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Experiment # 1
I. Objective
1. To perform the Pelton turbine experiment using the theoretical procedures.
2. To acquire the characteristic curve of the Pelton turbine experiment.
3. To test the performance of the Pelton Turbine by varying the parameters.
III. Theory
The Pelton turbine is a hydraulic impulse machine developed in 1889 by Lester Allan
Pelton. The buckets are impacted by water jets, and the kinetic energy of the water is
transformed into mechanical energy, and nally electrical power. Design of the bucket is an
important issue for the turbine eciency. Pelton turbines are usually used with high heads and
with relatively low-volume ows. The water is accelerated through the nozzle and the pressure
energy is converted into velocity energy at the outlet of the nozzle. The kinetic energy of the
water is converted into rotational energy by deecting the water jets ow in the impeller, which
generates mechanical energy on the shaft.
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Eqn. 1
2 gH
In a single Pelton bucket, where u is the impeller velocity and is the exit angle of the jet. For a
Pelton wheel where buckets keep entering the jet and capture all the ow, the mass ow would
be Q = AjVj, from the Euler turbomachine equation. The absolute exit and inlet tangential
bucket velocity is equal (u1 = u2 = u). The turbine power relation is then,
P = Q(u1Vt1 u2Vt2) = QuVj u[u + (Vj u)cos]
P = Qu(Vj u)(1 cos)
Where u = 2nr is the bucket linear velocity and r is the pitch radius, or distance to the jet
centerline.
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Eqn. 2
Figure 4.: (a) side view of wheel and jet, (b) top view of bucket, (c) velocity diagram
The theoretical power of a Pelton turbine is maximum when dP/du = 0 or when,
u = 2nr =
1
V
2 j
Eqn. 3
For a perfect nozzle, the entire available head would be converted to jet velocity Vj =
A velocity coecient Cv is used (Vj = Cv
2 gH .
than becomes,
= 2(1cos)(Cv )
u
2 gH
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Eqn. 4
B. Velocity Triangles
Since the angle of entry of the jet is nearly zero, the inlet velocity triangle is a straight line, as
shown in Fig. 3.2. If the bucket is brought to rest, then the relative uid velocity, V1, is given by
V1 = jet velocity bucket speed
Eqn. 5
V1 = C1 U1
Eqn. 6
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Eqn. 7
Neglecting loss due to friction across the bucket surface, that is, V1 = V2, then
W = U(V1 V1cos
Eqn. 8
Therefore,
E = U(C1 U)(1 - cos /g
Eqn. 9
Eqn. 10
Eqn. 11
where, k =
V2
V1
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Eqn. 12
energy transferred
energy available jet
C. Rectangular Weir
Consider a rectangular weir over which the water is flowing as shown in figure 6.
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the method is to apply the energy equation (Bernoulli) to two points on a streamline, point 1
being on the water surface some distance upstream of the weir, and point 2 being in the nappe as
it passes over the weir crest at a depth, h, below the water surface. There are a number of
assumptions that should be listed in connection with the derivation, since they are of significance
later on. They are:
i
That the water discharges over the weir from the surface of a large reservoir, so it
can be assumed that the velocity of approach is negligible and the pressure is
atmospheric. In other words, V1 = 0 and P1 = 0.
ii
iii
iv
The velocity in the nappe varies with depth, H, that is V = (2gH) 1/2 but there is no
variation in velocity across the length, L, of the weir crest.
The nappe is as wide as the weir crest, which is it also has a length, L.
vi
The streamlines are horizontal as they pass over the weir crest.
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If a thin horizontal strip of length, L, and thickness, dh, is taken across the nappe at a
depth, H, see diagram above, then area of the strip is dA = Ldh; velocity of flow through the
strip = (2gh); and discharge through the strip, dQ = area x velocity =L(2gh)1/2dh
dh at a depth
surface as shown in the figure; H is the height of the water above the crest of the weir, L is the
length of the weir and Cdis the coefficient of discharge. If the area of the strip =
we know that the theoretical velocity of water through the strip =
through the strip is
( 2 gH )
L. d , and
so discharge
get:
dq=C d ( L . d ) ( ( 2 gH ) ) Eqn. 13
The total discharge, over the weir, may be found out by integrating the above equation within the
limits 0 and H.
3
2
Q= C d L 2 g ( H ) 2 Eqn. 14
3
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Torque is the product of the tangential force and perpendicular distance from the line of
action of force of the axis of rotation where F is the tangential force applied and d is the
perpendicular distance from the line of action where T =Fd .
The power P = Fu or T. In terms of u, P = 2u(V - u)Q. By taking the derivative of P with
respect to u and setting it equal to zero, we find that maximum power occurs when u = V/2,
and this power is V2Q/2, or ghQ. This is the energy content of the water from the jet, so the
efficiency is unity, with all the energy of the jet turned into shaft output. For any velocity u,
the efficiency is = 4u(V-u)/V2. It is zero for u = 0 and for u = V. This analysis should have
been clear and easy to follow. It illustrates the princple of the Pelton wheel very well, and
actual wheels are not too far from ideal. When a Pelton wheel is working close to maximum
efficiency, the water drops easily from the wheel, with a little turmoil, but not much velocity.
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Nozzle: the amount of water striking the vanes (buckets) of the runner is controlled by
providing a spear (flow regulating arrangement) in the nozzle.
Spear: the spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or
automatically in an axial direction depending upon the size of the unit.
Runner with bucket: runner of Pelton wheel consists of a circular disc on the periphery
of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed.
Casing: casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail
race. It is made up of cast iron or steel plate.
Breaking jet: when the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward
direction the amount of water striking the runner reduce to zero.
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But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time,
a small nozzle is providing which directs the jet of water on the back of vanes. This jet of water
is called breaking jet.
IV. Procedure
A. Pelton turbine set-up
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A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by
accelerating the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the
volute pump. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high
speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is
created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump.
3. Pressure tank
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Note: When closing the valves, rotate the valve to clockwise direction. Counterclockwise when
opening the valve.
Run the Pelton Turbine
1. Close the gate valves that may lead to other machineries to ensure that the water is
directed to the Pelton turbine,
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2. Make sure that the gate valve near the Pelton turbine is close to protect the turbine
buckets form sudden inflows. See fig. 14 below.
Gate Valve
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By-pass Valve
Gate Valve
Fig. 15. Gate valve and By-pass valve near Centrifugal pump
Priming Cup
Gas cut
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5. Turn on the axial pump to start priming (See fig. 17). The water is starting to fill the
casing of the centrifugal pump. Make sure that the foot valve must be open to ensure the
water would pass to the casing of the centrifugal pump. This process may take few
minutes.
On switch
Off switch
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On switch
Off switch
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Load (g)
RPM
Head (cm)
1
2
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Pout (W)
Pin (W)
3
4
5
6
7
8
VI. References
Aung Kyaw Minn, (2014), Design of 225kW Pelton Turbine
DraughtyM, Hydraulic Turbines,McGraw Hill Book Company,1920, Third Edition
Garshelis, I. ( 2000). "Torque and Power Measurement." CRC Press LLC
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