MA2001

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (MOM)

A/P Tan Soon Huat
Tel: 67904837
Office: N3.2-02-01
Email: mshtan@ntu.edu.sg

Refer to Course site for CA details

Energy method is not in the syllabus

COURSE TEXTBOOK
Mechanics of Materials, Beer F.P., Johnston E.R.,
DeWolf J.T., Mazurek D. 5th edition, SI units,
McGraw-Hill, 2009.
----------Other editions ???

Why study Mechanics and Materials (MOM)?

Pass Exam (& hopefully do well)
Appreciate importance of safe structures
Max load or min section dimensions

Chap 6
Chap 7
Chap 9
Chap 10

Shearing Stress in Beams

Transformation of Stress and Strain
Deflection of Beams
Columns

Chap 6 Shearing Stresses in Beams

Partially referenced from
Engineering Mechanics of Solids
Egor P. Popov & Toader A. Balan,
Prentice Hall
Worked examples from Beer & Johnston
are useful and relevant

Objectives
Understand what causes shearing stress in
beams
Learn to compute shearing stress and
determine the orientation
Understand the distribution of shearing
stress on a cross section
Sketch the shearing stresses on an element
of interest

Introduction

Ch 3: Shear stress from torsion

Ch 4: Bending moment normal stress
Change in bending moment (dM/dx 0)
shearing stress
C D
A B
From Ch 5,

dM/dx = V

Fig 6.1

To derive eqn
Consider a beam
formed with several
planks fastened at
intervals by bolts.
Moments MA & MB
Isolated element:
Normal due to
bending moment at
sections A & B are
MA y/I and MB y/I.
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 Isolate top plank: For equilibrium, longitudinal force

dF at y1 = net force of FA & FB on x-sect of top plank.

dF

dF

Fig 6.1
11

 At section B,

MB y
MB
MBQ
FB
dA
ydA

I
I A( fghj)
I
A( fghj )
where

(6.1)

ydA Afghi y

A ( fghi )

Q is 1st moment of

Afghi about neutral axis

(NA). y is distance
from NA to centroid of
Afghi.

dF

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 Similarly, at section A,

MA

M AQ
FA
ydA

I A(abde)
I

(6.2)

If MA = MB, then |FA| = |FB| or no longitudinal force

on bolt, ie, dF = 0. (M constant: no shear stress)

If MA MB, then | FA | | FB | net longitudinal
force dF on bolt. Eg, if MB > MA, then |FB| >|FA|.
|FB| |FA| = dF tends
to shear bolt in
horizontal plane edfg.
dF
(shear stress exists)
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 For MA < MB : From eqs (6.1) & (6.2),

dF FB FA ( M A dM )Q / I ( M A )Q / I
( dM )Q / I

MB
Divide by dx & substitute dM/dx = V:

q dF / dx ( dM / dx )( Q / I ) VQ / I

(6.3)

where q is shear flow (force per unit length), I is 2nd

moment of area of entire x-sect about NA & V is total
shear force at section investigated, Q is 1st moment
of area of interest.
Note: No M in eq (6.3) but it is due to dM/dx.
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 Examples of

finding Q

Q Ay
Use area on

either side of the

cut see which is
easier! (blue cut)
Cut of interest
on cross section
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1st moment of area for circular section

NA

Q of semi-circular area above NA:

4r
Centroid of semicircular area is y =
3

(Given in exam)

Solid section:
NA
semi-circular area

r 4r 2r
A y

2 3
3
__

Q NA

Hollow section:
NA
half-annular area

2 3 3
QNA ro ri
3

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Shear Stress Formula for Beams

Fig 6.2a: Short isolated beam length dx. Fig 6.2c:
Cross-sect with imaginary cut of interest and V.
V

Fig 6.2

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 For sect of interest, longitudinal

shear stress & shear stress in

plane of vertical sect at the
imaginary cut of interest is

q VQ VAfghj y

t
It
It

(6.4)

where t is the width of imaginary cut of interest.

Note:NA (for finding I) is always perpendicular to
V.

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FB=FA+dF

Fig 6.2
NA is perpendicular to V. varies along cross
section height/depth or along orientation of V. Note
presence of horizontal at imaginary cut of interest.19

Example: Derive expression of distribution in a

solid rect beam with shear force V.

VQ
xy
It

V
Cut of interest

IZ = b(2c)3/12 = 2bc3/3
A' b( c y )

c y
( c y ) / 2
y c
2
Q A' y b( c y )(c y ) / 2

xy

b 2
2
c y

2 bc 3 (b ) 2
3V

20

 xy

V
b 2
2
2
2
c y 1.5 (1 y / c )

2bc 3 (b) 2
3V

max occurs when y = 0, ie, at NA.

max 1.5V / A
y

At top & bottom

edge, = 0.

+c

Non-linear!

where A b(2c)

c 12 h

max

Compare with ave

ave = V/A

c 12 h
-c
b

21

 For cross section that is symmetrical about the

NA, max will occur at the NA.
For other cross sections, eg, T section, max may
occur at the NA or transition/junction.

22

Example
Find at levels indicated.
Neglect wt of beam.
Soln:
100 * 2003 85* 1703
I

12
12
50 N
31.87(10)6 mm 4

100 N

31.87(10)-6 m 4

15 mm
200 mm

Constant V of 50 N.

VQ

It

15 mm

15 mm

50 N

100
mm

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Level

Q Aii y

Aii
(m2)

(m)
(m3)
0.1
0
0.0925 138.75(10)-6

t
(m)

=VQ/It
(kPa)

1-1
2-2

0
0.1*0.015=0.0015

3-3

0.0925 138.75(10)-6
-6
0.0775
+17.44(10)
0.015 * 0.015 0.000225
=156.19(10)-6
0.1* 0.015 0.0015
0.0925 138.75(10)-6 0.015 20.18
-6
0.0425
+54.19(10)
0.015 * 0.085 0.001275
=192.94(10)-6

4-4

0.1* 0.015 0.0015

0.1
0.1
0.015
0.015

0
2.18
14.51
16.34

24

2.18 kPa

max=20.18 kPa

ave

25

Example

26

27

150

200

150
28

29

Summary
Shearing stress in beams is due to change in
bending moment, ie, dM/dx 0.
Shearing stress = VQ/(It)
where V is the shear force at the
section of interest, Q is 1st moment
of area of interest, I is 2nd moment
of area of entire x-sect about NA
(always normal to V), t is the width
of imaginary cut of interest.

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 Orientation of shearing stress

follows that of V. = 0 at top &
bottom edges, max at NA (for
symmetrical cross section).
Use orientation of on cross
section to determine/sketch on
an element of interest.

31