INTRUDICTION:-

Johan August Brinell

August Brinell (19 June 1849 17 November 1925) was
a Swedish Metallurgical Engineer.
Brinell is noted as the creator of a method for quantifying the
surface hardness of materials, now known as the Brinell hardness
test. His name is also commemorated in the description of a
failure mechanism of material surfaces known as Brinelling.

Hardness

Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various

kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is
applied. Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g.
plastics). Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by
strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials
under force is complex; therefore, there are different
measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation
hardness, and rebound hardness.

Hardness is dependent
on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness,
viscoelasticity, and viscosity.

Brinell Hardness Testing

Hardness is a characteristic of a material, not a
fundamental physical property. It is defined as the
resistance to indentation, and it is determined by
measuring the permanent depth of the indentation. More
simply put, when using a fixed force (load) and a given
indenter, the smaller the indentation, the harder the
material. Indentation hardness value is obtained by
measuring the depth or the area of the indentation using
one of over 12 different test methods.
The Brinell hardness test method as used to
determine Brinell hardness, is defined in ASTM E10. Most
commonly it is used to test materials that have a
structure that is too coarse or that have a surface that is
too rough to be tested using another test method, e.g.,
castings and forgings. Brinell testing often use a very
high test load (3000 kgf) and a 10mm wide indenter so

that the resulting indentation averages out most surface

and sub-surface inconsistencies.

object
to determine the student how to prepare specimen for hardness
testing ( Brinell )

Equipment Set Up :
1 INDENTEC Hardness Machine

2-Microscope

Addition :
1 A ruler to measure

2 Pencil or pen & paper

3-Calculate

Theory
Hardness is usually defined as the resistance of a material to
plastic penetration of its surface. There are three main types of
tests used to determine hardness:

Scratch tests are the simplest form of hardness tests. In this

test, various materials are rated on their ability to scratch one
another. Mohs hardness test is of this type. This test is used
mainly in mineralogy.


In Dynamic Hardness tests, an object of standard mass and
dimensions is bounced back from a surface after falling by its
own weight. The height of the rebound is indicated. Shore
hardness is measured by this method.

Static Indentation tests are based on the relation of

indentation of the specimen by a penetrator under a given load.
The relationship of total test force to the area or depth of
indentation provides a measure of hardness. The Rockwell,
Brinell, Knoop, Vickers, and ultrasonic hardness tests are of this
type.

The relation between ball diameter D & depth of impression h &

dimensions of the test piece in the Brinell test.
BHN = The Brinell Hardness Number
P = The imposed load in (kg/f)
D = The diameter of the ball indenter in (mm) d = diameter of
the resulting indenter impression in (mm)
No
1
2
3

Material
Steel
Copper alloys
Aluminum alloys

P/
30
10
5

Lead alloys and tin alloys

table (2)

P/

: Ratios for the Brinell

h = depth of impression in (mm) p =

applied load (kg/f) or (N)
Benefits of hardness test
Easy inexpensive
Quick
Non destructive
May be applied to the sample of various dimensions and
shapes
May be performed in-situ
Indenter ball diameter (1 , (1.58=1/16 inch) ,2.5, 5, or 10 mm)
With different force applied from (1 kgf - 1000 kgf)

Figure (3) Types of indenters

Procedure :
After the completion of the process of cutting and polishing and
buffing and drying, we tested the measurement sample hardness by
device(INDENTEC Hardness Machine)special to measure the
hardness of metals
Method of measuring the hardness of the sample or metal
turn on Device Driver
Choose the type of hardness (Brinell Hardness Test)

 Choosing the right load to measure the hardness of the sample or

metal by this law, And choose the right load

Steel = 30
D = 2.5 The diameter of the ball indenter in (mm)

Choosing the right tool penetration of (must be a tool penetration of

metal hardness greater than the hardness of the sample or the metal
to be measuring the hardness , We put the sample on the machine
table and we rotation of the disk at the bottom of the table that
comes into contact with the sample device which penetrate and then
and by the screen located in the machine gives us the signal and then
we rotation of the disk that gives us the device signal and then we
rotation of the disc toward the opposite, and we took a sample and
put the sample on the microscope

 Scan and finding diameter trail microscope , We put the sample on

the microscope table and we measured the diameter on the sample
surface, and we get the number by a ruler microscope .

Find a number hardness sample or metal by this law , After the

completion of measuring impact on the sample surface by a
microscope and the process has got to measure the diameter of
impact and put your number on the existing law in a way to test the
hardness (Brinell Hardness Test), we have got to measure the
hardness of the sample

Calculation

STEEL:-

P = 187.5 kg/f
D = 2.5 mm d
d=0.

966

BHN =

=246

h=

=0.09
=15.6

COPPER :P = 62.5 kg/f

D = 2.5 mm d
d=0.85mm
BHN =
=106.9

h=

=0.074

Discussion
1-define the hardness ?

Ans/ Hardness is a measure of how

resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape
change when a compressive force is applied. Some materials
.(e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics)

2-write the producer of preparation

specimen for hardness testing
(brinell,vickers,rockwell,) and write
the name of equipment used for each
step?
Ans/1-cutting step :we cut the sample 40
mm long and 10 mm in diameter with a
.saw cut special

after the cutting process we have refine-2

the processing device and the end of the
enameling process is to remove
.impurities from the sample
polishing process-3
:Equipment used
cutter machine-1

grinder polisher machine-2

electric oven-3

3-compare between the hardness of

steel and copper.
/Ans
1. Copper exists naturally, as it is an element, whereas
steel is an alloy.
2. Steel is stronger and heavier than copper, and both
can corrode in a moist environment.
3. Copper is widely used for military, electrical, surgical,
wiring and piping applications, while steel is used for
building structures, doors and many other industries
like automobiles.
4. Steel is not used for coining, whereas copper in coins
is still used by many countries around the world.
5. Ductility varies greatly in steel compared to copper,
which is a ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic, and nonsparking metal

4-which metal have a large depth of

impression ? why
Ans/the (h) depth of the steel is larger than
the copperbecause the load over the steel
is bigger than the load over the copper which
is ( 187.5 for steel and 62.5 for copper)

5-write the advantages of brinell

hardness test?
Ans/ The main advantage offered by the Brinell method
consists in the possibility of employing heavy loads using
rugged and easy-to-use instruments.
Furthermore, the indentation can be read by a microscope or
an eyepiece.
Testing is possible even if positioning of the piece is not
perfect, as required by Rockwell method. Brinell testing is
not sensitive to the deflection of the testpiece.
It is possible to derive the tensile strength value simply by
multiplying the Brinell hardness number by a certain factor,
changing according to the test material.