5.

Scientific Notation Technique

One of scientific notationn technique to use is footnote. The purpose of
footnote is to identify the site or location in the article specifically. Meanwhile, the
purpose of reference is to identify the article itself. Whenever an outside source is
used in your final research paper, you must provide a footnote. Please footnote at
the bottom of the page (MS Word: Insert Reference Footnote Bottom of
Page). The formatting of the cite should follow the examples provided. Footnotes
should be single-spaced. Be sure to include the page number of the source from
which the info came in each footnote. The first time you cite to a source, use the
long citation. Additional cites to that reference may use the short citation.
a. Cases Long Cite
[Case Name], [Volume] [Reporter] [1st Page of Case], [Page #] ([Court]
[Year]).
-

Example: U.S. v. Clary, 34 F.3d 709, 710 (8th Cir. 1994).

Reporters are the books in which the cases are found. If accessing a
case on the internet, the volume and reporter are typically at the
beginning of the case.

U.S. Supreme Court cases do not need the court identified.

o Example: Ozawa v. U.S., 260 U.S. 178, 180 (1922).

b. Cases Short Cite

[Short Name], [Vol.][Reporter], at [Page #].
-

Example: Ozawa, 260 U.S. at 180.

Choose one party for the short name (most often the first party named),
but be consistent throughout. If one party is a state or the U.S. use the
other party as the short name.

c. Books Long Cite

[Author/Editors Full Name], [Title] [Page #] (Year)
-

Example: Joanne Grant, Black Protest: History, Documents, and

Analyses 1619 to the Present 155 (1968).

d. Books Short Cite

[Authors Last Name], [supra], at [Page #].

-

Example: Grant, supra, at 155.

If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name
in any supra cite.
o Example: Grant, Black Protest, supra, at 155.

e. Law Review/Journal Articles Long Cite

[Authors Full Name], [Title], [Vol. Number][Abbreviated Journal Name]
[first page], [page #] (Year).
-

Example: Genna Rae McNeil, Before Brown: Reflections on Historical

Context and Vision, 52 Am. U.L. Rev. 1431, 1435 (2003).

The abbreviated name of the Journal can usually be found at the

beginning of law review articles. If none is found, abbreviate the best
you can and be consistent throughout. If you have any questions please
ask.

f. Law Review/Journal Articles Short Cite

[Authors Last Name], [supra], at [page #].
-

Example: McNeil, supra, at 1435.

If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name
in any supra cite.
o Example: McNeil, Before Brown, supra, at 1435.

g. Newspapers Long Cite

[Authors Full Name], [Title], [Newspaper], [Date], at [page article begins].
-

Example: Charles J. Ogletree Jr., Litigating the Legacy of Slavery,

N.Y. Times, March 31, 2002, at 9.

h. Newspapers Short Cite

[Authors Last Name], [supra], at [page article begins].
-

Example: Ogletree, supra, at 9.

If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name
in any supra cite.

o Example: Ogletree, Litigating, supra, at 9.

i. The Internet
-

Articles w/ Authors on the Internet Long Cite

[Authors Full Name], [Title], available at: [web address].

o Example: Gregory Jay, Teaching About Whiteness, available at:
http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Teachwhiteness.html.

Articles w/ Authors on the Internet Short Cite

[Author Last Name], [supra], available at: [web address].

o Example: Jay, supra, available at:
http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Teachwhiteness.html.
o If using more than one work by the same author, include a short
name in any supra cite.

Example: Jay, Teaching, supra, available at:

http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Teachwhiteness.
html.

Internet Sources w/o Authors

[website short name], available at: [web address].

o Example: ACLU Homepage, available at: http://www.aclu.org.

References:
Barzun, J., & Graff, H.F. (1970). The modern research. New York, NY:
Harcourt.
Effendi, S. (1979). Pedoman penulisan laporan penelitian. Jakarta: Pusat
pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa.
Ehrlich, E., & Murphy, D.(1968). Writing and researching term papers and
reports. New York, NY: Bantam.
Hurt, P.(1968). Bibliograohy and footnotes. Barkeley: University of California
Press.
Koencaningrat.(1973). Metodologi penilitian masyarakat (ed.). Jakarta: LIPI.
Sumantri, J. (2013). Filsafat ilmu: Sebuah pengantar popular. Jakarta: Pustaka
sinar harapan.

Surakhman, W.(1980). Pengantar penelitian ilmiah (7th.ed.) Bandung: Tarsito.

Suseno, S. (1980). Teknik penulisan ilmiah populer. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Turabian, K.L. (1963). Students guide for writing college papers. Chicago: The
university of Chocago Press.