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A design procedure of ventilation systems, with air flow rates, heat and
cooling loads, air shifts according occupants, air supply principles
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The procedure below can be used to design ventilation systems:
Calculate the pollution created by persons and their activity and processes.
3. Calculate Air Supply Temperature
If air is used for heating, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as
qh = Hh / ( cp (ts - tr))
(1)
where
qh = volume of air for heating (m3/s)
Hh = heat load (W)
cp = specific heat air (J/kg K)
ts = supply temperature (oC)
tr = room temperature (oC)
= density air (kg/m3)
Air Cooling
If air is used for cooling, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as
qc = Hc / ( cp (to - tr))
(2)
where
qc = volume of air for cooling (m3/s)
Hc = cooling load (W)
to = outlet temperature (oC) where to = tr if the air in the room is mixed
Example - heating load:
If the heat load is Hh = 400 W, supply temperature ts = 30 oC and the room temperature tr = 22
o
C, the air flow rate can be calculated as:
qh = (400 W) / ((1.2 kg/m3) (1005 J/kg K) ((30 oC) - (22 oC)))
= 0.041 m3/s
= 149 m3/h
Moisture
If it is necessary to humidify the indoor air, the amount of supply air needed can be calculated as:
qmh = Qh / ( (x2 - x1))
(3)
where
qm = volume of air for humidifying (m3/s)
Qh = moisture to be supplied (kg/s)
= density of air (kg/m3)
x2 = humidity of room air (kg/kg)
x1 = humidity of supply air (kg/kg)
Dehumidifying
If it is necessary to dehumidify the indoor air, the amount of supply air needed can be calculated
as:
qmd = Qd / ( (x1 - x2))
(4)
where
qmd = volume of air for dehumidifying (m3/s)
Qd = moisture to be dehumidified (kg/s)
Example - humidifying
If added moisture Qh = 0.003 kg/s, room humidity x1 = 0.001 kg/kg and supply air humidity x2 =
0.008 kg/kg, the amount of air can expressed as:
qmh = (0.003 kg/s) / ((1.2 kg/m3) ((0.008 kg/kg)- (0.001 kg/kg)))
= 0.36 m3/s
Alternatively the air quantity is determined by the requirements of occupants or processes.
5. Temperature loss in ducts
(5)
(5b)
where
q = mass of air flowing (kg/s)
cp = specific heat air (kJ/kg K)
(5) and (5b) can be combined to
H = A k ((t1 + t2) / 2 - tr)) = 1000 q cp (t1 - t2)
(5c)
Units as heaters, filters etc. must on basis of of air quantity and capacity be selected from
manufacture catalogs.
7. Boiler
(6)
where
B = boiler rating (kW)
H = total heat load of all heater units in system (kW)
x = margin for heating up the system, it is common to use values 0.1 to 0.2
(7)
where
v = air velocity (m/s)
Q = air volume (m3/s)
A = cross section of duct (m2)
Overall pressure loss in ducts can be expressed as:
dpt = dpf + dps + dpc
(8)
where
dpt = total pressure loss in system (Pa, N/m2)
dpf = major pressure loss in ducts due to friction (Pa, N/m2)
dps = minor pressure loss in fittings, bends etc. (Pa, N/m2)
dpc = minor pressure loss in components as filters, heaters etc. (Pa, N/m2)
Major pressure loss in ducts due to friction can be expressed as
dpf = R l
(9)
where
R = duct friction resistance per unit length (Pa, N/m2 per m duct)
l = length of duct (m)
Duct friction resistance per unit length can be expressed as
R = / dh ( v2 / 2)
where
(10)
Related Topics
Ventilation - Systems for ventilation and air handling - air change rates, ducts and pressure
drops, charts and diagrams and more
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