Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................1
METHOD...................................................................................................................1
THEORY....................................................................................................................1
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT.....................................................................................4
PROCEDURE............................................................................................................6
RESULT & CALCULATION....................................................................................6
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION...........................................................................16
REFERENCE...........................................................................................................17
(1)
(2)
T 4T 3
100 ( )
T 1T 3
+
Mean temperature efficiency , m = h c ( )
2
Cocurrent operation
(7)
When the Heat Exchanger is connected for cocurrent operation the hot and cold fluids
enter the exchanger at the same end. However, the flows are not truly cocurrent
throughout the exchanger because the flow on either side of the plates is not always in
the same direction as shown below.
(10)
Heat power emitted hot fluid , Q e =q m h ( C p ) h ( T 2T 1 ) (W )
(11)
(12)
T 2T 1
100 ( )
T 2T 3
T 4T 3
100 ( )
T 2T 3
h +c
()
2
(14)
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
1. The equipment is set up and the accessory is installed with a cold water supplied
and the pressure regulator is adjusted. The apparatus is switched on and connected
to a suitable PC on which the software has been installed.
2. The HT30XC software is run with the apparatus configured for countercurrent
operation.
3. The temperature controller is set to 60C before the hot water circulator is
switched on. The cold water control valve setting is adjusted to give a cold water
flow rate of 1 litre/min. Then, the hot water flow rate controller is set to 2
litres/min. The temperature is allowed to stabilize by monitoring them using the
console display or the sensor display on the software screen.
4. When the temperature are stable, the
icon is selected to record the
following: T1, T2, T3, T4, Fhot and Fcold. The cold water control valve is closed by
setting it to 0%.
5. The logged data is saved by selecting Save As from the File menu and the
results are given a meaningful name, such as HT32C Countercurrent Operation.
6. The system is changed to cocurrent operation and steps 3 to 5 are repeated.
Hot fluid
inlet
temperature,
T1 (C)
60.0
59.8
60.1
60.3
60.3
60.4
60.5
60.4
60.4
Cold fluid
Hot fluid
volume
outlet
flow rate,
temperature,
qvcold
T2 (C)
(m3/s)
47.9
1.730E-5
47.9
1.791E-5
47.8
1.791E-5
48.2
1.750E-5
48.3
1.770E-5
47.9
1.750E-5
48.2
1.730E-5
48.3
1.892E-5
48.3
1.770E-5
6
Cold fluid
inlet
temperature,
T3 (C)
Cold fluid
outlet
temperature,
T4 (C)
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
48.6
48.6
48.6
48.8
49.0
48.7
49.0
49.0
49.0
2.401E-5
4.131E-5
3.520E-5
2.829E-5
3.541E-5
4.070E-5
3.378E-5
3.785E-5
3.256E-5
3.622E-5
3.154E-5
60.3
60.5
60.4
60.3
60.5
60.4
60.8
60.6
60.7
60.7
60.9
48.2
48.4
48.3
48.2
48.3
48.2
48.4
48.3
48.3
48.4
48.6
1.750E-5
1.892E-5
1.831E-5
1.770E-5
1.770E-5
1.750E-5
1.791E-5
1.608E-5
1.730E-5
1.811E-5
1.669E-5
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
48.9
49.2
49.0
49.0
49.1
49.1
49.3
49.1
49.1
49.2
49.4
According the second law of thermodynamics, a perfect system with 100% efficiency
does not exist in real world. Thus, there must be some dissipation of heat energy of
our plate heat exchanger system throughout the experiment. This means that not
100% of the heat energy was transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid. For
instance, the metal plate would absorb and dissipate a portion of heat energy to its
internal energy or to the surrounding when the hot fluid flowed through it. Besides,
other components of the system such as hot fluid pump and connecting tubes would
also dissipate a small portion of heat energy. This caused the measurements of T1, T2,
T3 and T4 to encounter some deviation.
b)
Although the flow rate of hot and cold fluids had been set to a certain value in the
software, the reading of flow rate kept fluctuating throughout the experiment. When
the flow rate dropped or increased to a greater extent, we had to adjust the flow rate
setting in the software to bring the reading back. The unstable flow rate would affect
the heat transfer rate between hot and cold fluids and thus caused our readings for
temperature to be inconsistent. To minimize the error, we waited for a longer time for
the flow rate to stabilize before the reading was taken.
c)
As mentioned in the theory section before, the flows of fluids were not truly
countercurrent/cocurrent throughout the exchanger because the flow on either side of
the plates was not always in the same direction as what we set. The change in flowing
direction of some portions of the fluids caused the flow rate to fluctuate and thus
resulted in some errors of our data.
Table 1b:
Hot fluid
Hot fluid
inlet
outlet
temperature, temperature,
T1 (C)
T2 (C)
60.0
59.8
60.1
60.3
60.3
60.4
60.5
60.4
60.4
60.3
60.5
60.4
60.3
60.5
60.4
60.8
60.6
60.7
60.7
60.9
Average
Cold fluid
Cold fluid
cold
inlet
outlet
water
temperature, temperature,
temperaT3 (C)
T4 (C)
ture (C)
27.0
48.6
37.83
27.0
48.6
37.81
27.0
48.6
37.81
27.0
48.8
37.93
27.0
49.0
38.02
27.0
48.7
37.89
27.0
49.0
38.02
27.0
49.0
38.04
27.0
49.0
38.01
27.0
48.9
37.97
27.0
49.2
38.10
27.0
49.0
38.04
27.0
49.0
38.02
27.0
49.1
38.09
27.0
49.1
38.06
27.0
49.3
38.15
27.1
49.1
38.10
27.1
49.1
38.09
27.1
49.2
38.14
27.1
49.4
38.22
Average hot
water
temperature
(C)
47.9
47.9
47.8
48.2
48.3
47.9
48.2
48.3
48.3
48.2
48.4
48.3
48.2
48.3
48.2
48.4
48.3
48.3
48.4
48.6
53.95
53.87
53.93
54.21
54.32
54.14
54.34
54.36
54.32
54.24
54.49
54.32
54.27
54.40
54.29
54.60
54.44
54.49
54.55
54.71
For each set of data, the average hot water and cold water temperature tabulated in
Table 1b is calculated as follow:
Average hot water temperature=
T 1+T 2
2
T 3+T 4
2
Table 1c:
Specific
heat of
Density of
Hot mass
hot fluid,
hot fluid,
flow rate,
Cphot
hot (kg/m3)
qmh (kg/s)
(kJ/kgK
)
4.182
986.19
0.0349
4.182
986.23
0.0267
4.182
986.20
0.0311
4.182
986.07
0.0391
4.182
986.02
0.0229
4.182
986.10
0.0267
4.182
986.01
0.0363
4.182
986.00
0.0329
4.182
986.02
0.0403
4.182
986.05
0.0237
4.182
985.94
0.0407
4.182
986.02
0.0347
4.182
986.04
0.0279
4.182
985.98
0.0349
4.182
986.03
0.0401
4.182
985.88
0.0333
4.182
985.96
0.0373
4.182
985.94
0.0321
4.182
985.91
0.0357
4.182
985.83
0.0311
Specific heat
of cold fluid,
Cpcold
(kJ/kgK)
Density of
cold fluid, cold
(kg/m3)
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
4.178
993.02
993.03
993.03
992.99
992.95
993.00
992.95
992.95
992.96
992.97
992.92
992.95
992.95
992.93
992.94
992.90
992.92
992.93
992.91
992.88
Table 1d:
Cold mass
flow rate,
qmc (kg/s)
0.0172
0.0178
0.0178
0.0174
0.0176
0.0174
0.0172
0.0188
0.0176
0.0174
0.0188
0.0182
0.0176
0.0176
0.0174
0.0178
0.0160
0.0172
0.0180
0.0166
Reduction in hot
fluid temperature,
Thot (C)
Increase in cold
fluid temperature,
Tcold (C)
Heat power
emitted from
hot fluid,
Qe (W)
Heat power
absorbed by
cold fluid,
Qa (W)
12.1
11.9
12.3
12.1
12.0
12.4
12.3
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.2
12.1
12.3
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.3
21.6
21.6
21.5
21.8
22.0
21.7
22.0
22.0
21.9
21.9
22.1
22.0
22.0
22.1
22.0
22.2
22.0
22.0
22.1
22.3
1.768
1.333
1.596
1.981
1.149
1.388
1.869
1.662
2.037
1.199
2.057
1.753
1.412
1.777
2.038
1.714
1.910
1.656
1.833
1.596
1.547
1.604
1.599
1.579
1.612
1.575
1.575
1.726
1.609
1.586
1.736
1.670
1.612
1.621
1.598
1.650
1.470
1.579
1.661
1.542
The calculation of Thot, Tcold, Qe and Qa is based on equations (1), (2), (3) and (4)
respectively.
20
T hot
Average T hot =
20
=12.2
20
T cold
Average T cold=
20
=21 . 9
10
Table 1e:
Temperature
efficiency for hot
fluid, h (%)
Temperature
efficiency for cold
fluid, cold (%)
Mean Temperature
Efficiency, m (%)
36.75
36.40
37.17
36.46
36.10
37.33
36.80
36.22
36.26
36.43
36.08
36.26
36.39
36.41
36.45
36.51
36.57
36.75
36.52
36.35
65.42
65.78
65.19
65.49
65.95
65.11
65.63
65.92
65.79
65.72
66.05
65.98
65.95
66.02
66.08
65.90
65.86
65.57
65.80
65.96
51.08
51.09
51.18
50.98
51.02
51.22
51.21
51.07
51.02
51.07
51.07
51.12
51.17
51.21
51.27
51.20
51.21
51.16
51.16
51.15
20
m
Overall Mean Temperature Efficiency=
20
11
=51.13
Hot fluid
volume
flow rate,
qvhot (m3/s)
3.500E-5
3.642E-5
3.113E-5
3.602E-5
3.704E-5
3.358E-5
3.480E-5
3.459E-5
3.195E-5
3.927E-5
3.195E-5
3.704E-5
3.765E-5
3.297E-5
3.459E-5
4.111E-5
3.378E-5
2.890E-5
3.236E-5
3.988E-5
Hot fluid
inlet
temperature,
T1 (C)
54.2
54.5
55.0
54.6
54.8
54.6
54.4
54.7
54.5
54.6
54.8
54.4
54.6
54.8
54.9
54.6
54.6
54.9
54.7
54.3
Cold fluid
Hot fluid
volume
outlet
flow rate,
temperature,
qvcold
T2 (C)
(m3/s)
67.9
1.648E-5
67.8
1.669E-5
68.1
1.608E-5
67.6
1.608E-5
67.6
1.669E-5
67.4
1.669E-5
67.5
1.730E-5
67.7
1.689E-5
67.8
1.648E-5
67.5
1.648E-5
67.4
1.648E-5
67.2
1.669E-5
67.6
1.730E5
67.6
1.770E-5
67.7
1.587E-5
67.2
1.608E-5
67.3
1.608E-5
67.6
1.608E5
66.9
1.730E-5
66.9
1.608E-5
Cold fluid
inlet
temperature,
T3 (C)
Cold fluid
outlet
temperature,
T4 (C)
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.1
27.2
27.1
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
51.3
51.7
51.9
51.8
51.8
51.8
51.5
51.7
51.6
51.8
51.9
51.6
51.5
51.9
52.0
51.9
51.9
52.0
51.9
51.7
According the second law of thermodynamics, a perfect system with 100% efficiency
does not exist in real world. Thus, there must be some dissipation of heat energy of
our plate heat exchanger system throughout the experiment. This means that not
100% of the heat energy was transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid. For
instance, the metal plate would absorb and dissipate a portion of heat energy to its
internal energy or to the surrounding when the hot fluid flowed through it. Besides,
other components of the system such as hot fluid pump and connecting tubes would
also dissipate a small portion of heat energy. This caused the measurements of T1, T2,
T3 and T4 to encounter some deviation.
12
b)
Although the flow rate of hot and cold fluids had been set to a certain value in the
software, the reading of flow rate kept fluctuating throughout the experiment. When
the flow rate dropped or increased to a greater extent, we had to adjust the flow rate
setting in the software to bring the reading back. The unstable flow rate would affect
the heat transfer rate between hot and cold fluids and thus caused our readings for
temperature to be inconsistent. To minimize the error, we waited for a longer time for
the flow rate to stabilize before the reading was taken.
c)
As mentioned in the theory section before, the flows of fluids were not truly
countercurrent/cocurrent throughout the exchanger because the flow on either side of
the plates was not always in the same direction as what we set. The change in flowing
direction of some portions of the fluids caused the flow rate to fluctuate and thus
resulted in some errors of our data.
Table 2b:
Hot fluid
Hot fluid
inlet
outlet
temperature, temperature,
T1 (C)
T2 (C)
54.2
54.5
55.0
54.6
54.8
54.6
54.4
54.7
54.5
54.6
54.8
54.4
67.9
67.8
68.1
67.6
67.6
67.4
67.5
67.7
67.8
67.5
67.4
67.2
Average hot
water
temperature
(C)
61.0
61.1
61.5
61.1
61.2
61.0
60.9
61.2
61.1
61.1
61.1
60.8
13
Average
Cold fluid
Cold fluid
cold
inlet
outlet
water
temperature, temperature,
temperaT3 (C)
T4 (C)
ture (C)
39.2
27.1
51.3
39.4
27.1
51.7
39.5
27.1
51.9
39.5
27.1
51.8
39.5
27.1
51.8
39.5
27.1
51.8
39.3
27.1
51.5
39.4
27.1
51.7
39.4
27.2
51.6
39.5
27.2
51.8
39.5
27.2
51.9
39.4
27.2
51.6
54.6
54.8
54.9
54.6
54.6
54.9
54.7
54.3
67.6
67.6
67.7
67.2
67.3
67.6
66.9
66.9
61.1
61.2
61.3
60.9
60.9
61.2
60.8
60.6
27.1
27.2
27.1
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
51.5
51.9
52.0
51.9
51.9
52.0
51.9
51.7
39.3
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.4
For each set of data, the average hot water and cold water temperature tabulated in
Table 2b is calculated as follow:
Average hot water temperature=
T 1+T 2
2
T 3+T 4
2
Table 2c:
Specific
heat of
Density of
Hot mass
hot fluid,
hot fluid,
flow rate,
Cphot
hot (kg/m3)
qmh (kg/s)
(kJ/kgK
)
4.180
988.15
0.0346
4.180
988.12
0.0360
4.180
988.00
0.0308
4.180
988.12
0.0356
4.180
988.10
0.0366
4.180
988.15
0.0332
4.180
988.18
0.0344
4.180
988.09
0.0342
4.180
988.11
0.0316
4.180
988.12
0.0388
4.180
988.12
0.0316
4.180
988.21
0.0366
4.180
988.13
0.0372
4.180
988.09
0.0326
4.180
988.06
0.0342
4.180
988.17
0.0406
Specific heat
of cold fluid,
Cpcold
(kJ/kgK)
Density of
cold fluid, cold
(kg/m3)
4.247
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.247
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
952.60
952.49
952.44
952.47
952.45
952.45
952.55
952.48
952.51
952.45
952.43
952.52
952.54
952.44
952.40
952.44
14
Cold mass
flow rate,
qmc (kg/s)
0.0157
0.0159
0.0153
0.0153
0.0159
0.0159
0.0165
0.0161
0.0157
0.0157
0.0157
0.0159
0.0165
0.0169
0.0151
0.0153
4.180
4.180
4.180
4.180
988.17
988.08
988.20
988.28
0.0334
0.0285
0.0320
0.0394
4.248
4.248
4.248
4.248
952.44
952.42
952.43
952.50
0.0153
0.0153
0.0165
0.0153
Table 2d:
Reduction in hot
fluid temperature,
Thot (C)
Increase in cold
fluid temperature,
Tcold (C)
Heat power
emitted from
hot fluid,
Qe (W)
Heat power
absorbed by
cold fluid,
Qa (W)
13.7
13.3
13.1
13.0
12.8
12.8
13.2
13.1
13.3
12.9
12.7
12.8
13.1
12.8
12.7
12.6
12.7
12.7
12.1
12.6
24.2
24.5
24.8
24.6
24.7
24.7
24.4
24.6
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.4
24.4
24.7
24.9
24.7
24.7
24.8
24.7
24.5
1.981
2.003
1.678
1.932
1.962
1.779
1.890
1.865
1.752
2.091
1.671
1.962
2.034
1.746
1.818
2.133
1.776
1.515
1.623
2.070
1.611
1.657
1.611
1.601
1.666
1.666
1.704
1.679
1.630
1.641
1.650
1.648
1.706
1.767
1.597
1.605
1.607
1.611
1.731
1.592
The calculation of Thot, Tcold, Qe and Qa is based on equations (8), (9), (10) and (11)
respectively.
20
T hot
Average T hot =
20
=12.9
15
20
T cold
Average T cold=
20
=2 4.6
Table 2e:
Temperature
efficiency for hot
fluid, h (%)
Temperature
efficiency for cold
fluid, cold (%)
Mean Temperature
Efficiency, m (%)
33.65
32.77
31.88
32.10
31.70
31.83
32.58
32.16
32.72
31.96
31.45
32.04
32.32
31.73
31.41
31.39
31.72
31.43
30.58
31.67
59.33
60.43
60.51
60.83
61.00
61.24
60.34
60.56
60.24
61.03
61.45
60.99
60.22
61.04
61.38
61.64
61.57
61.33
62.31
61.70
46.49
46.60
46.19
46.47
46.35
46.54
46.46
46.36
46.48
46.50
46.45
46.51
46.27
46.39
46.39
46.51
46.64
46.38
46.44
46.69
20
m
Overall MeanTemperature Efficiency=
20
=46.46
REFERENCE
J.Moran, M. (2011). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. United
States of America: Don Fowley.
17
18