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Energy
ISBN 0-328-13846-0
<(sk$m)=bdiegd< +^--U--U
Vocabulary
Extended Vocabulary
absorb
electric charge
electric circuit
electric current
kinetic energy
potential energy
reflect
refract
thermal energy
lens
opaque
rainbow
shadow
spectrum
translucent
transparent
white light
by Marianne
Lenihan
In this
book you
have read about ways in which
people use the refraction of light in
their everyday lives. Write to explain
some ways in which refraction is
used. Use examples from the book.
Picture Credits
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material.
The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd).
Opener: John Lund/Corbis; 5 (TL) Getty Images; 6 Craig Tuttle/Corbis; 9 (B) Robert Holmes/Corbis;
14 Science Museum, London/DK Images; 17 John Lund/Corbis; 20 JS Productions/Corbis; 23 Craig Tuttle/Corbis.
Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 9 (TR) NASA/DK Images; 15 (BR) Stephen Oliver/DK Images.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson.
ISBN: 0-328-13846-0
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any
prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to
Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
5.
A swing changes
potential energy
to kinetic energy,
and kinetic energy
to potential energy.
Sources of Light
Daylight is the result of Earth receiving light
from the Sun as it turns on its axis. As Earth
rotates, part of it enters into darkness, and
another part comes into daylight. Most of Earth
experiences both day and night every 24 hours.
The Sun is not our only source of natural
light. The nighttime stars shine brightly. The
planets you see in the night sky, such as Venus,
shine also. But the light the planets give off is
not their own. Like the Moon, Venus reflects
the Suns light.
Light travels at
more than 186,000
miles per second.
Light from the
Sun takes about
eight minutes to
reach Earth.
Traveling Light
Light travels very fastmuch faster than
sound. Thats why you see a flash of lightning
before you hear the sound of thunder, even
though both happen at exactly the same time.
Light travels in straight lines. A flashlights
beam shows this. If you shine a flashlight on a
wall, you can mark where its beam of light hits.
The distance from the mark back to the flashlight
is always a straight line.
Light rays travel in a straight line from the Sun to Earth.
flashlight
colored water
(transparent)
milky water
(translucent)
ink
(opaque)
Bouncing Light
Long ago, people thought that their eyes sent
out beams of light to the objects they saw around
them. But people have shown that idea to be
false. We now know that light rays bounce off
objects and enter our eyes.
When light bounces off an object it is called
reflected light. Light rays reflect differently off
smooth and rough surfaces. Suppose you shine a
flashlight on the surface of a smooth mirror. The
mirror reflects the light in only one direction.
How We See
We can see objects that are not light sources
because light rays bounce off the objects and
enter our eyes.
light source
some light
enters the eye
light rays
strike plant
plant reflects
light
10
11
Curved Surfaces
Reflections
Reflections are formed by shiny materials,
such as glass mirrors and smooth water surfaces.
Most metals reflect the light that falls on them.
Glass is not a metal. However, it is usually
very flat and smooth, like most metals. Since
glass does not reflect light rays well, how are
glass mirrors able to reflect our image?
Mirrors are made by putting metal sheeting
behind a piece of glass. The glass protects the
metal. It also makes a smooth surface. It is
the metal that reflects our image back to us,
not the glass.
Not all mirrors are made by
humans. A lakes smooth,
calm surface reflects light
rays very well.
12
13
Lenses
Bending Light
14
A concave lens
spreads light rays
apart, which makes
objects appear
smaller than normal.
A convex lens
focuses, or brings
to a point, the light
rays of an object
that is far away.
15
Using Refraction
We use refraction created by lenses every day
for many different things. Lenses can be used to
make objects that are far away look larger. They
can also correct poor eyesight and focus light
rays into a very strong beam.
People are born with two very important
lenses. Each eye contains a lens. The lens is
located just behind the pupil of each eye.
The pupil is the black dot located in the
very middle of each eye.
16
This lighthouse
light uses a specially
shaped lens to create
a very strong beam
of light.
17
Splitting Light
Have you ever wondered what white light
is? Sunlight and light from an electric light bulb
seem to be colorless. We call these two kinds of
light white light.
White light is a mixture of many different
colors of light. Those colors become separated
when white light passes through a prism. A prism
is a triangular, transparent block. Light passing
through a prism forms a band of colors called
a spectrum.
18
19
Rainbow Colors
You can see a rainbow because raindrops act
like tiny prisms. White light enters a droplet of
water. The water bends, or refracts, each color
in the light differently. Then the light passes out
through the droplet. But it no longer appears
as white light. Instead, the light is split into
its colors.
Rainbows occur most often after
rainfall or when there is fog. That
is when a lot of water hangs
in the air. That water
creates rainbows.
20
raindrop
spectrum
Curved bands
of colored light are
produced when a rainbow
forms. The sharpest rainbows are
called primary rainbows. They show
the full spectrum of colors. The colors in
a primary rainbow are: violet, indigo, blue,
green, yellow, orange, and red. People are able
to see these colors.
21
22
23
Vocabulary
Glossary
absorb
Extended Vocabulary
lens
electric charge
opaque
lenses
specially shaped
pieces of glass or
electric circuitplastic that
rainbow
refract light
electric current
shadow
opaque
the qualityspectrum
that prevents light
kinetic energy
from passing
through something
potential energy
translucent
reflect
transparent
rainbow
a curved spectrum
that forms in
refract
white
light
the sky
thermal energy
shadow
the dark area cast on a surface
by an opaque object, and forms
when light shines on the front of
the object
spectrum
translucent
Picture Credits
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material.
The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd).
transparent
white light
ISBN: 0-328-13846-0
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any
prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to
Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
24
5.