the valve exit, the exact
distance depending upon the actual flow
conditions and pipework configuration.

velocity, and localized changes in the flow

stream direction causing impingement onto
the pipewall and other obstructions to flow
only add to the problem. In particular pipe
bends, tee pieces, thermowells etc should
be avoided immediately following the valve
outlet and in areas of potentially high
velocity. Experience has shown that
maintaining the fluid velocity within the
recommended
limits
consistent
with
produced noise levels, see Table 4 SGT
10/2 usually alleviates the problem. Where
possible the valve should be installed in
straight pipework clear of all items which
may influence flow directional changes, for a
distance of 5 diameters upstream and 10
diameters downstream.

Prediction of Aerodynamic Noise.

The Standard ISA S75.17 / BS. EN 60534-8Noise due to Vibration.
4 is used by Severn Glocon to predict the
aerodynamic noise produced from control
An unsuitable valve working in a high duty
valves. In this approach the overall stream
environment
can
produce
unwanted
power is calculated which is to be
mechanical vibration, which will contribute to
subsequently converted to turbulence, shock
the noise produced. This source of vibration
waves and heat within the valve as the
is from vertical and lateral movement of trim
pressure is reduced. The small part of the
parts, excited by high dynamic forces
stream power which is then converted into
caused by excessive fluid velocities and
sound power, due mainly to turbulence, is
shock wave formation. This leads to
then calculated. The actual level being
objectionable discrete noise levels being
dependent upon the acoustical efficiency
produced and the risk of premature failure of
which calculated for 1 of 5 flow regimes, as
trim parts. To counteract these problems
appropriate. The sound power is then
Severn Glocon recommend both maximum
converted to sound pressure in decibels.
trim stage pressure drops and limits for the
Deductions afforded by the connecting
valve body velocities.
pipework transmission losses are then
Pipework Generated Noise.
calculated by determining the effects of the
combined valve peak and pipe ring
Another source of noise can be from the
frequencies.
piping layout adjacent to a valve. The driving
Severn Glocon test data has been used to
force behind this produced noise is high fluid
confirm the validity of the predictions and the
customized data applicable to the individual
valve designs.
General nomenclature used within this publication for Aerodynamic Flow.
Symbol
SI
A
C2
Cv
Cvn
Cvc
Cvcc
d
dH
Di
Dj
do
Fd
FL

Definition
Area of a single flow passage
Speed of Sound in Fluid (Downstream)
Valve Flow Coefficient
Flow Coefficient for last stage of multi-stage trim
Speed of Sound at vena contracta (Subsonic Flow)
Speed of Sound at vena contracta (Sonic Flow)
Diameter of a flow passage (for other than circular us dH)
Hydraulic diameter of a single flow passage
Inside Diameter of Downstream Pipe [2]
Diameter of jet
Circular Orifice diameter whose area=sum of areas
of all flow passages at a given valve travel
Valve Style modifier
Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor (see Table 1)

Imperial
ft2
ft/s
gpm / p0.5
gpm / p0.5
ft/s
ft/s
ft
ft
ft
ft

m2
m/s
[1]
[1]
m/s
m/s
m
m
m
m

ft
-----

m
-----

Symbol

Definition

Imperial

SI

FLP

Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor with attached fittings

----

----

fp

Peak Frequency generated inside pipe

Hz

Hz

Fp

Piping Geometry factor

----

----

fo

Frequency coincidence

Hz

gc

Gravitational constant

32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s

lw

Length of radial flow passage

ft

Specific heat ratio

----

----

Lg

Correction for pipe Mach Number

dB

dB

Lpi

Sound Pressure level internal

dB

dB

La

A-weighted sound level

DB (A)

DB (A)

Mj

Mach no freely expanded jet

----

----

Mjn

Mach no freely expanded jet in last stage of Multistage Trim

----

----

Mn

Mach Number

----

----

Mw

Molecular Weight

lbm/lbm-mole

kg/kg-mole

Nsuffix

Numerical constants

[4]

[4]

No

Number of apparent, independent, flow passages in the valve trim

----

Pa
P1

Pressure outside pipe absolute

Upstream Absolute Pressure

Hz
2

[3]

----

lbf/ft

Pa

lbf/ft

Pa
Pa

P2

Downstream Absolute Pressure

lbf/ft

Pn

Absolute stagnation pressure at last stage of multistage valve

lbf/ft

Pa

lbf/ft

Pa

lbf/ft

Pa

lbf/ft

Pa
Pa

P2B
P2C
P2CE

Pressure, outlet at break point absolute

Pressure, outlet at critical flow conditions absolute
Pressure, outlet where region of constant efficiency begins, abs.

Pvc

Pressure, vena contracta, at subsonic flow conditions, absolute.

lbf/ft

Pvcc

Pressure, vena contracta, sonic flow conditions, absolute

lbf/ft

Po

Pressure standard reference

2116 lbf/ft

Radial distance centerline of pipe to observer [5]

ft

R
T1
T2
Tvc

Universal gas constant

Upstream Absolute Temperature
Downstream Absolute Temperature
Temperature, vena contracta, at subsonic flow conditions abs.

Pa
2

101325 Pa
m
o

1545 ft-lbf/lbm-mole- R
o

8314 J/kg mole K

o

Tvcc

Temperature, vena contracta, at critical flow conditions abs.

tp

Pipewall thickness

ft

TL

Transmission Loss (unweighted)

dB

dB

Thickness of pipewall

ft

TLfo

Transmission Loss at coincidence frequency

dB

dB

TLfp

Correction for ratio of peak frequency and coincidence frequency

dB

dB

Uvc

Velocity, vena contracta, at subsonic flow conditions

ft/s

m/s

Uvcc

Velocity, vena contracta, at critical flow conditions

ft/s

m/s

Mass flow rate

lbm/s

kg/s

Wm

Stream Power of mass flow

ft lbf/s

Wms

Stream Power of mass flow at sonic velocity

ft lbf/s

ws

Mass flow rate at sonic velocity

ft/s

m/s

Wa

Sound Power

ft lbf/s

Recovery correction factor

----

----

Acoustical efficiency factor

----

----

Density (specific mass) upstream

bm/ft

Kg/m

Density (specific mass) downstream

lb m/ft

Kg/m

Kg/m

Density (specific mass) for last stage of multistage trim

lb m/ft

mr

Manufacturers Recommended Valve Style cavitation index.

----

----

[1] Units for valve flow coefficient Kv are m3/h. Substitute 1.157 Kv for Cv. SI Unit is Av = 2.40 x 10-5 Cv.
[2] Usually nominal diameter can be used with little loss in accuracy.
[3] gc is not required in the SI system ; use a value 1 in the equation.
[4] Values of the numerical constants are given in Table 6.
[5] The distance r is typically taken as 1m (3 ft) plus the outer pipe radius.

Figure 3. Aerodynamic Noise Prediction Calculation Flow Chart.

Start

A-1 Determination
of Pressure Ratios

Equations No. 1-6

A-2 Determination of
Valve Style Modifier Fd

Equations Nos 7 & 8

A-3 Diameter of Jet Dj

Equation No. 9

A-4 Jet Mach No. Mj

Equation No.10

A-5.1 Regime I
Equation 11-19

No

A-5.2 Sonic Flow

Equation 20-23

No

Standard Valve Trim

Design

No

B-2 Single Stage

Noise Reducing

No

Equation 9 Mods
Equation 54
A5.7 Noise Calculation
Basic Valve Styles
Equations 41-53

End

A-5.3 Regime II
Equation 24-27

No

B-3 Single Path

Multi-stage Trims

Equation 52 Mods
Equation 55-60

A-5.4 Regime III

Equation 28-31

No

No

A-5.5 Regime IV
Equation 32-35

B-4 Multi-path
Multi-stage Trims

Equation 55,56,55,58 Mods

Equation 60-62

No

A-5.6 Regime V
Equation 36-40

Table 6. Numerical Constants to be used in the Equations.

Constant
NJ

Value

Di Dj r tp
-2

ft

-3

10

ft

1.5 x 10
4.6 x 10

NL

5.7 x 10

NF

NS

C2

ft-lbf/s

lbm / ft

ft/s

m/s

P1,

P2,

Pa,

-7

1.1 x 10

ft

lbf / ft

1.1 x 10-7

Pa

ft

-4

1.5 x 10

ft

lbf / ft

1.3 x 10-5

Pa

-3

ft

-4

1.6 x 10
5.0 x 10

NP

8.0 x 10
NT

Wa

7.0 x 10
6.5 x 10

kg / m

Po

Aerodynamic Noise Prediction.

(f) Downstream pressure P2CE

The flowchart details (see figure 3) the

overall sequence of steps used during the
noise prediction for a particular control valve
application, where the style of valve is
known.

This is the pressure at the start of constant

acoustic efficiency where any further
decrease in P2 will result in no increase in
noise.

Section A
A-1. Determination of Pressure Ratios.
(a) Pressure in the vena contracta
from SGT 10/2. P1 P2 = FL2(P1-Pvc)
Therefore Pvc = P1 (P1 P2) -----------(1)
FL2
(b) Pressure in the vena contracta at critical
flow
Pvcc = P1(2) (k/k-1) --------------------------(2)
(k+1)
(c) Downstream pressure where sonic flow
begins
P2C = P1 FL2 (P1 Pvcc) ---------------(3)
(d) Recovery correction factor

P2CE = P1 -------------------------------(6)
22
A-2, Determination of Valve Style
Modifier Fd.
The different valve and trim styles offer
varying resistances to the production of
noise. This is related to No which is the
apparent number of independent flow
passages. In a cage style trim No would
represent the number of openings in the
cage or disk stack. This clearly depends
upon the valve stem position and actual Cv,
which determines the number of holes
exposed. Where the holes are positioned in
close proximity to each other, and localized
recombination or interaction of the jet efflux
takes place, then test data may be required
to verify the true value of No..
Table 7 gives values for the Valve Style
Modifier Fd, where Fd is:-

This factor is the relationship between the

external pressure ratio and the internal
pressure ratio at critical pressure drop.

Fd = No 0.5 -------------------------------(7)

= (P1 / P2C) = Pvcc

Alternatively
Where :-

(P1 / Pvcc)

--------------------(4)

P2C

(e) Downstream Pressure P2B

This is calculate for the break point
conditions between the defined Regimes III
and IV.
P2B = P1(1) (k / k-1) -------------------------(5)
(k)

Fd = dH / do ------------(7a)
d H = 4 A / lw
Do = (4 No A / ) 0.5
Flow to open contoured trims at small
openings are treated as a special case
where Fd is limited to 0.7 max. The actual
value is calculated from equation 8.
Fd = 0.7 (NsCvFL) 0.5
( 4 D i2 )

-------------------(8)

Table 7. Valve Style Modifier Values Fd.

Valve Type
Single Seat Globe
Single Seat angle
Cont.
Cage *
MLT Stack *
Baffle*
Butterfly
Ball

No Flow
to Open
2.0
2.0

No Flow
to Close
1.0
1.0

Fd Flow
to Open
0.7
0.7

156
600
100
2.0
1.0

156
600
100
2.0
1.0

0.08
0.04
0.10
0.7
1.0

Fd Flow
to Close
1.0
1.0
0.08
0.04
0.10
0.7
1.0

Note : * refers to example values given for

4ins diameter units at 100% valve opening.
Refer to intermediate valve lifts.

(c) Calculate the gas velocity Uvc in the

vena contracta using equation (14) where :Uvc = {2gc (k) [1-(Pvc) k-1/k] P1} 0.5
{ (k-1) [ (p1 )
] 1} -------------(14)
(d) Calculate the stream power Wm in the
vena contracta using equation (15) where :Wm = w(Uvc)2
---------------------------(15)
2 gc

A-3. Diameter of Jet Dj

This can be calculated from equation 9

(e) Calculate the Mach number Mn

Mn = Uvc ----------------------------------(16)
Cvc

Dj = NJ Fd (Cv FL) 0.5

(f)Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa

A-4. Mach Number

Expanded Jet.

------------------(9)
Mj

in

Freely

This can be calculated from equation 10

Wa = 1 Wm FL2

------------------------(17)

where 1 the acoustic efficiency for Regime I

is
1 = (1 x 10-4) (Mn 3.6) -----------------(18)

Mj = { (2) [(P1)(k-1/k) 1] } 0.5 ---------------(10)

{ (k-1) [ (P2)] }

Note:- If the valve has attached fittings

replace FL with FLP / FP

A-5. Sound Power Generated Flow

Regime I to V.
The control valve throttles the flow by
converting pressure energy into kinetic
energy. Some of this mechanical power is
transferred to the pipewall as vibration and a
small portion is radiated as noise. Most of
the energy is converted to heat through
viscous friction.
Depending upon the type of valve trim
combination selected, the vena contracta
pressure may even be lower than the
downstream pressure. The different regimes
of noise generation are the result of differing
sonic phenomena or reactions between the
molecules in the gas and the sonic shock
cells. Calculate Wa the sound power
generated and fp the peak frequency of
noise using one of the following equations.

(g) Calculate fp the peak frequency of

generated noise.
Fp = 0.2 Uvc
--------------------------(19)
Dj

A-5.1 Flow Regime I (Subsonic Flow)

In this regime the flow is subsonic and the
gas pressure is partially recovered or
recompressed, hence the use of pressure
recovery factor FL within equation (10).
Flow Regime I occurs if:
P1 > P2 >= P2C

---------------------------(11)

(a) Calculate the temperature Tvc in the vena

contracta where :Tvc = T1 (Pvc) (k-1/k) -----------------(12)
(P1)
(b) Calculate the local Speed of Sound
(Mn=1)
Cvc = (k R gc Tvc) 0.5 ------------------(13)
)
( Mw

A-5.2 Common Equations used in Flow

Regimes II, III, IV and V Calculations.
The following equations are common to
Flow Regimes II to V where the flow velocity
is sonic and above.
(a) The temperature Tvcc in the vena
contracta at sonic conditions is given by
equation (20).
Tvcc = 2 T1
k+1

----------------------------(20)

(b) The speed of sound Cvcc at the vena

contracta under sonic flow conditions is
given by equation (21)
Cvcc = (k R gc Tvcc) 0.5
( Mw )

-------------- (21)

(e) The gas velocity Uvcc in the vena

contracta, at critical flow conditions is given
by equation (22) below.
Uvcc = {2gc (k) [1 (Pvcc) (k-1/k)] P1}
{
(k-1) [
(P )
] 1 }

0.5

(d) The stream power Wms at sonic (choked)

velocity is given by equation (23)
Wms = w Uvcc
2gc

-----------------------(23)

A-53 Flow Regime II

In this regime the flow is sonic with
interaction between shock cells and with
turbulent choked flow mixing. Pressure
recovery is less as the limit of Regime II is
approached.
Flow Regime II occurs if :
P2C > P2 >= Pvcc

--------------------(24)

(a) Calculate the Generated Sound Power

Wa
Wa = II Wms (P1 P2 )
--------------(25)
(P1 Pvcc)
where 1 the acoustic efficiency for Regime
II is
II = (1 x 10-4) (Mj) (6.6x) -----------------(26)
FL2

where x =
Note:- If the valve has attached fittings
replace FL with FLP / FP
(b) Calculate fp the peak frequency of
generated noise.
Fp = 0.2 Mj Cvcc -----------------------------(27)
Dj
A-5.4 Flow Regime III
In this regime no isentropic recovery takes
place.
Flow Regime III occurs if :
Pvcc > P2 >= P2B

-----------------------(28)

(a)Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa

Wa = III Wms

---------------------------(29)

where 1 the acoustic efficiency for Regime III is

III = (1 x 10-4) (Mj) (6.6x)

--------------(30)

where x = FL2
Note: If the valve has attached fittings
replace FL with FLP / FP
(b) Calculate fp the peak frequency of
generated noise.
Fp = 0.2 Mj Cvcc
Dj

-------------------------(31)

A-5.5 Flow Regime IV

In this regime the shock cell structure
diminishes as the Mach disk is formed.
Flow Regime IV occurs if:
PB2 > P2 >=P2CE

---------------------------(32)

(a) Calculate the Generated Sound Power Wa

Wa = IV Wms

--------------------------(33)

where IV the acoustic efficiency for Regime IV is

IV = (1 x 10-4) (Mj2) (1.414) (6.6x) -----------(34)
2
where x = FL2
Note:- If the valve has attached fittings
replace FL with FLP / FP
(b) Calculate fp the peak frequency of
generated noise.
Fp = 0.35 Cvcc
-------------------------(35)
1.25 Dj (Mj2 1) 0.5
A-5.6 Flow Regime V
In this regime there is a constant acoustic
efficiency.
Flow Regime occurs if :
P2CE > P2 > = 0
---------------------------(36)
In this Flow Regime calculate the Mach No
Mj5 in the freely expanded jet using equation
(37)
Mj5 = { (2) [ (22) (k-1/k) 1 ] } 0.5 ------------(37)
{ (k-1) [
]}

(b) Calculate the Generated Sound Power

Wa
Wa = v Wms ----------------------------(38)
where v the acoustic efficiency for Regime
V is
v = (1 x 10-4) (Mj52) (1.414) (6.6x) -----(39)
2
Where x = FL2
Note: - If the valve has attached fittings
replace FL with FLP / FP
(c) Calculate fp the peak frequency of
generated noise.
fp = 0.35 Cvcc
------------------------(40)
1.25 Dj (Mj52-1) 0.5
A-5.7 Noise Calculation
The downstream temperature T2 may be
calculated using fluid thermodynamic,
isenthalpic relationships when known.
However, if this is not the case it is
permissible to take T2 as approximately
equal to T1.
(a) Calculate the downstream density 2
2 = 1 (P2)
(P1)

-----------------------(41)

(b) Calculate the downstream sonic velocity

c2
c2 = (k R gc T2) 0.5
----------------------(42)
( Mw )
(c) Calculate the Internal Sound Pressure
Level Lpi using equation (43)
Lpi = 10 log 10 (NL Wa 2 c2) -------------(43)
(
D i2
)
Note the reference pressure Po used in (43)
is 2 x 10 Pa.
(d) Calculate the Transmission Loss TL fo at
the coincidence frequency at the distance r,
using equation (44).
TL fo = 10 log 10 [NT (Di3 )
1
Pa ]
[ (r tp2) (P2 / Po + 1) Po ]
Note: The fraction Pa / Po is the correction
for the local barometric pressure.
(e) Calculate the pipe coincidence frequency
fo from equation (45)
fo = NF
4 Di

--------------------------------(45)

(f) Calculate the correction TL fp for the ratio

of peak frequency and coincidence
frequency.

Sound travels through the pipewall

depending on this relationship between the
peak generated frequency and the pipe
coincidence frequency.
If fp <= fo then TL fp = 20 log 10 (fo) --------(46)
(fp)
If fp > fo and
fp <= 4 fo then TL fp = 13 log10 (fp) -------(47)
(fo)
If fp > 4fo then
TL fp = 20 log10 (fp ) + 7.8 ------------(48)
(4fo)
(g) Calculate the transmission loss TL from
equation (49)
TL = TL fo - TL fp

--------------------(49)

(h) Calculate the Valve outlet Mach Number

correction value Lg
Note : If the valve outlet Mach number
exceeds 0.3 then the accuracy of the noise
calculations cannot be maintained.
Lg = 16 log10 [ 1
] ------------------(50)
[1-(Np P1 Cv FL)]
[ ( Di2 P2 )]
The outlet Mach number for the valve may
be calculated using equation (51)
Mach Numberoutlet = Np P1 Cv FL --------(51)
Di2 P2
Note: The Cv is the actual at flowing
conditions. When valve has attached fittings
FL = FLP / FP
(j) Calculate the A-weighted sound pressure
level LpAe radiated at the outside of the pipe
using equation (52).
LpAe = 5 + Lpi + TL + Lg

--------------(52)

Section B.
B-1. Valves with Noise Reducing Trims.
Three generic types of noise reducing trim
are considered in the noise calculations.
One is the example from the Severn Glocon
range is the single stage concentric cage
shown in figure 1.
The second type is the single flow path,
multistage pressure reducing type typified by
figure 2, where concentric flow sleeves,
without galleries, surround a central guide.
The third type is the multipath multistage
trims shown in figures 3 and 4.
B-2. Single Stage Multiple Flow Passage
Trims.
The procedure already given in Section A is
used except for the following modifications,
to equation (9) for jet diameter Dj by
replacing FL term with [0.9 0.06 (I/d)]. See
Equation (54).
In addition the expression for Dj has a
minimum value of 0.66.
The result of these changes is to increase to
transmission loss in flow regimes I, II and III
be upto 5dB.
Dj =NJ Fd {Cv [0.9 0.06 (lw / d) ] }0.5 -----(54)
Notes:
(a) All flow passages shall have the same
hydraulic diameter and the distance
between them shall be sufficient to prevent
jet interaction.
(b) For pressure ratios P1/P2 > 4 equation
(7) which is used to calculate Fd is only
applicable when the wall distance between
passages exceeds 0.7 d. It also looses its
validity if the mach number at the valve
outlet exceeds 0.3.
B-3. Single Flow Path, Multistage
Pressure Reduction Trims.
The procedure already given in Section A is
used, except for the following changes to
equation (52) by including an additional term
10log 10 (P1/Pn) see equation (60). This
term accounts for the sound pressure level
caused by the pressure reductions of the
other stages. In addition the values of Cv, P1
and 1 are replaced with the corresponding
values for the last stage of pressure letdown
suffixed n ie Cv n, Pn and n. The value used
for Pn is conditional on the pressure loss
conditions and is determined from either
equation (55) (56) or (57) below.
For the formulae to be applicable it is
necessary for all the flow passages to have
the same hydraulic diameter, and the
distance between them sufficient to prevent
jet interaction.

(a) Determine pressure Pn the absolute

stagnation pressure upstream of the last
stage of a multistage valve.
If P1/P2 >=2 and Pn/P2<2 Then equation (54)
applies:
Pn = { (P1 Cv )2 + P22 } 0.5 ----------------(55)
{ (N10 Cvn)
}
If P1/P2 >=2 and Pn/P2 >=2 then equation
(56) applies:
Pn = P1 (Cv )
(Cvn)

------------------------------(56)

If P1/P2 <2 then equation (57) applies:

Pn ={ (Cv)2 (P12 P22) + P22} 0.5 -----------(57)
{ (Cvn)
}
(b) Calculate the density n for the last stage
of pressure letdown using equation (58)
n = 1 (Pn)
-----------------------------(58)
(P1)
(b) Calculate the jet diameter Dj for the vena
contracta for the last stage of the multistage
valve using equation (59)
Dj = N14 Fd (Cv n FL) 0.5

--------------------(59)

(c) Calculate the A weighted sound pressure

level LpAe radiated at the outside surface of
the pipe for the multistage valve using
equation (60)
LpAe = 5+Lpi+10log10(P1/Pn)+TL+Lg -------(60)

B-4. Multi-path, Multistage Pressure

Reducing Trims.
The procedure for this type of trim is that set
down for single stage trims, given in Section
A with the following exceptions.
(a) Applicable only to linear travel valves.
(b) All calculations are applicable to the last
stage of pressure let down.
(c) All flow passages shall have the same
hydraulic diameter and the distance
between them shall be sufficient to prevent
jet interaction.
(d) The flow area pf each stage shall
increase between inlet and outlet.
(e) The outlet pressure P2 shall be used in
place of Pvc
(f) The flow coefficient Cvn to be used in
place of Cv.
(g) The stagnation pressure Pn of the last
stage shall be used in equations (550 (56) &
(57) to replace P1.
(h) The density n shall be used in equation
(58) to replace 1
(j) Calculate the Jet Mach No, Mjn from
equation (61)
Mjn = Uvc
--------------------------------(61)
Cvc
Where Uvc = last stage velocity calculated
using equation (14) for Regime I subsonic
flow, but modified to use n in place 1 and
Pn in place if P1
(k) Calculate the peak frequency fp from
equation (62)
fp = 0.2 Mjn Cvc --------------------------(62)
Dj
Where Dj = jet diameter for the last stage
calculated using equation (59)
(l) Calculate the A weighted sound pressure
level LpAe using equation (60) as below.
LpAe =5+Lpi+10log10(P1/Pn)+TL/Lg -------(60)
Note: The value determined for LpAe is not
accurate if the Mach no at the valve outlet
exceeds 0.2. At a Macn\h no. of 0.3 the
errors may exceed 5 db.

Section C
Aerodynamic Noise Calculation Example.
A 4 ins Series 5000 Globe Valve fitted with a
single stage CC cage trim, (Design Cv =
200), is installed within a 8in nominal bore
pipeline (wall thickness 0.314 ins) with short
pattern pipe reducers or expanders at the
valve inlet and outlet. The linear
characteristic trim, flow to open, is working
at 70% (Cv 140).
Line fluid is vapour Molecular Wt = 18
Specific heat ratio 1.33
Inlet temperature 350 oF
Inlet pressure 145 lbf/in2 Absolute
Outlet pressure 100 lbf/in2 Absolute
Atmospheric
pressure
14.696
lbf/in2
Absolute
Inlet density 1 = 0.331 lbm / ft3
From SGT 10/4 Pressure Recovery Factors,
Series 5000 Valve fitted with single stage
CC trim at 70% opening.
FL
= 0.95
Kie
= 0.95
mr
= 1.17
xT
= 0.88
from SGT 10/5 Pipework Connected to
Valve.
Fp
= 0.9656
FLP
= 0.9299
FLP/FP = 0.9630
From SGT 10/2 Control
Calculated Flowrate w is :-

Valve

Sizing

w = 28,356 lbm/hr
(a) Determination of Pressure Ratios
From Equation (1)
Pvc = P1 (P1 P2) ----------------------(1)
FL2
where P1
= 20,880 lbg/ft2
P2
= 14,400 lbf/ft2
FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings
are attached)
Calculated Pvc = 13,892.5 lbf/ft2
From Equation (2)
Pvcc = P1 (2) (k/k-1) ---------------------(2)
(k+1)
where P1 = 20,880 lbf/ft2
k = 1.33
Calculated Pvcc = 11,263.26 lbf/ft2

From Equation (3)

P2C = P1 FL2 (P1-Pvcc) -----------------(3)
where P1
= 20,880 lbf / ft3
FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings
are attached)
Pvcc
= 11,263.26 lbf / ft2
Calculated P2C = 11,961.73 lbf/ft

(A-3). Diameter of Jet Dj

Equation (54) is used in place of equation
(9) as the CC cage trim fitted is a Noise
Reducing Trim classified as a Single Stage
Multi-Flow passage trim.
Dj = NJ Fd {Cv [0.9 0.06 (lw / d) ] }0.5 -----(54)
Where :-

From Equation (4)

= (P1/P2C) = Pvcc -----------------------(4)
where Pvcc
P2c

= 11,263.26 lbf/ft2
= 11,961.73 lbf/ft2

Calculated = 0.9416
From Equation (5)
P2B = P1 (1) (k/k-1)
(k)
where
P1
k

NJ
Fd
Cv
lw
d

= 1.5 x 10-2
= 0.0956
= 140
= 0.02 ft
= 0.02 ft

Calculated Dj = 0.0155 ft
Note : The equation (54) has a minimum limiting
value of 0.66 for [ 0.9 0.06 (I/d) ].
(A-4) Mach Number Mj in a Freely Expanded
Jet.

----------------------(5)
From equation 10

= 0.9416
= 20,880 lbf;ft2
= 1.33

Calculated P2B = 7026 lbf/ft2

From Equation (6)
P2CE = P1
22

--------------------(6)

where = 0.9416
P1 = 20,880 lbf/ft2
Calculated P2CE = 1,007.9 lbf/ft2
(a-2) Determination of Valve Style Modifier
From Equation (7)
Fd = No0.5
------------------------------(7)
where No = 156 (see table 7) x 7-% (Valve
Open)
Calculated Fd = 0.0956

MJ = {(2) [ (P1) (k-1/k) 1 ] }0.5 ----------------(10)

{ (k-1) [ ( P2)
]}
where
P1
k
P2

= 0.9416
= 20,880 lbf / ft2
= 1.33
= 14,400 lbf / ft2

Calculated Mj = 0.8378
(A-5) Sound Power Generated Flow Regime I
to V
Flow Regime I applies as shown in equation 11
P1 > P2 >= P2C
Where P1
P2
P2C

------------------------------(11)
= 20,880 lbf / ft2
= 14,400 lbf / ft2
= 11,961.73 lbf / ft2

From Equation (12)

Tvc = T1 (Pvc) (k-1/k)
(P1)
where :-T1
P1
Pvc
k

-----------------------(12)

= 810o R
= 20,880 lbf / ft
= 13,892.5 lbf / ft2
= 1.33

Calculated Tvc = 732.1o R

From Equation (13)

Cvc = ( k R gc Tvc ) 0.5
(
Mw
)
where k
R
gc
Tvc
Mw

From Equation (19).

-----------------(13)

= 1.33
= 1545 ft/lbf
= 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
= 732.1o R
= 18

fp = 0.2 Uvc
Dj
Where Uvc
Dj

---------------------------(19)
= 1252.28 ft/sec
= 0.0155 ft

Calculated fp = 16,155 Hz
A-5.7 Noise Calculations

Calculated Cvc = 1,639. ft/sec

From Equation (41)

From Equation (14)

Uvc = {2gc (k) [ 1-(Pvc) k-1/k ] P1 }0.5 -------(14)
{
(k-1) [ (P1)
] 1 }
where:- k
gc
P1
Pvc
1

= 1.33
= 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
= 20,880 lbf/ft
= 13,892.5 lbf/ft2
= 0.331 lb/ft3

2 = 1 (P2)
(P1)

------------------------(41)

where 1
P1
P2

= 0.331 lbm/ft3
= 20,880 lbf/ft2
= 14,400 lbf/ft2

Calculated 2 = 0.228 lbm/ft2

From Equation (42)

Calculated Uvc = 1,252.28 ft/sec

From Equation (15)
Wm = w (Uvc)2
2 gc
where w
Uvc
gc

-------------------------(15)
= 7.877 lbm/sec
= 1,252.28 lb/ft3
= 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2

Calculated Wm = 191,992 ft-lbf/sec

C2 = (k R gc T2) 0.5
( Mw )
where k
R
gc
T2
Mw

----------------(42)

= 1.33
= 1545 ft-lbf
= 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
= T1 = 810 oR
= 18

Calculated C2 = 1725 ft/sec

From equation (43)

From Equation (16)

Mn = Uvc
Cvc

-----------------------------(16)

Lpi = 10log 10 ( NL Wa 2 c2 )
(
D i2
)

= 5.7 x 1010
= 6.748 ft-lbf/sec
= 1725 ft/sec
= 0.228 lbm/ft3
= 0.614 ft

Calculated Mn = 0.7637

where NL
Wa
c2
2
Di

From Equation (17)

Calculated Lpi = 146.03 dB

Where Uvc
Cvc

Wa = I Wm FL2
Where I
Wm
FLP/FP

= 1,252.28 ft/sec
= 1,639.7 ft/sec

--------------------(17)
= (1x10-4) (Mn3.6) = 0.0000379
= 191,992 ft-lbf/sec
= 0.9630 (because fittings are
attached)

Calculated Wa = 6.748 ft-lbf/sec

--------------(43)

From Equation (44).

From Equation (50)

TL fo = 10log10 [ NT (Di3) 1 Pa] ------(44)

[ (r tp2) (P2/Po+1) Po ]

Lg = 16 log10 [ 1
] -------------(50)
[ 1- ( Np P1 Cv FL ) ]
[ ( Di2 P2
)]

where NT
Di
r
tp
P2
Pa
Po

= 1.1 x 10-7
= 0.614 ft
= 3.6 ft
= 0.026 ft
= 14,400 lbf/ft2
= 2116 lbf/ft2
= 2116 lbf/ft2

Calculated TL fo = -58.72 dB

where Np
= 1.5 x 10-4
P1
= 20,880 lbf/ft2
P2
= 14,400 lbf/ft2
Cv
= 140
FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings are
attached)
Di
= 0.614 ft
Calculated Lg = 0.563 dB

From Equation (45)

From Equation (51)
fo = NF -------------------------------(45)
4 Di
where NF
Di

= 1.6 x 104
= 0.614 ft

Calculated fo = 2,073.41 Hz
As fp (16,155 Hz) is < fo (2073.41 Hz) then
equation (48) applies.

Mach Number outlet = Np P1 Cv FL ---------(51)

Di2 P2
where Np
= 1.5 x 10-4
P1
= 20,880 lbf/ft2
P2
= 14,400 lbf/ft2
Cv
= 140
FLP/FP = 0.9630 (because fittings are
attached)
Di
= 0.614 ft

If fp > 4fo then

TL fp = 20 log10 (fp) + 7.8 -------------(48)
(fo)

Calculated Mach Number outlet = 0.077

where fo
fp

LpAe = 5 + Lpi + TL + Lg --------------(52)

= 2073.41 Hz
= 16,155 Hz

From equation (52).

From Equation (49)

Where Lpi
Lg
TL

TL = TL fo - TL fp ------------------------(49)

Calculated LpAe = 79.3 dB (A)

Where TL fo
TL fp

Note: This calculation is considered valid as the

calculated Outlet Mach No. (equation 51) <0.3.

Calculated TL fp = 13.6 dB

= -58.72 dB
= 13.6 dB

Calculated TL = 72.32 dB

= 146.03 dB
= 0.563 dB
= -79.3 dB

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Fixed Area Attenuators.
Contents
Flow Path Noise Attenuation.
Valve Seat Exit Diffusers.
Baffle Plates.
Absorption Silencers.
MLT Vent Silencing.
Pressure Recovery and Style Modifier Fd
Values.
Introduction.
Most control valves are sized and selected
on the basis of treating the noise at source,
within the valve trim, thereby not allowing
the produced noise to develop above
acceptable levels. However, in applications
where there are high operational pressure
drop ratios, and produced noise problems at
high flow rates a combination of noise
treatment at source within the valve trim
together with a downstream fixed area
diffuser can prove very cost effective in
minimizing noise. This combination also
works well in keeping valve sizes down, by
reducing the specific volumes in gas
applications thereby controlling maximum
velocities at the exit of the valve.
Source treatment of noise concerns
selecting the correct valve equipment for the
duty, whether it is multi-stage trims, valves
in series or maintaining velocities at
acceptably low levels. Once the noise has
been generated, path treatment involves
eliminating the downstream acoustic energy
transmission within the piping system.
Increasing the wall thickness of the
downstream pipework or application of
acoustic lagging, can camouflage the
immediate valve noise problems, however,
the noise travels down the pipeline and will
radiate from another location. Many
contractors and end users fix an upper limit
on source produced noise in order to
prevent acoustic fatigue of the pipework.
This limit varies with different valve types
and their locations, but can be applied
upwards of 112 dbA with the frequency
spectrum produced from a low noise control
valve having a dominant value at some
2000Hz.
Systems which vent to atmosphere are
potentially very noisy because of the highpressure drop ratios and high exit velocities
involved. Dividing the total pressure drop
within the vent system, by fitting a multi-path
diffuser at the pipework exit in series with
the upstream control valve, can significantly
reduce the noise problem.

SEVERN
GLOCON

Technical Manual System SGT 10/9

Flow Path Noise Attenuation.

Treatment of the flow path noise may be
used as an option where source treatment of
the noise generated is considered too
expensive. In addition it may be specified to
augment the attenuation provided at source.
This increasing of the resistance to noise
propagation into the surroundings can take
on many forms including thermal or acoustic
pipework insulation, increasing the pipe wall
thickness schedule, additional fixed area
throttling plates and diffusers or silencers.
Pipework
thickness
alterations
and
additional insulation can provide noise
attenuation benefits local to the valve,
however this masking only provides a
localized respite from the noise, as the fluid
stream will carry the noise for long distances
within the downstream pipework.

pressure although care is needed in

selection and positioning so as not to
increase the valve size with which it is in
series.
Table 1 details the standard baffle plates
available together with their rated flow Cv
and style modifier values for calculation
purposes.
Figure 2. Single Cage Valve with Seat
Exit
Diffuser
for
Flashing
Flow
Applications.

Valve Seat Exit Diffusers.

This simple form of cylindrical fixed area
flow restrictors is mounted within the valve
immediately below the seat. It is often
constructed integral with the seat and is
manufactured in hardened materials to
offset flow erosion. Similar to the concentric
flow cage in construction, when used in flow
over the head applications, such as liquids,
multi-phase or flashing the seat exit diffuser
not only supplements the pressure drop and
noise attenuation capabilities of the fitted
valve trim, it also protects the base of the
globe valve from the erosive effects of the
working fluids. Figure 2 illustrates a single
stage cage valve with seat exit diffuser for
use on flashing applications.
Baffle Plates.
Another type of fixed area restrictor is the
baffle plate. These can be mounted both
upstream and downstream of a control
valve, when the baffle plate is able to reduce
noise by up to 15dBA.
Providing the application conditions are
suitable, baffle plates are often used to
supplement
the
noise
attenuation
capabilities of a control valve, at higher
florets, thereby allowing a more cost
effective solution using a smaller valve, with
a reduced number of trim pressure letdown
stages to be used. It is often convenient to
mount a baffle plate within the control valve,
thereby saving the expense of additional
pipework and fittings. Figure 3 illustrates this
arrangement for a flanged valve.
Baffle plates can also be used with liquid
flows to augment the performance of a
control valve providing that the flow rates
remain reasonably constant.
As liquid flows have a constant specific
volume, the restrictors can be mounted
either upstream or downstream to reduce

Figure 3. Flanged Valve fitted with

Integral Baffle Plate.

Absorption Silencers.
This type of silencer reduces the produced
noise by actually absorbing some of the
acoustic energy. If it is fitted immediately
downstream of the valve it will reduce the
sound intensity produced at the valve and
within the downstream pipeline. The internal
construction of these in-line silencers, using
perforated tubes and acoustic insulating
materials, effectively dissipate the noise
within the flowing medium and also
attenuate the noise reaching the outside.
Designed for reasonably constant and high
mass flow rates these units can provide cost
effective noise attenuation upto 35dbA.
Similar in construction to the in-line
absorption silencer, but with one end open
to the environment, the open vent unit is
sited at the termination point of pipework,
and allows the fluid stream to vent out
atmosphere.
Capable of taking some pressure drop,
which increases the back pressure on the
vent valve, the combined unit of valve and
vent silencer can provide in excess of 50dbA
noise attenuation.
MLT Vent Silencing.
When free venting high pressure drop
compressible flows through a conventional
type of control valve, feeding into an
unrestricted leg of pipework open to the
environment, noise levels upto 140dbA can
be heard.
Without the ability to control the discharge
velocities the flow from a valve will create
turbulence and/or shock waves resulting in
the creation of unwanted noise.
The multi-stage pressure let down, and
torturous flow path construction of the MultiLabyrinth Trim (MLT).
Permits high line pressures to be vented into
the environment without the production of
excessive noise levels.
This type of MLT vent silencing unit is
suitable for fitting in a discharge stack
downstream of a control valve. If there is
wide flow rangeability required the MLT
stack can form part of the valve trim, which
is discharged directly to the environment.
The valve plug is positioned to optimize the
pressure drop ratios dependent upon the
discharge flow rate.
Pressure Recovery Factors.
The fixed area restrictors or attenuators
generally have higher pressure recovery
characteristics that the cage valves,
therefore care is needed in sizing so as not
to drop excessive pressure across these
elements thereby causing excessive noise
or cavitation. Clearly the cavitation index is
also changed. Values for FL, mr and

pressure drop ratio factor XT are given in

Table 2.
Table 1. Single Flat Plat Baffle Flow
Characteristics.
Baffle
Plate
Identifier
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
E1
E2
E3
F1
F2
F3
G1
G2
G3
H1
H2
H3
J1
J2
J3
K1
K2
K3
L1
L2
L3
M1
M2
M3
N1
N2
N3
P1
P2
P3
R1
R2
R3
S1
S2
S3

Minimum
Pipe Dia
ins
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
8
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
12
14
14
14
16
16
16
18
18
18
20
20
20
24
24
24
30
30
30
36
36
36

Baffle
Flow
Cv
7.3
9.7
12
16.5
22
27.5
29
39
49
66
88
110
117
156
195
265
350
440
470
625
780
730
980
1220
1050
1400
1760
1450
1910
2400
1870
2500
3150
2370
3160
3950
2950
3900
4870
4210
5610
7020
6580
8770
10,960
9,470
12,630
15,800

Style
Modifier
Fd
0.228
0.198
0.177
0.152
0.132
0.117
0.171
0.148
0.132
0.113
0.098
0.088
0.114
0.099
0.088
0.076
0.066
0.059
0.057
0.049
0.044
0.046
0.039
0.035
0.047
0.041
0.037
0.049
0.042
0.038
0.042
0.037
0.033
0.044
0.038
0.034
0.046
0.039
0.035
0.038
0.033
0.029
0.038
0.033
0.029
0.038
0.033
0.029

Table 2. Fixed Area Attenuators Pressure

Recovery Factors Cavitation Index
Values.
Attentuator
Type
Cylindrical
Flat Baffle
MLT

Recovery
Factor FL
0.94
0.91
0.98

Cavitation
Index mr
1.25
1.34
1.08

Pressure
Factor XT
0.86
0.83
0.97

Cv total = ( [1/Cv1]2 + [1/Cv2]2

---- [1/Cvn]2 )

Where :Cv1
= Flow Cv of first restrictor (or Valve).
Cv2
= Flow Cv of second restrictor (or Valve)
Cvn
= Flow Cv of Nth restrictor (or Valve)
Selection of Attenuators to work in Series
with Valves.
Care is required when selecting any attenuator
which is to be fitted in series with valve
equipment, as the wrong allocation of pressure
drop (unit Cv) could result in the valve being
oversized.
For a simple baffle plate the optimum pressure
ratio is approximately 2:1. Higher pressure ratios
may be used up to some 4:1, however the
resulting noise produced from the simple baffle
(see Section 8 of this Manual) may be
prohibitive. There is no minimum pressure ratio
required, but in order to maintain effectiveness
the flow rate needs to remain reasonably
constant i.e. low rangeability requirements.

Figure 4. Absorption Silencer.

Determination of Flow Capacity Cv with
Fixed Area Flow Restrictors in Series.
Calculation of restrictor capacity and critical
flow factor is carried out in a similar manner to
that for a normal valve, (see Section 2 of this
Manual) with the necessary attention being
paid to cavitation coefficient allocated to the
restrictor.
When determining the effect of fitting restrictors
these are added as resistors in series with the
control valve.

Gas / Vapour Noise Level Prediction

Technique for In-Line Attentuators.
When performing calculations to determine the
noise levels produced by valves with in-line
attenuators, it is necessary to consider each
pressure let down stage separately. It is
therefore necessary to determine the pressure
drop and capacity (Cv) of each restricting
component, and determine the best allocation
between the valve and attenuator. As this is an
iterative process Severn Glocon have developed
their own in-house computer program to
produce the most cost effective solutions.
Section 8 of this Manual shows how individual
noise levels are predicted, together with how this
is summated into an overall produced noise for
the equipment.

Severn Glocon
Technical Manual
Valve Actuator Sizing
Contents.
Static Forces on Valve Trims.
Seat Leakage Requirements.
Allowances for Friction.
Dynamic Forces on Valve Trims.
Calculating Actuator Thrust Requirements.
Actuator and Trim Dimensional Data.
Introduction.
There are three main types of actuator,
which are used in-conjunction with control
valves, these are pneumatic, electric and
hydraulic powered versions. Clearly, these
groups maybe sub-divided into different
variants depending upon the type of control
instrumentation fitted and the individual
valve configuration e.g. Rotary or Linear.
Irrespective of which type of actuation is
selected, the method of calculating the valve
trim unbalanced forces can be overcome by
the actuator is identical. Both the static and
dynamic forces acting on the valve trim are
considered together with the additional
forces required to overcome the internal
valve sliding friction and trim seating forces
necessary to provide the required valve
shutoff class.
During the flowing conditions the pressures
effective at the valve plug are less than
those normally given at the valve inlet and
outlet. These differences are due to internal
pressure losses within the valve body
attributable to shape changes in section. As
the overall pressure differentials between
the valve inlet and outlet are the most
extreme these are used in the calculations
for sizing the actuator.
Trim flow direction can result in the
production of high transient forces acting on
the valve plug, particularly if the plug is
flowed over the head and is near its
seating position. This condition known as
bath plugging can produce oscillation of
the plug and lead to flow disruptions and
violent pulsations. The calculation methods
given in this manual do not take into account
these transient forces, however, experience
has shown that avoiding the use of a low
inherent stability actuator e.g. pneumatic
diaphragm spring type, change of flow
direction or fitting a snubber, can often
eliminate these undesirable effects.
The use of fixed area attenuators to
supplement valve performance is discussed
in SGT 10/9 of this Manual. Under maximum
operating conditions this equipment can
substantially reduce the trim out of balance
pressures to be overcome by the actuator.

SEVERN
GLOCON

Figure 1. Series N Numotor Pneumatic

Piston Actuator.

Figure 2. Series P Linear Spring Cylinder

Actuator.
Static Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

An actuator has to be capable of

overcoming both the static and dynamic
forces associated with a valve. To achieve
this it requires the necessary power,
stiffness and frequency response to match
the application.
Static forces are considered to exist when
pressure is applied to the valve but no
resultant flow takes place.
The summation of all the different static
forces acting on the valve can demand a
high degree of actuator force.
These requirements result from the static
force on the trim, which may / may not be
internally balances, plus that from the stem
which is subjected to the maximum pressure
differential.
Seat Leakage Requirements.
Leakage class requirements from the valve
also contribute significantly to the actuator
size. This seating force varies from some
20lbs / inch of seat circumference to satisfy
up to Class III leakage, with the value rising
to some 80lbs for Class IV.
Metal to metal seated.
Class V valves require even higher loading
which are dependent upon the pressure
differential applied across the seat. Typically
for ANSI 600 valve working up to maximum
differential at shut-off the loading per inch of
circumference can be in excess of 160lbs
depending
upon
the
materials
of
construction.
Soft seated valves for typically Class VI
leakage, still require an appreciable load
from the actuator to maintain the bubbletight shutoff expected. This level depends
upon the seat material selection, which may
be peculiar to the application and working
temperature. Typically for a TFE material,
with a maximum working differential
pressure up to some 500psi the expected
loading is some 90lbs per inch of seat
circumference.
Allowances for Friction.
With linear motion valves the greatest
source of friction often originates in the valve
packing, however the actual level depends
upon the choice of packing.
With
the
increasing
awareness
of
environmental issues, low emission valve
gland packing are now being offered with
virtually zero leakage. However, some of
these packing materials require additional
allowances in order to overcome the
increased
stem
friction.
For
most
applications below 250oC the Teflon
Chevron ring set will be specified. This type
of packing generally gives low friction.
Conversely at higher temperatures, where
graphite is often specified, the highest
friction levels need to be overcome. Friction
values for different stem packing materials
are given in this manual, together with those

attributable to piston seals in cage balanced

valves, see Tables 1 and 2.
Rotary Valves.
With a symmetrical construction rotary types
e.g. ball and plug valves, there is no
unbalanced static forces. High friction exists
between the seating and the rotary member
at all positions. With eccentric or offset
rotary valves static unbalance does exist as
the valve moves away from its seating.
The force required to operate the rotary
valve is measured as a torque, and due
allowance has to be made to cope with
breakout friction as the rotary member
commences movement.
Stem friction is often reduced compared to
linear sliding stem valves. However, in some
designs there are two packing boxes, one
for each end of the stem, in order to
eliminate high levels of axial thrust
associated with large stem diameters.
Dynamic Forces.
These forces are created by the flow of fluid
through the valve, and with certain valve
types can be quite complex and may cause
instability, which manifests itself with
oscillation at the actuator. Different types of
actuator have more inherent stability and
stiffness than others. In high duty
applications e.g. surge control, if it is
suspected that instability may become a
problem then hydraulic or pneumatic spring
piston actuators will provide the best
solution.
It is advisable to carry out a stability check
when using a diaphragm spring unit, fitted to
a valve having a solid unbalanced trim on
control applications, particularly when a low
rate spring is specified. This is to ensure that
when the trim unbalanced force acts in the
same direction as the valve fail action, that
the actuator spring force is dominant rather
than the force produced from the trim.
An empirically derived formulae for checking
the stability of a spring diaphragm spring
unit, is given below. The value of the stability
calculated should not be greater than 1.
Stability Check = Trim Loading x Travel x16
Spring Compressed Spring Extended
Where:Travel
=Actuator Stroke ins.
Spring Compressed =Maximum Spring Force lb
Spring extended
=Minimum Spring Force lb.
Trim loading
=0.1 P1xunbalanced area in2. and 0.1P1
is limited to 20psi max.
If the calculated valve is greater than 1, then the following
options should be considered to remove a potential control
problem:1) Balance the trim.
2) Increase the actuator size.
3) Increase the assembly stiffness i.e. increase spring rate.

Actuator Fore Requirements Applicable to all Valve Trim Designs.

These frictional and seating forces are additional to any other forces calculated for the actuator to
overcome due to trim unbalance.
Balance Seal Friction Bf
If the valve has a balanced trim the balance seal will oppose trim movement, this additional
friction force can be calculated as follows :Br = 1.98 Dpl x L x S x U
Where:Dpl
=Plug diameter ins (see table 6).
L
=Seal thickness ins (taken as 0.190).
S
=for PTFE seal is taken as the value for P1 in lb/in2g.
S
=for Graphite seal is taken as the constant value 2250.
U
=for PTFE seal is taken as the value 0.08.
U
=for Graphite seal is taken as the value 0.15.
Stem Packing Friction Gf.
Table 1 Actuator Force required to overcome Stem Packing Friction.
Stem Dia
Valve Rating
PTFE
PTFE
Ins
mm
Class
Chevrons
Braided
lbf
N
lbf
N
300
75
335
600
100
446
0.5
13
50
223
1500
125
558
2500
150
670
300
100
446
600
120
536
0.75
18
75
335
1500
130
580
2500
160
714
300
130
580
600
150
670
1.063
27
110
491
1500
190
848
2500
220
982
300
450
2009
600
490
2188
2.0
50
200
893
1500
500
2232
2500
550
2455

Low
Emission
lbf
125
170
190
230
190
250
270
295
285
340
355
375
640
680
730
750

Graphite
N
558
759
848
1027
848
1116
1205
1317
1272
1518
1585
1674
2857
3036
3259
3348

lbf
305
412
509
620
510
725
1110
1410
705
990
1470
1750
1260
1980
2750
3300

N
1.358
1835
2267
2762
2272
3230
4945
6280
3140
4410
6550
7795
5610
8820
12250
14700

Valve Seating Forces PL1

Table 2. Actuator Force required to provide Seat Leakage Class PL1
Seat Leakage
Valve Rating
Resilient
ANSI Class
Class
Seating
lbf
N
300
600
Class III
1500
2500
300
600
Class IV
1500
2500
300
70
313
600
90
402
Class V
1500
110
491
2500
130
580
300
135
603
600
150
670
Class VI
1500
180
804
2500
200
893

Metal
to Metal
lbf
20
30
45
60
80
95
125
145
230
260
350
390

Note : Values given in Table 2 are in Force lbs required / inch of Seat Circumference.

N
89
134
201
268
357
424
558
647
1025
1160
1560
1740

Hard Faced
Seating
lbf
N
30
134
45
201
60
268
80
357
150
670
180
804
195
871
240
1071
350
1560
390
1740
430
1910
450
2005

Nomenclature
A
A1
A2
A3
Bf
C1
F1
F2
F3
F4
Gf
Pact
P1
P2
P3
P4
PL1
SR1
SR2
Stem

= Actuator Size
=Area valve seat bore
=Area of valve guide balance bore
=Area of valve plug stem
=Balance seal friction
=Circumference of the seat bore
=Unbalanced force with valve in closed position
=Unbalanced force with valve in open position
=Force required to open a shut valve
=Force required to close and seat valve
=Stem packing gland friction
=Actuator operating fluid pressure
=Inlet pressure with valve open
=Outlet pressure with valve open
=Inlet pressure with valve closed
=Outlet pressure with valve closed
=Seating force required to give leakage class
=Spring rating in relaxed condition (i.e. 3psi on 3 to 15psi spring)
=Spring rating in compressed condition (i.e. 3psi on 3 to 15psi
spring)
=Limiting valve stem design stress

Sizing Procedure for Valves.

a). Allocation of Pressure Drop.
These are three possible options for the actuator
sizing pressures, which are detailed as follows:1). Where the P Actuator sizing is not specified
in which case use:P3 = P1 and P4 = 0.
2) Where the P actuator sizing is specified,
and is lower than the inlet pressure in which
case use:P3 = P1 and
P4 = P1 - P actuator sizing.
3) Where the P actuator sizing is specified and
is higher than the inlet pressure given, in which
case use:P3 = P actuator sizing and P4 = 0.
b). Calculation of Forces F1 and F2.
Select the appropriate figure for the trim type
being considered and by using the formulae
applicable calculate forces F1 and F2.
NOTE: A positive answer indicates an
unbalanced force acting in an upwards
direction, whereas a negative answer
indicates a downward acting unbalanced
force.
c). Additional Actuator Forces Required. Gf,
Bf & PL1.
Using Tables 1 & 2 determine the additional
actuator forces required to satisfy stem gland
packing and balance seal friction plus the seat
leakage class requirements. These are then
used in the calculation of valve opening force F3
and valve closing and seating force F4.
d). For Actuators fitted with Mechanical
Springs.
Calculate
the
maximum
spring
force
requirement, this is dependent upon the valve

Imperial Units
in2
in2
in2
in2
lbf
ins
lbf
lbf
lbf
lbf
lbf
lbf/in2g
lbf/in2g
lbf/in2g
lbf/in2g
lbf/in2g
lbf
lbf/in2g
lbf/in2g

Metric Units
cm2
cm2
cm2
cm2
N
cm
N
N
N
N
N
barg
barg
barg
barg
barg
N
barg
barg

lbf/in2g

barg

position required on instrument air failure, and is

usually expressed in terms of spring rating x the
selected actuator size (area ins2).
1). Air fail valve position closed i.e. spring
relaxed.
Force required to close and seat the valve F4.
Where:- F4 = (F1 + Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A ------(1)
or F4 = (F2 + Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A
whichever is the greater.

-------(2)

2). Select spring from table * which in its relaxed

position has sufficient force to satisfy F4
requirements.
3). Calculate the minimum Actuator operating
pressure required Pact.
Where:- Pact = SR1 + (Gf + Bf F1) / A ------(3)
or Pact = SR2 + (Gf + Bf F1) / A
whichever is the greater.

----------(4)

4). Air fail position open.

Force required to open the valve F3
Where:- F3 = (Gf + Bf F1) / A -------------(5)
or F3 = (Gf + Bf F2) / A
whichever is the greater.

-------------------(6)

5). Select spring from Table 7 for the Series W

Spring Diaphragm Actuator which in its relaxed
position has sufficient force to satisfy F3
requirements.

6). Calculate the minimum Actuator operating

pressure required Pact.
Where:Pact = SR1 + (Gf + Bf + C1PL1 + F2)/A -------------(7)
or Pact = SR2 + (Gf + Bf + C1PL1 + F1)/A ----- --(8)
whichever is greater.
Note 1: An allowance of 5psig above the
minimum calculated actuator working pressure
is normally made to allow for deterioration in
supply pressures.
Note 2: The minimum actuator working fluid
pressure selected should be below the
recommended maximums given in the Product
Bulletins.
Note 3: When spring less actuators are used SR1
and SR2 are deleted from the above formulae.

Read off the stem gland packing friction Gf from

table 1.
Gf = 100 lbf ie PTFE Braided.
Bf = 0 i.e. contoured trim therefore no seal rings
are fitted.
Read off the trim sealing force required PL1. from
Table 2.
PL1 = 20 lbf / in of seat circumference.
C1 = 7.885 ins from Table 5.
Series W Actuator Sizing (Air fail position
closed.)

e). Limiting Stem Stress Stem.

On valve with large unbalanced forces it is
necessary to check the valve stem stress using
(9)
Stem = Maximum unbalanced load / Valve stem
area (A3) -----------------------------------------------(9)
Consult material data sheet for limiting stress
values.
f). Sample Actuator Sizing Calculations.
A 3ins contoured trim installed within a 6ins
Series 5000 300lb rated body. Working
temperature is 200oC and the packing fitted is
PTFE Braided. Leakage requirements are
ANSI/FCI 70-2-1991 Class III metal to metal
seating.
P1
P2
P3
P4
A1
A3

=80 psig (Inlet pressure with valve open)

=20 psig (Outlet pressure with valve open)
=100 psig (Inlet pressure with valve closed)
=10 psig (Outlet pressure with valve closed)
=4.909 ins2 (Area valve seat bore)
=0.442 ins2 (Area of valve plug stem 0.75
dia)

Flow is under the plug, therefore calculating the

out of balance force in the plug closed position
shown Figure 3.
F1

=(P3 x A1) (P4 x (A1 A3) )

=(100 x 4.909) (10 (4.909 0.442)
=446.2 lbf. (Acting upwards)

Out of balance force in the plug open position

shown Figure 4.
F2

=(P1 x A1) (P2 x (A1 A3) )

=(80 x 4.909) 20 (4.909 0.442)
=303.4 lbf. (Acting upwards)

Figure 3. Series W Reverse Acting Spring

Diaphragm Actuator.
The stroke for a 6ins valve is 2 ins which is the
standard travel for a Series W diaphragm spring
opposed 150 in2 actuator.
The spring pressure required in the valve closed
position is:Force (Maximum) required to close and seat the
valve is F4, in this case given from equation (1).
Where:-F4 = (F1 - Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A
= (446.2 + 100 + 0 + 7.855(20) )/150
= 4.68 psig.
This spring load can be achieved with a
6 - 30psig spring, which has 6 psig available in
the valve closed (spring relaxed) position.
Calculate the minimum Actuator operating
pressure required Pact using equations (3) & (4).
Where:- PactClosed = SR1 + (Gf + Bf F1) / A
or
PactOpen = SR2 + (Gf + Bf F2) / A
whichever is the greater.
PactClosed = 6 + ((100 + 0 446.2) / 150)
= 6 2.3
= 3.7 psig.
PactOpen

= 30 + ((100 + 0 303.4) / 150)

= 30 1.36
= 28.64 psig
From Note 1. Section (d) an allowance of +5
psig is made, thus Minimum Air Pressure =33.64
psig

Air Fail Position Open.

The calculations are carried out in exactly the
same manner as for the air fail position closed,
except that F3 is calculated from equation (5) &
(6) in place of F4.
Stem Stress.
A check of the stem stress is required to ensure
it is within acceptable values as per material
data sheets.
Stem = Maximum unbalanced load / Valve stem
area (A3)
= (F1 + Gf + Bf + C1PL1)/A3
= (446.2 + 100 + 0 + 7.855 (20) / 0.442
= 1,591 lbf/in2
Stability Check.
As the Series W actuator is wholly reliant on the
spring for operational stability then this check
should be made:The value of the stability calculated from the
following equation should not be greater than 1.
Stability Check = Trim Loading x Travel x 16
Spring Compressed Spring Extended
Where: Travel
Spring Compressed
Spring Extended
Trim Loading

Step 1. Calculate F4 maximum force required to

close and seat the valve, using equations ---(1)
& (2). This force is then converted to spring
pressure consistent with the size of actuator
selected.
Step 2. If it is decided some of the required
spring force is to be produced from the air
pressure acting above the cylinder piston. Then
this force is subtracted from the total spring
force requirements.
Step 3. Calculate the minimum actuator
operating pressure required using equations
--------- (7) & (8).
Step 4. Check stem stress.
Air Fail position open.
The actuator spring force is required to open the
valve on air failure is calculated in the same
manner as for the Series W actuator except F3
replaces F4. Utilise Step 2 from the above air to
close routine if an air spring is to be used to
augment the mechanical spring force.

=Actuator Stroke ins.

=Maximum Spring Force lb.
=Minimum Spring Forces lb.
=0.1 P1 x unbalanced area in2.
and 0.1 P1 is limited to 20psi max.

Stability check = 8x2.25x16/(150x30)(150 x 6)

Therefore as the Check shows the result to be
0.08 there should be no problem with valve

stabityi.
Figure 4. Series P spring Cylinder
Actuator.
Series P Actuator Sizing Air Fail position
closed.
With this actuator the spring force required to
close the valve is calculated in the same way as
for the Series W Actuator. However, by fitting a
5 port solenoid valve or a positioner in series
with the actuator it is possible to utilize some air
pressure above the piston to augment the
mechanical spring force, if required. See Step 2.

Figure 5. Series N Numotor Actuator.

Series N Numotor Actuator Sizing air fail
position closed.
The force required to close the valve is
calculated in exactly the same way as for the
Series W and P actuators. With this actuator the
mechanical spring is normally replaced by the
pneumatic loading pressure acting on the upper
area of the piston.
The supply pressure less the loading pressure
times the piston area is the opening thrust and
this must be able to give an opening force
sufficient to satisfy the calculated requirements
for the valve. The option is available to set the
loading pressure to suit different trim loads.
Typically, by setting the loading pressure at half
the supply pressure, the available force is equal
in both directions.
Air fail position open.
When the Series N Numotor is required to
operate in the air fail open mode, then only a
mechanical spring is used to develop the air fail
thrust required. This mechanical spring force is
calculated in exactly the same manner except F3
replaces F4 as for the Series W and P actuators.

Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

Contoured (Flowed Over)

Contoured (Flowed Over)

F1 (Closed)
F1 = (P4 x A1) (P3 x (A1 A3))

F2 (Cracked open)
F2 = (P2 x A1) (P1 x (A1 A3))
F2 = (Open)
F2 = P1 x A3

Contoured (Flowed Under)

F1 (Closed)
F1 = (P3 x A1) (P4 x (A1 A3))

Contoured (Flowed Under)

F2 (Open)
F2 = (P1 x A1) (P2 x (A1 A3))

Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

Cage Guided Nonbalanced (Flowed Over)

Cage Guided Nonbalanced (Flowed Over)

F1 (Closed)
F1 = (P4 x A1)+(P3x(A2 A1))(P3x(A2 A3))
F1 = (P4 x A1) + (P3 x (A3 A1))

F2 (Open)
F2 = (P2x A2) - (P1 x (A2 A3) )

Cage Guided Nonbalanced (Flowed Under)

Cage Style Nonbalanced (Flowed Under)

F1 (Closed)
F1 = (P3 x A1)+(P4x(A2 A1))(P4x(A2 A3))
F1 = (P3 x A1) + (P4 x (A3 A1))

F2 (Open)
F2 = (P1x A2) - (P2 x (A2 A3) )

Forces Acting on Valve Trims.

Cage Guided Balanced (Flowed Over)

F1 (Closed)
F1 = (P4 x A1)+(P3x(A2 A1))(P4x(A2 A3) )
F1 = (P4 (A1 A2 + A3) ) + (P3 x (A2 A1) )

Cage Guided Balanced (Flowed Over)

Cage Guided Balanced (Flowed Under)

F2 (Open)
F2 = (P1x A2) - (P1 x (A2 A3) )
F2 = P2 x A3
Cage Style Balanced (Flowed Under)

F1 (Closed)
F1 = (P3 x A1)+(P4x(A2 A1))(P3x(A2 A3) )
F1 = (P3 (A1 A2 + A3) ) + (P4 x (A2 A1) )

F2 (Open)
F2 = (P1x A2) - (P1 x (A2 A3) )
F2 = (P1 x A3)

Table 3. Series 2000 Stem Dimensions up to and including ANSI 600 (PN 110) Area (A3)
Valve Body Size
ins
mm
<=1
<=25
1
40
2
50
3
80
4
100
6
150
8
200
10
250
12
300

Stem Diameter
ins
mm
0.551
14.0
0.801
20.3
0.801
20.3
1.00
25.4
1.00
25.4
1.50
25.4
2.00
50.8
2.00
50.8
3.00
76.2

Table 4. Series 5000 Stem Dimensions Area (A3)

Valve Body Size
ins
<=1
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

mm
<=25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600

Up to and including
ANSI 600 (PN 110)
3
Stem Diameter Area (A )
2
2
cm
ins
mm
ins

13
0.20
1.27

19
0.44
2.85

19
0.44
2.85
1 1/16 27
0.89
5.72
1 1/16 27
0.89
5.72
1 1/16 27
0.89
5.72
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3

Stem Area (A3)

ins
mm
0.24
1.54
0.50
3.25
0.50
3.25
0.79
5.07
0.79
5.07
1.77
11.4
3.14
20.3
3.14
20.3
7.07
456

ANSI 900/1500
(PN 150/250)
3
Stem Diameter Area (A )
2
2
cm
ins
mm
ins

19
0.44
2.85
1 1/16
27
0.89
5.72
1 1/16
27
0.89
5.72
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3

ANSI 2500
(PN 420)
3
Stem Diameter Area (A )
2
2
cm
ins
mm
ins

19
0.44
2.85
1 1/16
27
0.89
5.72
1 1/16
27
0.89
5.72
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3
2
51
3.14
20.3

Table 5. Series 2000 Contoured Trims Seat Dimensions Area (A1) Circumference (C1)
Valve Body Size
ins

mm
15

20

25

40

50

80

100

150

Trim Size
Cv
2.5
4
4
7
7
15
20
30
30
50
75
110
110
195
275
400

ins
3/8

1
1
1
1
1 5/8
2
3
3
3
4
5

Seat Bore
Diameter
ins
mm
0.407
10.3
0.500
12.7
0.500
12.7
0.625
15.8
0.625
15.8
0.812
20.6
1.125
28.6
1.250
31.8
1.250
31.8
1.625
41.3
2.000
50.8
2.625
66.7
2.625
66.7
3.500
88.9
4.187
106
5.000
127

Seat
Circumference (C1)
ins
cm
1.28
3.25
1.57
3.99
1.57
3.99
1.96
4.99
1.96
4.99
2.55
6.48
3.53
8.98
3.93
9.98
3.93
9.98
5.11
12.97
6.28
15.96
8.25
20.95
8.25
20.95
10.99
27.93
13.15
33.41
15.71
39.90

Seat Area
(A1)
2
2
cm
ins
0.13
0.84
0.20
1.27
0.20
1.27
0.31
1.98
0.31
1.98
0.52
3.34
0.99
6.41
1.23
7.92
1.23
7.92
2.07
13.38
3.14
20.27
5.41
34.92
5.41
34.92
9.62
62.07
13.77
88.83
19.64
126.7

Table 6. Series 5000 Contoured Trims Seat Dimensions Area (A1) Circumference (C1)
Valve Body Size
ins

mm
15

20

25

40

50

80

100

150

200

10

250

Trim Size
Cv
2.5
4
6
9
12
15
20
25
30
46
50
75
110
110
200
275
400
500
650
1000

Seat Bore
Diameter
ins
mm
0.375
9.5
0.500
12.7
0.562
14.3
0.750
19.0
0.875
22.2
1.000
25.4
1.125
28.6
1.250
31.8
1.375
24.9
1.625
41.3
1.700
43.2
2.000
50.8
2.625
66.7
2.625
66.7
3.500
88.9
4.187
106
5.000
127
5.662
144
6.375
162
8.000
203

ins
3/8

9/16

7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 3/4
2
3
3
3 1/2
4 1/4
5
5 1/2
6 1/2
10

Seat
Circumference (C1)
ins
cm
1.18
2.99
1.57
3.99
1.77
4.49
2.36
5.99
2.75
6.99
3.14
7.98
3.53
8.98
3.93
9.98
4.32
10.98
5.11
12.97
5.34
13.57
6.28
15.96
8.25
20.95
8.25
20.95
10.99
27.93
13.15
33.41
15.71
39.90
45.18
45.18
50.88
50.88
63.85
63.85

Seat Area
(A1)
2
2
cm
ins
0.11
0.71
0.20
1.27
0.24
1.60
0.44
2.85
0.60
3.88
0.79
5.07
0.99
6.41
1.23
7.92
1.48
9.58
2.07
13.38
2.27
14.65
3.14
20.27
5.41
34.92
5.41
34.92
9.62
62.07
13.77
88.83
19.64
126.7
25.18
162.4
31.92
205.9
50.27
324.3

Table 7. Series 5000 Cage Guided Trims Seat and Guide Dimensions (A1), (A2) & (C1)
Valve Body
Size
Ins
mm

Trim Size

Cv

75

100

150

200

10

250

12
16

ins

Seat Bore
Diameter

ins

mm

Seat
Circumference
(C1)
ins
cm

Seat Area
(A2)

Seat Area
(A1)

ins

cm

ins

cm

300

20
35
55
80
80
150
200
300
500
650
750
1000
1640

1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
2 1/2
4
4 1/4
5
5 1/2
6 1/2
8
10
10

1.25
1.625
2.000
2.625
2.625
3.500
4.187
5.000
5.662
6.375
7.750
8.875
10.25

31.8
41.3
50.8
66.7
66.7
89
106
127
144
162
197
225
260

3.93
5.11
6.28
8.25
8.25
10.99
13.15
15.71
17.79
20.03
24.35
27.88
32.20

9.98
12.97
15.96
20.95
20.95
27.93
33.41
39.90
45.18
50.88
61.84
70.82
81.79

1.23
2.07
3.14
5.41
5.41
9.62
13.77
19.64
25.18
31.92
47.17
61.86
82.52

7.92
13.38
20.27
34.92
34.92
62.10
88.80
126.7
162.4
205.9
304.3
399.1
532.4

1.48
2.41
3.55
5.94
5.94
10.32
14.61
20.63
26.30
33.18
48.70
63.62
85.56

9.58
15.5
22.9
38.3
38.3
66.6
94.2
133
170
214
314
410
552

400

2500

14

13.50

343

42.44

107.8

143.1

923.2

145.8

941

Table 8. Series W Actuators Spring Diaphragm Forces

Actuator
2
Size in

Max. Travel
in

mm

Max.
Pressure
psig barg

38

0.75

20

60

4.1

75

1.12

28

60

4.1

150

2.25

57

60

4.1

300

4.0

100

50

3.4

Spring Range
psig
3-15
6-18
6-30
8-32
3-15
6-18
6-30
8-32
3-15
6-18
6-30
8-32
3-15
6-18
6-30
8-32

Gross Thrust

barg
0.2-1.0
0.4-1.2
0.4-2.0
0.5-2.20
0.2-1.0
0.4-1.2
0.4-2.0
0.5-2.20
0.2-1.0
0.4-1.2
0.4-2.0
0.5-2.20
0.2-1.0
0.4-1.2
0.4-2.0
0.5-2.20

lbf

kgf

2250

1021

4500

2042

9000

4083

15000

6806

Spring
Compressed
lbf
kgf
1687
766
1575
715
1225
556
1050
476
3375
1531
3150
1429
2250
1021
2100
953
6750
3063
6300
2858
4500
2042
4200
1906
10500
4764
9600
4356
6000
2722
5400
2450

Spring
Extended
lbf
kgf
113
51
225
102
225
102
300
136
225
102
450
204
450
204
600
272
450
204
900
408
900
408
1200
544
900
408
1800
817
1800
817
2400
1089

Table 9. Series N Actuators Air and Mechanical Spring Thrusts Available

Actuator
Designation
in2
12
25
50
100
200
400
600

Stroke
in
mm
0.75
20
1.0
25
2.5
65
1.5
40
4.0
100
2.5
65
4.0
100
6.0
150
7.0
175
4.0
100
6.0
150
6.0
150

Action on Air Failure Close

Air Spring Only
Gross
Thrust
lbf
KN
1400
6.1
2800
12.3

Nett
lbf
750
1500

Thrust
KN
3.3
6.6

4800

21

2500

11

9700

43

5000

22

18900

83

10000

44

38500

170

20000

88

58500

256

30000

132

Action on Air Failure-Open

Mech. Spring
Assistance
lbf
KN
n/a
n/a
75
0.33
n/a
n/a
80
0.35
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

Mech. Spring Only

Compressed
lbf
KN
n/a
n/a
214
0.93
154
0.67
172
0.75
172
0.75
433
1.93
n/a
n/a
511
2.23
n/a
n/a
511
2.23
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

Extended
lbf
KN
n/a
n/a
102
0.44
44
0.19
127
0.55
44
0.19
220
0.96
n/a
n/a
250
1.09
n/a
n/a
250
1.09
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

Note: Gross thrust calculated with 100psig (6.8 barg) supply pressure and nett thrust with a loading pressure of 50 psig
(3.4 barg)

Table 10. Series N Actuators Air Springs Only Loading Pressure Remaining after Air
Failure Stroke.
Actuator Designation
Size
Stroke
in2
in
mm
12
0.75 20
25
1.0
25
2.5
65
50
1.5
40
4.0
100
100
2.5
65
4.0
100
200
6.0
150
7.0
175
400
4.0
100
6.0
150
600
6.0
150

20 psig
psig
n/a
4.80
4.00
3.50
n/a
4.80
2.90
3.20
*
*
*
*

(1.4barg)
barg
n/a
0.33
0.28
0.24
n/a
0.33
0.20
0.22
*
*
*
*

Action on Air Failure To Close

30 psig
(2.1barg)
40 psig
(2.8barg)
psig
barg
psig
barg
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
10.40
0.72
16.00
1.10
9.30
0.64
14.70
1.01
8.70
0.60
13.90
0.96
0.1
0.00
3.40
0.23
10.40
0.72
16.00
1.10
7.90
0.54
12.90
0.89
8.40
0.58
13.50
0.93
*
*
3.50
0.24
*
*
5.30
0.37
*
*
2.10
0.14
*
*
*
*

50psig
psig
n/a
21.60
20.10
20.00
6.70
21.60
17.90
18.70
6.70
8.90
5.10
*

(3.4barg)
barg
n/a
1.49
1.39
1.38
0.46
1.49
1.23
1.29
0.46
0.61
0.35
*

Note: A * indicates under these initial loading conditions that the actuator will not fail and an auxiliary air reservoir may be
needed.

Table 11. Series P Actuators Cylinder Spring Data.

Cylinder Dimensions
Spring to Close
Cylinder Stroke
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
Size
ins
Design
Rate
Extend
Retract
Lb/in
lbs
lbs
25
0.75
Standard
180
315
450
25
0.75
Heavy
445
778
1112
25B
4.00
Standard
75
250
550
50
1.50
Standard
164
328
574
50
1.50
Medium
398
796
1393
50
1.50
Heavy
550
1100
1925
50B
4.00
Light
200
500
1300
50B
4.00
Standard
200
800
1600
100
2.50
Light
372
745
1675
100
2.50
Standard
550
1100
2475
100
2.50
Heavy
700
1400
3150
100B
4.00
Standard
400
800
2400
100B
4.00
Heavy
600
1200
3600
200
5.00
Multi-pak
260
1560
2860
200
5.00
Heavy
800
4800
8800
200
5.00
Intermediate
100
600
1100
200
5.00
Medium
90
540
990
200
5.00
Light
70
420
770
200B
5.00
Multi-pak
260
1560
2860

Spring to Open
Spring
Spring
Retract
Extend
lbs
lbs
450
315
1112
778
550
250
574
328
1393
796
1925
1100
N\A
N\A
N\A
N\A
1675
745
2475
1100
3150
1400
2400
800
3600
1200
2860
1560
8800
4800
1100
600
990
540
770
420
N\A
N\A

Note: Suffix B refers to Baseplate Actuators used to operate Butterfly Valves or similar.
Table 12. Series P Actuator Maximum Available Seating Thrust Lbf.
Supply

Cylinder Actuator Size

Cylinder Actuator Size

Pressure

Standard Spring Air Fail Close

Standard Spring Air Fail Open

Psig

25

50

100

200

25

50

100

200

40

1428

2780

5550

8320

663

1387

1978

6620

60

1985

3270

7780

12180

1220

2367

4205

10480

80

2540

4250

10000

16040

1776

3348

6432

14340

100

3098

5230

12230

19900

2333

4329

8659

18200

150

4490

7680

17800

29550

3724

6780

14226

27850

Note: The air pressure is applied above the position in each case.

Notes

Care has been taken in the preparation of this manual, but all advise, analysis, calculations, information and
recommendations are supplied for the assistance of the reader and are not to be relied on as authoritative or as in
substitution for the exercise of judgment by the reader or any other person. Severn Glocon or any of its personnel
engaged in the preparation of this manual shall have no liability whatsoever for any direct or consequential loss arising
from use of this manual or its contents and give no warranty or representation (expressed or implied) as to the quality or
fitness for purpose of any material or product referred to in the manual. The revision of products, pursuant to Severn
Glocons policy of continual development as well as the further information, may necessitate revisions to parts or the
entire manual.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whether
electronic, mechanical, photographic or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval systems of any nature without the written
permission of Severn Glocon Ltd.