Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
:
, 2004
:
................................................................................................................4
1. . .............................................................................................................6
1.1. . ...............................................................6
1.2. .......................7
1.2.1. . ....................................... 9
1.2.2. ...................... 10
1.3. ..................................................14
1.3.1. . ................................................ 14
1.3.2. . .............................................. 20
1.3.3. . ....................................... 21
1.4. ........................................................24
1.4.1. ( )................ 24
1.4.2. . ............................................................ 28
1.5. . ..............34
1.5.1.
decanter ..................................... 36
1.6.
..................................................................................................................39
1.6.1. (
) . .......................................................... 40
1.6.2. . ................................ 42
1.7. . ...............................44
1.7.1. , - . ............................................. 44
1.7.2. . ................................................................................. 45
1.7.3. . ...................................... 46
1.7.4. COMPOST........................................................... 48
1.8.2.8. ................................................................................... 54
1.8.2.9. . ......................................................................................... 55
1.8.3. . ............................................................................ 55
1.8.4. composting. ........................................................................... 57
1.9. . ......................................................................60
2. . ........................................................61
2.1. . .........................................................................61
2.2. . .................................................................................................................62
2.3. . .....................................................................................................63
2.4. . ......................68
2.5. ................................................................68
2.6.
. .................................................................................................................69
3. .....................................................................74
3.1. . ...................................................74
3.2.
. .......................................................................................................................75
4. . ...............................................................................................84
5. . ...................................................................................................85
. .......................................................................................................89
...
. 8
. (,
),
. .
( ), ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, .
1. .
1.1. .
, , .
2.500
,
.
,
1.1 (Israilides et al., 1997).
1.1: (Israilides et al., 1997).
-
&
367
920
228
48
71
79
600
215
. 280 .
20% 15%
.
.
1.500.000 ,
, , ...,
(Israilides et al., 1997).
1.2. .
10/ 80 .
6,4 . 9% ,
,
102 . 0,4% (, 1994).
, 60%
96%
( 1.2), (, 1994).
1.2:
(, 1994).
130 .
28 .
1500
600
2.500.000
500.000
2.500.000
500.000
30.000
25.000
(, 1994).
( ,
1994):
1. . 80-90%
) .
,
20-30%.
2. .
50 Kgr/
(36 Kgr/) (16 Kgr/).
, ,
( , 1994).
,
.
(, 1994).
(, 1994):
() 35
3/ ( 28 . 1956 80 . 1990)
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
1.2.1. .
( 1.1) ,
.
(, 1994).
1.1:
( , 1989).
1.2.2. .
(, 1994).
'
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
, (, 1994):
, 80 . / , 400 .
. ,
370 .
310 . 60 .
.
+28,8%, .
.
(
) .
,
.
10
.
(143 . ./) (108 .
./), (71 . ./) (45 . ./).
' .
'
, .
0-3. .
.
200 ./.
,
, . ,
'
.
1 10 .
.
(.. ).
11
, 24,
.
.
,
, :
() 1 lit/Kg .
() 0,65 lit/g .
.
0,8 - 5 . / 0,3 - 2,5 . / .
(66%) 0,8 - 2 /
(65%) 0,3 - 1 ./
2 / 1 / .
:
-
: 0,8 - 5 / ..2 /
10 :
-
8 - 50 / . 20 /.
2 - 16 / . 6,5 /.
16 /24
4 /24.
80 . /
400 .
380 .
./ 110 ./ 3,5
( - ).
12
+ 28,8
.
.
.
70% .
- -
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
. (800
/) (300 /).
,
.
13
1.3. .
1.3.1. .
.
. .
"",
""
"". ()
(, 2001).
(
, 2000):
, (
"").
:
.
:
(decanter)
,
, ( -
).
:
(DECANTER)
.
1.3 ,
( ).
14
1.3: ,
( ) (
, 2000).
Kg/100Kg
21,2
46,2
160 - 174
21,5
32,5
64 - 110
21,4
32,3
110 - 118
20,4
36,9
92
,
( ) , ( )
, 10 .
,
()
90%, .
, ,
.
, ,
(
, 2000).
1.4 ,
.
15
1.4: ,
(, 2003).
()
0,6
1,0
0,6
0,3
0,15
()
5 6%
4% 10%
10 12%
10 12%
1%
()
22 24%
45 47%
48 53%
48 53%
58 65%
,
,
1.5. ,
90% 10%
.
16
1.5:
(, 2003).
*
(tn)
(%)
(tn)
(%)
(m )
250
45,05
96.500
46,36
453.550
193.000
72
12,97
27.797
13,35
130.646
55.594
98
17,66
37.718
18,12
177.274
75.434
135
24,32
46.142
22,17
216.867
92.284
555
100
208.157
100
978.337
416.314
* 1997 1998
1.6 1.7
.
1.2 1.3
20.
decanter
.
. , decanter
(, 2001).
17
1.2:
(, 2001).
18
1.3: .
(, 2001).
19
1.3.2. .
( 1.1)
:
().
, .
.
()
. (
) .
"" "" -,
.
.
.
.
,
, .
.
( ) ,
( )
() (.. - ).
20-30% ,
,
().
.
.
() (, 2001).
20
1.1: o (http://www.nagref-cha.gr/eldocs/
food.html).
, ,
. "".
(, 2001).
33 2 C,
.
33 C (, 2001).
1.3.3. .
( 1.2)
.
.
. (decanter),
, , .
decanter
.
decanter .
(40-55%) ' .
21
decanter. ()
.
( , , ),
(,
2001).
1.2:
(http://www.nagref-
cha.gr/eldocs/food.html).
decanter
, .
() decanter ,
, .
decanter "" ( )
. decanter,
(65-70%) (, 2001).
(, 2001):
,
() .
22
(
).
/ (
).
BOD5 COD .
(BOD5, COD).
. ,
, (, )
(, 2001).
decanter
, , .
(65-70%).
,
.
.
decanter
(, 2001).
decanter.
,
(
).
.
.
( )
(
), (, 2001).
23
1.4. .
1.4.1. ( ).
, ,
() (,
, ),
, ,
, , .
,
100 Kg 1.4 ( , 1994).
1.4: ,
( ,
1994).
24
( )
40 45 % . 17% 15%
2% .
, ()
(, , ...). ,
'
(
, 1989).
1.6:
( , 1989).
(mmhos/cm)
PH
:
COD (Kg/m3)
BOD (Kg/m3)
(%)
(%)
(%)
, ...
(%)
P
K
Ca
Mg
Na
CO3
SO3
Cl2
SiO2
8 16
8 16
4,5 5
4,7 5,2
120 130
90 100
0,1
120
10,5 (6,4 9,5)*
1,5 (0,6 1,3)
45 60
35 48
0,9
6,0
5,5 (3,9 5,8)
0,5 (0,5 0,75)
0,11 (0,05)
0,72 (0,6)
0,07 (0,02)
0,04 (0,03)
0,09 (0,002)
0,37
0,04
0,03
0,005
*
.
25
,
... ,
( ) (
), ( 1.6), ( , 1989).
,
,
0,3 0,5 .
( , 1989).
, , "",
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
1.7,
,
( , 1994).
1.7: (
, 1994).
83 94 %
4 16 %
12%
1,024 g/cm3
8.000 16.000 s
PH
4,5 6,5
BOD5
COD
26
( , , )
()
, , - .
50
m3/, BOD5 = 40 g/l 30.000 .
( PH, ,
, ),
( ,
1994).
( , 2000):
1. , BOD5 COD
12.000 -100.000 mgr/lt 6.000 - 70.000 (
,
). BOD5
300-400 mg/lt.
2. = 4,5-5 () ,
(
).
3. ,
.
4. ,
( , , ).
5. (
4000 ).
6. .
27
,
,
. ,
,
( , 2000).
1.4.2. .
( 1.5
1.6) ( , 1989):
() : 0,65 lt/g
() : 1,00 lt/Kg
1.5:
, 1989).
28
o ( 1.8).
(0,75
lt/Kg 1,3 lt/Kg )
() (,
)
( , 1989).
1.8: /
( , 1989).
1976
1981
1988
-
1981
.
CENTROLIA
FLOOTVEL
ALFA LAVAL 314
RAPANELLI 4
AMENDUNI
HILLER S2
ALFA LAVAL 416
XEPOYBEIM 380
DDS
..
.
(MOLACER)
(/)
1,00
1,01
1,21
0,89
0,96
0,91
0,96
0,55
0,77
0,90
0,15
1,05
0,55
0,15
0,70
630 400
230 ( 1.9). 80
. ( 1.10) 400 .
. ( , 1989).
29
1.9: ,
1986/87
( , 1989).
(. / )
(. / )
93
160
1,6
83
72
0,8
176
57
102
1,7
50
50
0,9
107
160
361
2,2
90
111
1,2
250
88
183
2,1
0,9
97
198
806
2,0
232
241
1,0
630
1.6: ( ,
1989).
30
2 .
1 . ( 1.10)
,
( )
370 . .
60 . . 310 . .
( 1.10).
( 1.7).
.
(
, 1989).
1.10:
(..), ( , 1989).
1.
2. (. / )
3. (. /)
4.
.. (. .)
5.
/
6.
(. .)
7.
( 3,5 ) (. .)
8. ( .)
9.
.. (. /10)
10. . .
( / )
11. 10
230
400
1
2
230
800
90
310
630
1030
400
0,65
1,0
60
310
370
17
88
105
560
6,5
2930
20
3490
-
400
400
40
40
,
.
(, , ) ( , 1989).
31
( 1.11)
(71%) 0,8 - 2 ./
(66%) 0,5 - 1 ./ (
, 1989).
.
()
. (, , )
, , ,
,
.
, , .
' .
( , 1989).
1.11: 1986/87
( , 1989).
(%)
(%)
(. / )
(. / )
0,8 - 2
80
2-3
18
3-5
2
0,3 - 1
82
1 1,5
15
1,5 2,5
3
86
11
68
20
12
64
24
12
47
39
67
24
56
22
22
(%)
71
21
66
26
(.)
286
81
31
154
60
18
( , 1989).
32
33
1.7: () () ,
( , 1989).
1.5. .
( , 1994).
( 1.12),
( , 1994).
1.12:
1.000
(, 2003).
()
(m3)
550
550
550
550
550
(m3)
600
1.000
600
300
150
400
800
400
100
130
200
200
200
200
200
(m3)
400
400
400
400
400
2.200
2.200
2.200
2.200
2.200
()
(m3)
34
.
( , 1994).
,
.
(
, 1994).
1.13:
1.000 (, 2003).
1. (m3)
200
20
2. (m3)
50
550
120
120
150
150
520
840
< 60%
(m3)
300
500
(30 / m3)
9.000 3,1 . .
15.000 5,1 . .
4. < 7 (m3)
(m3)
35
(In plant waste control)
.
Decanter
.
.
( 1.13), (
, 1994).
decanter .
1.5.1.
decanter .
Decanter .
Decanter (
, 1994).
1.8
. 2 3
, 3
( , 1994).
( ,
1994):
(%) Soxhlet
(% .) 105 C PH
BOD5 ( ) (mg/l)
COD ( ) (mg/l)
(mg/l)
36
1.8:
(Decanter
, 1994).
1.14
.
. PH
.
1.14:
Pieralisi Major 3
decanter ( ,
1994).
(mgr/L)
540,6
767,1
463,6
1079,3
,22
,39
,27
,69
2,29
4,17
2,42
5,77
2,21
3,94
PH
5,27
4,9
5,23
4,88
37
(2) /
0,38 (3) / (3) /
1,38 3,51 ( 1.9).
1.9: /
decanter (
, 1994).
(3) ,
COD, BOD, ,
( 1.10).
(2)
(3)
COD,
BOD,
.
PH
(3) 3 2
.
38
1.10:
BOD COD
decanter
( , 1994).
1.6.
.
()
. , ,
. ( )
, ,
,
( , 1994).
39
(, 1989):
.
.
,
.
.
1.6.1.
( ) .
, ,
.
,
(, 1989).
. ..
100.000 .
( B.O.D.5 35.000 m )
, 4-5 . (
)
(, 1989).
.
,
(, 1989).
, ,
. (, 1989):
40
.
,
.
, , , ,
. '
.
,
, , , ,
, .
(, 1989).
,
.
, ,
,
,
(, 1989).
(
, (, 1989).
( )
, ,
, ,
,
(, 1989).
41
1.6.2. .
, ,
,
(, 1994).
,
(8090% ),
.
.
(, 1994):
7-8
.
, .
6-7 .
( 4-5
). .
, .
(, 1994):
1.
,
, , ,
80% . .
2.
, '
. .
.. , ,
""
.
42
3.
, . ,
()
45 , . ,
, ,
,
.
, 23 ,
. ' ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
50 60% ,
.
,
, ,
(, 1994).
,
.
, . ,
, .
(, 1989).
43
1.7. .
,
, .
.
,
.
( , 1989).
1.7.1. , - .
-
, ()
,
( , 1994).
, :
( 1.11), ( , 1994).
1.11:
( , 1994).
44
'
, ,
.
(
, 1994):
1. , -
.
2.
.
3. . -
.
4.
, ,
.
,
.
.
(,
). (soil inoculant)
), ( , 1994).
1.7.2. .
,
, .
( , 1994):
45
.
.
( ..).
(suppressive)
.
.
(< 2 . / Kg)
.
(
, 1994).
1.7.3. .
.
( , 1989).
0,5 -1 .
.
.
compost ( ,
1989).
( , 1989):
()
.
() .
46
() .
(
, 1989):
(1). .
1m, 300 m3 700 m3
500
1000 m .
(2). ( )
- (
).
.
( 1.15), ( , 1989).
1.15: (
, 1989).
97
91
94
250
73
29
106
176
629
170
27
47
1.7.4. COMPOST.
cmpost ,
.
composts ,
.
( , 1989).
(comosting). ,
( )
. ,
,
,
.
,
( 1.12), (
, 1994).
1.12:
(), ( , 1994).
48
1.8. (COMPOSTING) .
1.8.1. composting.
(composting). 1.13
(http:// www. chania.
teicrete.gr/bio_geo/Ajiopoihsh %20Organikon%20Ypoleimatvn%20Rethimno/ajiopoihsh.htm).
composting
, .
5.000 .
20 composting ,
(, 2003).
1.13: (http://www.chania.
teicrete. gr /bio_geo/Paraskeyh_Kombost/Paraskeyh_Combost_.htm).
49
composting
, , Sir Albert Howard
.
(, 2003).
Waksman (1926 - 41)
composting
. Waksman, composting
, ,
, (, 2003).
composting ,
.
, ,
,
,
(, 2003).
1.8.2. .
1.8.2.1. .
. O2 composting
(Eliot, 1997):
(Eliot, 1997).
.
. , ,
50
.
(Eliot, 1997).
1.8.2.2. .
,
() .
,
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
,
,
.
. ,
,
, .
.
(.. , ,
), ,
, ,
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
, 60-70%
30-35%. 25% ,
, 10-15% .
, ,
. .
, ,
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
1.8.2.3. .
.
,
51
, . 45-50 C,
75 C .
- ,
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
, .
. 55 C 3
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
1.8.2.4. .
,
,
.
CO2
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
,
. , .
.
( , )
(, , ).
..
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost.
net/process.htm).
, (1)
, (2)
-
, (3) (C/N)
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
52
1.8.2.5. .
.
. , (.. )
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
, ( ),
.
, .
. , , ..
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
1.8.2.6. .
(C/N)
. 20 30
1 . C/N,
.
. C/N
18-19/1,
. , pH
(http:/www.hua.gr/compost. net/process.htm).
1.8.2.7. PH.
pH ,
.
pH composting
. pH
pH
( 1.14), (, 2003).
53
1.14: pH
(, 2003).
1.8.2.8. .
composting.
10 %. composting
, .
.
45
C .
70 C .
C
.
(Eliot, 1997).
.
. 40
% . ,
60 %,
(Eliot, 1997).
54
1.8.2.9. .
,
,
.
,
compost
. ,
1,5 7,5 cm (, 2003).
1.8.3. .
composting
(CO2), (2), ,
.
, 1.15
(http://www.chania.teicrete.gr/bio_geo/Ajiopoihsh%20Organikon%20Ypoleimatvn%20Rethim
no/ajiopoihsh.htm):
1 : .
. 60 C 65
C .
2 : . 50
C .
(, ), 45
C 30 C.
3 : ,
30 C 2 3 .
(, , ),
, (Eisenia foetida)
.
55
1.15: (http://www.chania.teicrete.gr/biogeo/Ajiopoihsh
%20Organikon%20Ypoleimatvn%20Rethimno/ajiopoihsh.htm).
56
4 : .
.
, ,
( , ,
.),
,
( )
55 - 60 C
.
3 6 .
65
70
(http://www.chania.teicrete.gr/bio_geo/Paraskeyh_Kombost/Paraskeyh_Combost_.htm).
1.8.4. composting.
(, 2003):
(windrow 1.16).
3 4 , 2 3
.
( , )
( ). 65 70
C
.
.
(aerated static ile 1.17).
.
()
.
.
57
.
.
58
1.18:
in vessel composting (,
2003).
59
1.9. .
,
.
.
,
,
:
,
.
60
2. .
2.1. .
14 2003,
... ,
( )
.
14/02/03 15/09/03.
.
,
... ( 2.1).
2.1: ... .
61
2.2. .
, , ,
, ,
1.200 . ,
,
.
. 2.2
.
, .
2.2: .
. 2.3 ,
.
2.3: .
62
2.3. .
, 14 2003
:
1:1
( ).
1:2 ( ).
. ,
, ,
... .
,
. ,
,
.
21 m3 24 m3 .
,
,
2.4.
25m 2,5m
1,2m.
2.4: , .
63
( 2.5)
.
.
.
14 ( 2.6 2.7).
2.5: .
2.6: .
64
2.7: .
,
,
.
.
2.8
120 .
2.8: 120 .
65
,
,
( 2.9).
2.9:
.
66
, ,
14 .
14 , ,
, 3 m3 .
.
,
, .
(TOP TEX)
,
( 2.10).
.
14
.
. ,
45 60 , .
.
67
2.4. .
, :
,
, .
.
.
,
.
:
% .
PH EC.
C.
N %.
C /N.
.
.
.
2.5. .
,
, .
:
68
%, , 105 C.
PH, 1:1,5 .
C (mS/cm),
1:1,5 .
, 600 C 16
.
(C %), ,
600 C 16 : % = (100% - %) /
1,8.
%, mikrokjeldahl ( ).
C/N.
NO3 - N, 0,1M
KNO3, 1000 ppm NO3 I.S.A. (Logic Stength Adjustor) ppm NO3 N:
ppm NO3 / 4,4.
, (OMW) Folin Ciocalteu.
,
(germination index).
2.6.
.
.
69
pH & E.C.
1:1,5 (V/V), ( 2.11).
2.11: pH E.C.
NH4 N NO3 N, (
2.12).
2.12: .
,
.
.
70
: 105
24 48 (
2.13).
2.13: .
Ph-. pH .
( )
.
( 2.14).
2.14: pH.
. C
pH. , ,
,
-. EC
.
( 2.15).
71
2.15: .
600
C ( 2.16).
2.16: .
(0,000gr) (0.0gr)
( 2.17).
2.17: .
72
(
2.18).
2.18: .
:
(), .
, .
73
3. .
...
, , (Manios,
2004, Manios et al., 2003 Manios and Balis, 1983).
.
3.1. .
3.1
.
3.1: .
PH
(%)
EC
N-NO3
(ms/cm)
C (%)
(%)
C/N
ppm
(%)
64,6
5,28
4,92
53,05
0,91
58,29
95,50
114,63
54,8
5,65
0,90
51,16
1,12
45,67
92,10
118,78
, 60%,
, .
.
p (
)
. (E.C.) ,
, , E.C.
. C
,
C/N 30/1.
74
( ) C
.
3.2.
.
3.1 ,
, , 1:1 ,
, 1:2 , .
3.1 14
15 C.
, .
40
C.
50 C.
( 3.1, ). ,
50 C 105 , 32
60 C.
, 145
50 C. 145 , 51
60 C. ,
7 .
,
,
(Papadimitriou et al., 1997, Paredes et al.,
2001, Manios and Balis, 1983, Filippi et al., 2002, Paretes et al., 2002). GarciaGomez et al. (2003)
30 C
180 (6 ). Venelampi et al. (2003)
50 C 230 .
.
75
76
3.1
,
.
( )
.
Garcia-Gomez et al. (2003). 12 (8
) ,
, , .
50 60 C,
60 C. Martinez et al., (1998)
,
.
3.2
.
(%)
70
60
50
40
Windrow I
Windrow II
30
20
0
14
21
28
38
52
60
3.2: (
).
77
3.2 8 (12 )
9 (15 ) ,
40%. 30%
.
, .
Garcia-Gomez et al., 2003) ,
,
(Venelampi
et
al.,
2003)
78
,
,
.
. 3 m3 .
,
(Garcia-Gomez et al., 2003). ,
.
,
,
(Maier et al., 2000).
40 C
.
E.C.
. 3.2 3.3,
E.C.
.
( 4 ),
,
,
, ( 3.1).
4 .
( 3.2 3.3),
CO2.
E.C.
.
E.C. (pH,
, )
. (1:2 v/v)
(1:1 v/v) .
( 3.1),
(VS)
(TC) pH. 93,27%
63,38% ,
79
( 95,22% 84,60%). pH
(8,31 8,09
), pH
.
pH ( 3.3)
7 8,5.
,
, .
3.1: .
.
( 3.2) 21,1 m3 7,0 m3 66,67 %,
( 3.3) 61,50% ( 24,9 m3 9,2 m3).
.
80
81
3.2:
1:1 .
82
3.3:
1:2 .
,
.
(green waste),
(Manios and Stentiford, 2004). 14
30
.
,
.
3.4 .
.
,
.
3.4 : .
1:1
1:2
G.I
G.I
1:1
17,13
1:1
69,31
1:5
66,80
1:5
64,86
1: 10
102,72
1: 10
70,00
83
4. .
,
, ,
, .
() ,
(Manios, 2004, Paredes et al., 2001).
( ).
. 2/3
.
.
. .
,
. , ,
. ,
.
(.. )
.
...
,
1:1:1 1:1:2.
,
.
:
.
84
5. .
1. . 1989.
( ) .
, / , 31
1989.
2. . 1994.
.
, / , 16-17 1994.
3. . . 2000.
(), (Cao),
. .
4. Eliot E. 1997. The science of composting. Technomic Publication, Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, USA.
5. Filippi, C., Bedini, S., Levi-Minzi, R., Cardelli, R and Saviozzi, A., 2002. Co-composting
of olive oil mill by products: Chemical and microbiological evaluation. Compost Sci.
Utilization., 10, 63-71.
6. Garcia-Gomez, A., Roig, A. and Bernal., M.P., 2003. Composting of the solid fraction of
olive mill wastewater with olive leaves: organic matter degradation and biological activity.
Bioresour. Technol., 86, 59-64.
7. ., .., ., . .
.
, / , 16-17
1994.
8. Israilides C.J., A.G. Vlyssides, V.N. Mourafeti and G. Karvouni (1997). Olive oil
wastewater treatment with the use of an electrolisis system, Bioresourse Technology, Vol.
61, pp. 163 170.
9. . 2001. , .
85
10. ., ., . . 1994.
.
, / , 16-17
1994.
11. Maier, R.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gebra, C.P., 2000. Environmental Microbiology, Academic
Press, San Diego, USA.
12. . 2003.
.
. 30 2003.
13. . 2003. .
, , ...
.
14. Manios, T., 2004. Evaluating the composting potential of different organic solid wastes
from the island of Crete and the quality of the end product. Environ. Int. 29, 1079 -1089.
15. Manios . and Stentiford, E.I., 2004. The effect in the sanitisation process of green
waste composting, when reusing partially treated landfill leachates as a water source. Waste
Manage 24,107 - 110.
16. Manios, T., Maniadakis, K., Frantzeskaki, N., Stentiford, E.I., Manios, V., Kritsotakis,
I. and Dialynas, G., 2003. Pilot scale sewage sludge composting in the Island of Crete,
Greece. Biocycle, 44, 53-55.
17. anios, V., and Balis, C., 1983. Respirometry to determine optimum conditions for the
biodegradation of extracted olive press-cake. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15, 75-83.
18. Martinez, J., Perez, J. and de La Rubia, T., 1998. Olive oil mill wastewater degradation
by lignolytic fungi. Recent Research Developments in Microbiology, pp 373-403. Research
Signpost Trivabadrum.
86
19. ., 1994. .
.
,
/ , 16-17 1994.
20. . ., 1994.
.
, / ,
16-17 1994.
21. . ., 1989.
. .
, / ,
31 1989.
22. ., 1989.
.
, / , 31 1989.
23. Papadimitriou, E.K., Chatjipavlidis, I. and Balis, C., 1997. Application of composting to
olive mill wastewater treatment. Environ. Technol. 18, 101-107.
24. Paredes, C., Bernal., M.P., Cegarra, J. and Roig, A., 2002. Biodegradation of olive oil
mill wastewater sludge by its co-composting with agricultural wastes. Bioresour. Technol.,
85, 1-8.
25. Paredes, C., Bernal., M.P., Roig, A. and Cegarra, J., 2001. Effects of olive oil mill
wastewater addition in composting of agroindustrial and urban wastes. Biodegradation, 12,
225-234.
26. Paredes, C., Roig, A., Bernal, M.P., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A. and Ceragga, J., 2000.
Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with
solid organic wastes. Biol. Fert. Soils. 32, 222-227.
27. . ., 1994.
.
, / ,
16-17 1994.
87
28. ., . ., 1994.
: .
,
/ , 16-17 1994.
29. Venelampi, O., Weber, A., Ronkko, T. and Itavaara, M., 2003. The biodegradation and
disintegration of paper products in the composting environment. Compost Sci. Utiliz., 11 200209.
:
1. http:// www.chania.teicrete.gr/ bio_geo/ Ajiopoihsh%20 Organikon%20 Ypoleimatvn%20
Rethimno /ajiopoihsh.htm
2. http://www.chania.teicrete.gr/bio_geo/Paraskeyh_Kombost/Paraskeyh_Combost_.htm
3. http:/www.hua.gr/compost.net/process.htm
4. http://www.nagref-cha.gr/eldocs/food.html
88
.
1. .
-
. 45 %
,
70 % .
-
.
105 oC.
, ( ).
( )
105 oC 24
( )
Y (%) =
100
89
2. PH E.C. .
pH + . pH
. pH Composting
,
. pH
, Composting,
pH
.
E.C.
.
Composting ,
.
pH E.C 1 : 1 ( V/ V )
pF=1,5
pF=1,5 :
( 7,6cm 4cm)
.
) .
24 .
29,5cm (pF=1,5)
24 .
105 0C.
90
pF= 1,5 :
, .
.
.
105 0C.
pF= 1,5 .
(
) ( ).
( 1385g)
.
120ml ( 1:1 )
15 . 2 .
H E.C
p 1: 2 (V/V)
10cm.
1 L
100g
.
:
% .
100g 1l
() .
:
91
: 100g
: %
: g/l
1000ml g /l
100g % (100 )g
100g (100 )g
:
1000ml g .
(100-) .
= 1000ml (100-Y)/ g
= /
100 g
, ,
.
g
%.
:
(ml) = 2 1000 ( 100 ) -
, 6
p .
92
1: , , pH E.C.
.
1: pH & E.C.
1: 1 (V/V)
93
3.
.
C/N compost
C N. N
.
.
.
. C .
1.
2.
3.
1. ( compost ) 48 75 oC
2. To .
3. 2 3 gr
105 oC.
4. 600 oC 16
.
5. % .
:
C% = 100 %
1,8
94
. Walkey Black.
1. 1 (K2Cr207)
105 oC .
2. .
3. .
4. 0,5%. 0,5gr
20ml 100ml H2SO4.
5. (0,5) (4)2 Fe(S04)2.6 H20:
196 g 1L. 5 ml
H2SO4 1L.
.
95
. C . ,
, :
1.
( MnO2 )
. .
2.
K2Cr2O7.
:
<0,2%
AgSO4 ( ) .
96
:
. C% = 0,11(Cl)
. %= 0,189 (Cl)
(Cl) = g/100g
1: .
97
4. (), 3
.
()
1.
mikrokjeldahl 30 ml
2.
3.
250 ml
4.
1.
2SO4
2.
3.
2l.
NOH.
3 4 .
, 2l, (
)
.
4.
33 2% : 20 rg H3BO3
1l. 700ml
33.
.
.
5.
:
: 100ml Ethanol, 99mg Bromocresol green, 66mg Methyl red.
6.
98
1. 50 100mg -
1mg N,
.
105 C .
2. 100mg .
100mg .
3. 1,5 ml H2SO4
4 .
2SO4
.
.
1. , ,
2 3
.
2. .
3. 50 ml 20ml 33 2%
.
4. .
5. 10 ml 40 %.
6. .
.
50ml.
7.
.
8. 0,01 HCL H2SO4
.
: 2 3 ,
.
99
N %
(PPM ). N %
:
( HCL H2SO4 ) 0,01
ml ml
( ) 0,01 .
14gr
14/1000 = 0,014 14mgN
%
:
N% = ( ) 14
( mg )
HCL H2SO4 0,05 :
N% = ( ) 70
( mg )
PPM
Nppm = ( ) 700.000
( 0,05 )
( mg )
Nppm = ( ) 70.000
( 0,005 )
( mg )
100
N4 N N3 N
1.
2. 100 250 ml
1. 2, Cl : 149,12 Cl 1l
.
2. 2%, 33 :
.
3. MgO: Mg O 600 700 C 2 .
.
4. Devarda alloy :
5. Sulfamic acid ( NH2 SO3H ) : 2gr Sulfamic acid se 100ml
.
6. 0,005 2SO4 : standard .
7. Standard 4 3 : 0,236gr (
NH4) 2SO4 0,361gr KNO3 1000 ml .
50g NH4-N, 25g NO2 N 50gNO3 1ml
.
8. Standard 4 3 2
9. :
.
( NH4 N )
1. 30 100mg 10 ml
2 Cl 0,1g MgO .
2. 50 ml 20ml 2% 33
3. 50 ml
4. 0,005 H2SO4 .
101
NH4 N, PPM ( mg
NH4 N
g ) :
NH4 = ( ) 70.000
( mg )
: A=H 0,005 2SO4
=H 0,005 2SO4
( N3 N, N2 N )
1. NH4 N ,
0,2 Devarda alloy
H3BO3 50ml
.
2. 0,005
H2SO4
N3 N N2 N PPM ( mg g
) :
N3 N N2 N ( PPM ) = ( ) 70.000
( mg )
: A=H 0,005 2SO4
=H 0,005 2SO4
( NH4 N, N3 N )
1. 30 100mg 10 ml
2 Cl. 1ml Sulfamic acid
. 0,2g MgO
0,2g Devarda alloy.
2.
33 50 ml .
3. 0,05 H2SO4 .
102
NH4 N N3 N PPM ( mg
) :
NH4 3PPM = ( ) 70.000
( mg )
: A=H 0,005 2SO4
=H 0,005 2SO4
1 : .
103
5. C/N.
C/N
.
, ,
.
C/N.
1/3
C CO2.
C 50% 5% ,
C/N 10/1.
C/N,
30/1.
C/N ,
.
( )
,
.
N ,
, .
104
6. .
Folin Ciocalteu.
()
1,5 20 ml
Tips
25 ml
-
(Na2CO3) 20%: 40 gr Na2CO3
. 200 ml
Na2CO3.
Folin Ciocalteu.
: (10 ml 10 ml ).
10 gr .
10 ml . 2-3
.
19 ml
.
10.000 5 .
250 l () 25 ml.
105
2
OD 760 nm.
(mg/l)
y = 0,512 x + 0,0226 me R2 = 0,999.
(Syringic acid).
106
7. .
. 8 12
. .
germination
index G.I.. ( )
.
( )
.
:
1.
2. compost
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1:10 compost () 50 g
compost 500 ml .
. 1:1
(50 % - ) 1:4 (25 % - C). ( 90 mm)
.
25
10 ml .
compost :
3 ().
3 .
3 .
3 C.
107
3 (72 ) 26 C .
3
mm .
, , B C.
C, D, D DC. (GI)
:
GI (%) =
D
100
C
. G.I. 100 %
( ).
.
1: .
G.I. A
G.I. B
G.I. C
< 100 %
< 100 %
< 100 %
< 100 %
< 100 %
> 100 %
< 100 %
> 100 %
> 100 %
> 100 %
> 100 %
> 100 %
,
,
1 4
,
,
.
.
50 %
.
108