Con Review WKSHT

Chemistry
Concept Review Worksheets

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Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: What Is Chemistry
Complete each statement below by underlining the correct word or phrase in brackets.
1. A chemical is any substance that has [definite, indefinite] composition.

Changes in chemicals, or chemical reactions, take place [only in test tubes, all
around us].
2. The type and arrangement of [particles, crystals] in a sample of matter determine the properties of the matter. Most of the matter you encounter is in one
of [numerous, three] states of matter.
3. The characteristics of a solid include [fixed, variable] volume and shape.
Particles that make up solids are held [loosely, tightly] in a [flexible, rigid]
structure, so the particles can [vibrate only slightly, flow past each other].
4. Liquids have a [fixed, variable] volume but a [fixed, variable] shape. This
situation occurs because particles in a liquid are held [tightly, loosely] and
[can, cannot] slip past each other.
5. Gases have [fixed, variable] volume and [fixed, variable] shape. Gas particles
may move apart to fill any container they occupy. This behavior occurs
because gas particles are [close together, far apart] and are [attracted, not
stongly attracted] to one another.
6. [Physical, Chemical] changes are changes in which the identity of a substance
does not change. Thus the changes of state are [physical, chemical] changes.
7. In a [physical, chemical] change, the identities of substances change and new
substances form.
8. In the word equation hydrogen oxygen heat water, hydrogen is a
[reactant, product], and water is a [reactant, product]. This is an example of a
[physical, chemical] change.
9. A [physical, chemical] reaction rearranges the atoms that make up the reactant or reactants. After a chemical reaction, [the same, different] atoms are
present in the product or products. Atoms [are, are not] destroyed or created,
so mass [does, does not] change during a chemical reaction.
10. Chemical changes sometimes produce a gas, which you can detect by observing [bubbles, a precipitate] or by a change in [color, odor].
11. When two clear solutions mix and a precipitate forms, the mixture becomes
[clear, cloudy].
12. When energy is released during a chemical reaction, temperature [increases,
decreases]. Chemical reactions may also absorb energy, which is indicated by
a(n) [increase, decrease] in temperature.
13. A color change in a reaction system, such as when an indicator changes color,
may indicate that a [chemical, physical] reaction has occurred and [new, no
new] substances have formed.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Chemistry
The Science of Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued

Mark each change below P if it is physical and C if it is chemical.
______14. milk souring

______15. gasoline burning
______16. ice melting
______ 17. lighting a match
______18. water evaporating
______19. chopping wood
______20. burning wood
______21. breath fogging a mirror
______22. cooking an egg
______23. bleaching a stain
Answer the following questions in the space provided.
24. Explain how chemicals and chemical reactions are an important part of your
life.
25. In the spaces below draw and label a microscopic view showing the particles
in a solid, a liquid, and a gas.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Describing Matter
1. Describe two characteristic properties of matter.
2. Briefly explain the difference between mass and weight.
3. Briefly explain the difference between quantity and unit.
4. Briefly explain why density is a derived unit.
5. What special meaning does the slope of a graph of mass versus volume have?
6. List three examples of physical change and three examples of chemical

change.
7. What are the differences between physical and chemical properties? Give an
example of a chemical property.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

For each statement that is true, write T in the blank next to the item number. For
each statement that is false, write F in the blank next to the item number and
corrrect the underlined word to make the statement correct.
______ 8. The terms odorless and colorless are quantitative terms.
______ 9. To say that the mass of a gold nugget is 5.0 grams is to use a
quantitative term.
______10. The kelvin is used to express length in SI.
______11. The pound is used to express forces such as weight in SI.
______12. The liter is used to express volume in SI.
Solve the following problems, and write your answer in the space provided.
13. How many millimeters are there in 2.0 meters?
14. How many grams are there in 5.0 kilograms?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: How is Matter Classified?
Write the name of the element for each chemical symbol listed below.
1. C __________________________________________________________________
2. S ___________________________________________________________________
3. N __________________________________________________________________
4. Au _________________________________________________________________
5. Hg _________________________________________________________________
6. Sn __________________________________________________________________
Write the symbol of each element listed below.
______ 7. silver
______ 8. lead
______ 9. potassium
______10. iron
______11. sodium
______12. copper
Write the answer to the following questions in the space provided.
13. How does an atom differ from an element?
14. How does an atom differ from a molecule?
15. What is an allotrope?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

16. When is a sample of matter considered a pure substance?
17. What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
18. Briefly explain why a beaker containing sand and water is a mixture although
sand itself is a pure substance.
19. Briefly explain why a compound has characteristic properties.
Label whether each material below is a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture,

or a heterogeneous mixture.
20. C2H2 ________________________________________________________________________________

21. Au _________________________________________________________________
22. Hg _________________________________________________________________
23. CH3COOH ___________________________________________________________
24. carbonated beverage _________________________________________________
25. raisin bran cereal ____________________________________________________
26. stainless steel ________________________________________________________
27. H2O2
_______________________________________________________________________________
28. orange juice _________________________________________________________

29. sugar _______________________________________________________________
30. gasoline _____________________________________________________________
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Energy
Complete each statement below by writing the correct term in the space provided.
1. The capacity to do work is
2. A change in matter from one form to another without a change in chemical
properties is a
change.
3. A change that occurs when one or more substances change into new
substances with different properties is a
change.
4. A change in matter in which energy is absorbed is a(n)

process.
5. A change in matter in which energy is released is a(n)
process.
6. Energy must be added to a solid to melt it. This addition gives the particles
energy, allowing them to move out of the crystalline

structure.
7. To freeze a substance, energy must be
from the substance.
Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided.
8. State the law of conservation of energy.
9. What is heat?
10. Define temperature.
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date

11. What is the difference between temperature and heat?
12. Convert the following temperatures as indicated.

a. 100C
b. 293.15 K
c. 55C
d. 459 K
e. 3 K
f. 39C
13. Define specific heat.
14. Substance A has a specific heat of 0.650 J/gK, and substance B has a specific
heat of 0.325 J/gK. If 100 J of energy is applied to a 10 g sample of each
substance, which substance will have a higher temperature? Why?
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Studying Matter and Energy
1. What are the fundamental procedures in the scientific method?
2. Why is it important to publish the results of research findings?
3. When performing an experiment, why is it important to have a control?
4. What is a variable?
5. What is the definition of a model?
6. Why are models useful in chemistry?
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date

In the space provided at the left of each word or phrase, write the letter of the
expression on the right that is most closely related.
______ 7. hypothesis
a. a well-tested explanation for a phenomenon

based on observation, experimentation, and
reasoning
______ 8. theory
b. a reasonable and testable explanation of

observations
______ 9. scientific law
c. The products of a chemical reaction have the

same mass as the reactants.
______10. law of
conservation
of mass
d. a description of the natural world that has been

proven reliable over time
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Measurements and Calculations in Chemistry
1. What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
2. Suppose a chemistry student took the mass of a sample of calcium carbonate

and obtained the following values: 1.01 g, 1.00 g, 0.99 g, 0.98 g. The known
mass was 1.00 g. Was this measurement accurate or precise? Explain your
answer.
3. Determine the number of significant figures in the following.
______ a. 4 001.006 g
______ f. 10.000 004 56 g
______ b. 3 cars
______ g. 2000 000 g
______ c. 0.000 0456 g
______ h. 2000 000.0 g
______ d. 1 001.000 000 g
______ i. 2000 000 000.00 g
______ e. 100 g
______ j. 20 students
4. Explain why some numerical values have an unlimited number of significant

digits.
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date

5. Perform the following operations. Express your answers with the correct
number of significant figures.
a. 37.26 m 2.7 m 0.0015 m
b. 256.3 mL 2 L 137 mL 10 L
c. 300. kPa 274.57 mL / 547 kPa
d. 346 mL 200 K / 546.4 K
6. Convert the following to scientific notation.
a. 0.000 003 6 mm
b. 1 450 000 mg
c. 2340 m
d. 111.34 g/cm3
7. Perform the following calculations. Express your answers in scientific
notation.
a. 4.5 106 3.9 108
b. (3.9 103)(6.7 102)
c. 3.01 1023 / 2.56 106
d. 5.6 107 2.3 106
e. 6.7 1012 7.8 1012
f. 3.7 1012 2.1 1012
g. (6.02 1023)(2.00)
h. 6.02 1023 / 3.00
8. Three chemistry students measured the length of a copper bar. The recorded
lengths were 5.05 cm, 5 cm, and 5.1 cm. What is the average length of the bar?
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date

9. Find the volume of a cube of zinc with the following dimensions: 3.000 cm,
3.1 cm, 2.99 cm.
10. Find the density in g/cm3 of a rectangular prism with dimensions of

6.00 102 mm, 1.57 103 mm, 3147 mm and a mass of 6.02 106 g.
11. Find the average volume from the following volume readings: 3.00 mL, 2.0 mL,
2.987 mL, and 3.4856 mL.
Holt Chemistry
Matter and Energy
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Substances Are Made of Atoms
In the blank at the left of each word or phrase, write the letter of the expression
on the right that is most closely related.
______ 1. atomic theory
a. This states that a chemical compound always contains the same

elements in exactly the same proportions by weight or mass.
______ 2. law of definite proportions
b. This states that atoms are the building blocks of all matter.
______ 3. law of conservation of mass
c. This states that when two elements

combine to form two or more compounds, the mass of one element
that combines with a given mass of
the other is in the ratio of small
whole numbers.
_____ 4. law of multiple proportions
d. This states that mass cannot be created or destroyed during ordinary

chemical and physical changes.
Answer the following in the space provided.
5. State the five principles in Daltons atomic theory.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Structure of Atoms
In the blank at the left of each word or phrase, write the letter of the expression
______ 1. alpha particle
a. the electrode attached to the positive terminal

of a voltage source
______ 2. anode
b. the electrode attached to the negative terminal

of a voltage source
______ 3. atomic number
c. a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
______ 4. cathode
d. an atoms central region, which is made up of

protons and neutrons
______ 5. Coulombs law
e. a subatomic particle that has a positive charge

and that composes the nucleus of an atom; the
number of these particles determines the identity of an element.
______ 6. electron
f. the number of protons that compose the

nucleus of an atom; this number is the same
for all atoms of an element.
______ 7. proton
g. a subatomic particle that has no charge and

that composes the nucleus of an atom
______ 8. isotope
h. a small, positively charged particle, which

Rutherford directed at thin, gold foil
______ 9. mass number
i. the sum of the number of protons and neutrons

of the nucleus of an atom
______10. neutron
j. states that the closer two charges are, the

greater the force between them; in fact, the
force increases by a factor of 4 as the distance
is halved.
______11. nucleus
k. an atom that has the same number of protons

(atomic number) as other atoms of the same
element but has a different number of neutrons
(atomic mass)
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date

Answer the following items in the space provided.
12. In Thomsons cathode-ray experiment, what evidence led him to believe that
the ray consisted of particles, and why did he conclude that the ray was
negatively charged?
13. Describe the evidence for the existence of electrons.
14. Describe the evidence for the existence of protons.
15. Describe the evidence for the existence of neutrons.
16. Describe the properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
17. In your own words, define isotope.
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date

Use the appropriate term from the list below to fill in the blanks. Use each term
only once.
volume
nucleus
small
alpha
positive
deflected
mass
undeflected
18. In the Rutherford gold foil experiment, positively charged
particles were directed at a thin gold foil. It was found that most of the
particles passed through the foil
of particles were
. However, a small number

, some even backward. These two
observations suggested that most of the
of an atom is
empty space but that there was a central core with a charge that repelled the
particles. This core is a very
atom. It contains most of the
part of an
of the atom and is called the
.
19. Complete the following table.
Isotope
Number of
protons
Number of
electrons
Number of
neutrons
Number of
particles in
nucleus
Symbol
for
isotope
Hydrogen-2
Helium-3
Lithium-7
Beryllium-9
Boron-11
20. Define atomic number and mass number.
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Electron Configuration
In the blanks at the left of each word or phrase, write the letter of the expression
______ 1. electromagnetic
spectrum
a. the spectrum of a few colors seen through a

prism made when high-voltage current is
passed through a tube of hydrogen gas at low
pressure
______ 2. electron
configuration
b. the lowest energy state of a quantized system
______ 3. excited state
c. a state in which an atom has more energy

than it does at its ground state
______ 4. ground state
d. a number that specifies the properties of

electrons in an atom
______ 5. Hunds rule
e. the arrangement of electrons in an atom
______ 6. line-emission
spectrum
f. a region in an atom where there is a high

probability of finding electrons
______ 7. orbital
g. states that two particles of a certain class

cannot be in the exact same energy state
______ 8. Pauli exclusion

principle
h. the present-day model of the atom, in which

electrons are located in orbitals
______ 9. quantum
number
i. states that the structure of each successive

element is obtained by adding one proton to
the nucleus of the atom and one electron to
the lowest-energy orbital that is available
______10. quantum theory
j. all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
______11. aufbau principle
k. what occurs when light strikes a metal and

electrons are released
______12. photoelectric
effect
l. states that for an atom in the ground state, the

number of unpaired electrons is the maximum
possible and these unpaired electrons have
the same spin
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date

Complete each statement below by writing the correct word or words in the spaces.
13. All electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, can be thought of as
moving
14. As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength
15. To define the region in which electrons can be found, scientists have assigned
four
numbers to each electron.
16. Using the quantum theory, how does one determine the location of an atoms
electrons?
17. Compare the Rutherford, Bohr, and quantum models of an atom.
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date

18. Explain how the wavelengths of light emitted by an atom provide information
about electron energy levels.
19. List the four quantum numbers, and describe their significance.
20. Use the Pauli exclusion principle and the aufbau principle to write the electron configuration for the following atoms.
a. Chlorine
b. Nitrogen
c. Calcium
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Counting Atoms
In the blanks at the left of each word or phrase, write the letter of the expression
______ 1. Avogadros number
a. the mass of an atom expressed in atomic

mass units
______ 2. atomic mass
b. the SI base unit used to measure the

amount of a substance whose number of
particles is the same as the number of
atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12
______ 3. mole
c. the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
______ 4. molar mass
d. the number of atoms or molecules in

1 mol, equal to 6.022 1023
5. Which isotope defines the atomic mass unit, and how is the atomic mass unit
defined?
6. Why is a mole used to count atoms?
7. What is the relationship between an atoms atomic mass and one mole of that
atom?
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date

8. The atomic mass of lithium is 6.939 amu. Would you expect the isotopes 63 Li
and 73 Li to be equally common? Why or why not? If not, which isotope would
you expect to be more common?
9. What is the mass in atomic mass units of one fluorine atom?
10. What is the mass in grams of one fluorine atom?
11. How many molecules are in one mole of carbon dioxide, CO2?
12. Calculate the mass of one mole of carbon dioxide, CO2.
Holt Chemistry
Atoms and Moles
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: How are Elements Organized?
1. Why do Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr all react with Cl in a 1:1 ratio forming substances with similar properties?
2. Explain the method that John Newlands used to organize the elements.
3. What method did Dmitri Mendeleev use to arrange his periodic table?
4. Why did Mendeleev have gaps in his table? How did he use these gaps?
5. What was Henry Moseleys contribution to the periodic table?
Holt Chemistry
23
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
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6. Why was Moseley able to resolve the discrepancies in Mendeleevs table when
Mendeleev could not?
7. Explain the importance of valence electrons.
8. Why do elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals in the

periodic table?
9. How is the electron configuration similar for each element in a group?
10. How is the electron configuration similar for each element in a period?
Holt Chemistry
24
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Tour of the Periodic Table
Complete each statement below by choosing a term from the following list.
Terms may be used more than once.
main-group elements
halogens
metals
transition metals
alkaline earth metals
alkali metals
hydrogen
noble gases
1. The
energy level.
have a single electron in the highest occupied
2. The
are in the s- and p-blocks of the periodic table.
3. All the
have two valence electrons and get to a
stable electron configuration by losing two electrons.
4. Unlike the main-group elements, each group of the
does not have the identical outer electron configuration.
5. The
, the most reactive group of non-metals,
achieve stable electron configurations by gaining one electron.
6. The
energy level.
have a full set of electrons in their outermost
7. The
are very stable and have low reactivity.
8. The
metals.
are highly reactive and readily form salts with
9. In general, the
are metals that are less reactive
than the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals.
10. The
are metals that lose one electron when they
react with water to form alkaline solutions.
11. Most elements are
12. With its one valence electron,

other elements.
reacts with many
13. Which groups compose the main-group elements?
Holt Chemistry
25
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
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14. Why are the main-group elements called the representative elements?
15. Why are Group 2 elements less reactive than Group 1 elements?
16. Explain why a helium atmosphere is used in welding instead of an oxygenrich atmosphere.
17. Using electron configurations, explain why the halogens readily react with the
alkali metals to form salts.
18. Why is an iron alloy, such as steel, preferred over pure iron?
Complete each statement below by writing the correct word or words in the space
provided.
19. The
include all members of Groups 1 through 12,
as well as some of the elements of Groups
through
.
20. Elements in Groups
through
, including the two long rows below the table, are
called transition elements.

21. In the transition elements, electrons are usually added to the
orbital, which is why these elements are also

known as the
Holt Chemistry
26
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
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22. The
include all of the elements in Groups 17 and 18
as well as some members of Groups
through
.
23. In the
, electrons are being added to the 4f orbitals.
24. In the
, electrons are being added to the 5f orbitals.
25. The
are unique in that all are unstable and
radioactive.
Holt Chemistry
27
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Trends in the Periodic Table
provided.
1. The amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a specific atom is
called the
2. The
energy of the atom.

is half the distance from center to center of
two like atoms bonded together.

3.
is the energy change that occurs when a neutral

atom gains an electron.
4.
is a numerical value that reflects how much an

atom in a molecule attracts electrons.
5. As the nuclear charge increases across a period, the effective nuclear charge
pulling the electrons closer to the nucleus and

the size of the atom.
Circle the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
6. Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius?

a. boron
b. aluminum
c. gallium
d. indium
7. Which of the following elements has the smallest ionization energy?
a. potassium
b. arsenic
c. nitrogen
d. bismuth
Holt Chemistry
28
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
Date

8. Which of the following elements has the largest electronegativity?
a. lithium
b. carbon
c. chlorine
d. iodine
9. Explain why the exact size of an atom is difficult to determine.
10. Which metal has the larger radius, Li or Na? Why?
11. What is electron shielding?
12. Explain the large decrease in atomic radii as you move across a period from
Group 1 to Group 14.
13. Explain why ionization energies tend to decrease down a group.
Holt Chemistry
29
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
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14. Explain the large increase in electronegativity as you move across a period.
15. Complete the following table.

General Trends
From left to right across a period
Down a group
Ionization energy
Atomic radius
Electronegativity
Ionic size
Electron affinity
Holt Chemistry
30
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Where Did the Elements Come From?
Complete each statement below by writing the correct terms or terms.
1. Most of the atoms in living things are of just six elements,
, and
2. Immediately after the big bang, temperatures were extremely high and only
could exist.
3. As the universe began to cool, energy was converted to
, in the form of
, and
4. As the universe continued to cool, these particles joined and formed the first
two elements,
and
5. The temperatures in stars get high enough to fuse
nuclei with one another, forming elements of still higher atomic numbers.
6. Massive atoms such as iron and nickel form by repeated
.
7. When a massive star has converted almost all its core hydrogen and helium
into heavier elements, it collapses and blows apart in an explosion called a

forming elements heavier than iron.
8. The nuclear reaction that changes one nucleus into another by radioactive
disintegration or by bombardment with other particles is called

.
Holt Chemistry
31
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
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9. Elements that chemists have created are called
elements.
10. The special equipment that scientists use to create elements are called
.
11. There are 93 naturally occurring elements, yet the periodic table contains 113
elements. Briefly explain the difference in the two numbers.
12. Why are there limits to the synthetic elements that a cyclotron can produce?
13. How does a synchrotron accelerate particles to create synthetic elements?
14. What is the difficulty in identifying superheavy elements?
Holt Chemistry
32
The Periodic Table
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Simple Ions
10
11
ion
octet
12
13
anion
cation
1. An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative electric charge
because it has lost or gained electrons is a(n)

2. The sodium ion has
and
protons,
neutrons,
electrons.
3. In most chemical reactions, atoms tend to match the outer electron configura-
tion of the noble gases. This is called the
rule.
Complete each statement below by writing the correct term or phrase.
4. An anion is an ion with a

5.
charge.
electrons occupy the outermost energy level of an atom.
6. The chloride ion and the chlorine atom have
electron
configurations.
7. A cation is an ion with a
charge.
8. Many stable ions have an electron configuration of a
9. How do the outer-shell electron configurations for ions of Group 1, Group 2,

and Group 15, Group 16, and Group 17 elements compare with those of the
noble gases?
Holt Chemistry
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Name
Class
Date

10. What do you notice about all of the ionic charges for Group 1? Group 2?
Group 15? Group 16? Group 17?
11. How many valance electrons do atoms in Group 1, Group 2, Group 15, Group
16, and Group 17 have?
12. State the octet rule.
13. Ions of calcium, fluorine, magnesium, and iodine have electron configurations
that are similar to which noble gases?
14. Explain why the properties of ions differ from those of their parent atoms.
15. Why do atoms of metals form cations?
16. Why do atoms of nonmetals form anions?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Ionic Bonding and Salts
1. The arrangement of ion in sodium chloride shows that each ion is surrounded
by
oppositely-charged ions.
2. The attractive force between sodium ions and chloride ions results in an
arrangement of ions in repeating units arranged to form a
3. In the sodium chloride crystal arrangement, the net effect is that the
between oppositely charged ions is significantly greater

than
between ions of like charge.
4. The arrangement of cations and anions depends on the
the
and
of the ions.
lattice energy
salt
unit cell
crystal lattice
5. The specific way in which atoms are arranged in an ionic compound is called
the
6. The
.
is the simplest repeating unit of a crystal structure.
7. A
is a compound that results when an ionic bond is formed
between a cation and an anion.
8. When 1 mole of a salt is formed from gaseous ions,
released.
is
9. Briefly describe why the structure of ionic compounds causes the compounds
to be hard.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

10. When a force is applied to an ionic compound and the ions are repositioned
so that like-charged ions are located next to each other, what happens to the
compound?
11. How is an ionic bond formed?
12. Define salt.
13. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points and high boiling points?
14. Why are ionic solids generally poor conductors of electricity?
15. When are salts excellent conductors of electricity?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

16. Name five characteristics of ionic compounds.
17. How do these five properties relate to the nature of ionic bonds?
18. Describe the structure of salt crystals.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
cations
electroneutrality
-ide
polyatomic
ionic
subscript
Roman numerals
1. Having equal amounts of positive and negative charges is called
.
2. An electrically charged group of two or more bonded atoms that functions as
a single ion is a
ion.
3. Collections of
are never found without a similar number of
anions (or sometimes electrons) nearby to effectively neutralize the charges.
4. The names for
formed.
come from the element from which they are
5. When an element forms two or more positive ions, the ions are distinguished
by using
to indicate the charge.
6. The name of a simple anion is formed by changing the ending of the element
name to
7. A
is a whole number written below and to the right of an
elements symbol, and it is used to denote the number of atoms in a formula.
8. Any chemical compound that is composed of oppositely charged ions is called
a(n)
compound.
Write the formula for the following compounds.
9. potassium bromide
10. barium fluoride
11. tin(IV) oxide
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

12. cesium bromide
13. cobalt(II) bromide
14. mercury(I) sulfide
15. aluminum iodide
Write the names of the following, and include Roman numerals if needed.
16. Cu+
24. Fe2O3
17. Cl
25. Mg3N2
18. O2
26. ZnO
19. P 3
27. NaI
20. Na
28. Cu2O
21. Mg 2
29. CaCl2
22. NaCl
30. CrCl3
23. ZnS
31. HgO
32. How are polyatomic salts named?
33. How do the formulas for atomic salts relate to their names?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

Choose the statement from Column B that best matches the term in Column A, and
write the corresponding letter in the space provided.
Column A
Column B
______34. -ite and -ate
a. indicates the presence of one hydrogen atom in

the ion
______35. monohydrogen
b. the endings of polyatomic ions containing

oxygen
______36. dihydrogen
c. replace an oxygen by a sulfur in the anion
______ 37. thio-
d. indicates the presence of two hydrogens in the

ion
Write the name for the following compounds that contain polyatomic ions.
38. K2Cr2O7 _____________________________________________________________

39. KClO2 ______________________________________________________________
40. Fe(ClO3)3 ___________________________________________________________
41. Na2SO4 _____________________________________________________________
42. Na2SO3 _____________________________________________________________
43. KMnO4 ______________________________________________________________
44. Pb(NO3)2 ____________________________________________________________
Write the formula for the following compounds containing polyatomic ions.
45. lead (IV) chromate ___________________________________________________

46. sodium hypochlorite __________________________________________________
47. magnesium nitrate ___________________________________________________
48. sodium peroxide _____________________________________________________
49. hydrogen cyanide ____________________________________________________
50. aluminum hydroxide __________________________________________________
51. ammonium sulfate ___________________________________________________
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Covalent Bonds
1. How does a covalent bond form between two atoms?
2. Why is the H2 molecule more stable than two separate hydrogen atoms?
3. Explain why the stability described in item 2 does or does not hold true for
most covalent bonds.
4. How does a covalent bond differ from an ionic bond?
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date

5. What is a molecular orbital?
6. Describe the potential energy change that occurs when two hydrogen atoms
approach each other and form a covalent bond.
7. In terms of energy, why is the H-H bond stable?
8. Why is bond length an average rather than a fixed number?
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date

9. Describe the typical physical properties of substances that have metallic,
ionic, and covalent bonds.
energy
electronegativity
dipole
nonpolar covalent
length
ionic
polar covalent
10. Bond
is defined as the average distance between two bonded
atoms at their minimum potential energy.
11. Bond
is defined as the energy required to break the chemical
bond between two atoms and separate them.
12. The tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons to itself when it bonds
with another atom is called its
13. A
bond is an attraction between two atoms in which bonding
electrons are shared equally between the atoms.
14. A
bond is an attraction between two atoms in which bonding
electrons are localized on the more electronegative atom.
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date

15. A
molecule is one that has a partial positive charge at one end
and a partial negative charge at the opposite end.
16. In general, if the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is
between 0 and 0.5, the bond formed is
17. If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is between 0.5 and 2.1,
the bond formed is
18. If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is greater than 2.1, the
bond formed is
19. Predict the type of bond that is present between sodium and fluorine in
sodium fluoride, NaF, which is used in fluoridation of drinking water.
20. Predict the type of bond present between carbon and hydrogen in
polyethylene.
21. Predict the type of bond present between carbon and sulfur in vulcanized
rubber.
22. Predict the type of bond present between carbon and fluorine in the polymer
Teflon.
23. Predict the type of bond that is present between phosphorus and oxygen in a
DNA molecule.
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Drawing and Naming Molecules
triple
double
single
resonance
Lewis
valence
unshared
1. An electron in the outermost energy level of an atom that can participate in
bonding is called a(n)
electron.
2. A structure in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner-shell

electrons and in which dots are used to represent valence electrons is called
a(n)
structure.
3. A possible Lewis structure of a molecule for which more than one Lewis
structure can be written is called a(n)
structure.
4. A covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons is called
a(n)
bond.
5. A covalent bond in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons is called
a(n)
bond.
6. A bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons is a

bond.
7. A nonbonding pair of electrons in the valence shell of an atom is called a(n)
pair.
8. Methanol, CH3OH, can be used as a solvent, as an antifreeze, and in the

production of formaldehyde. Draw the Lewis structure for methanol.
9. Propane, C3H8, is a common fuel for gas barbecue grills. Draw the Lewis
structure for propane.
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date

10. Draw the Lewis structure for water, H2O.
11. Draw the Lewis structure for carbon monoxide, CO.
12. Draw the Lewis structure for the rocket propellant nitryl fluoride, NO2F.
13. Draw the Lewis structures for SO 23.
Answer the following item in the space provided.
14. Explain the difference between single, double, and triple bonds.
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date

Use the system of prefixes and the rule for suffixes to name the following
compounds.
15. PbCl2
16. KCl
17. LiO2
18. As2O3
19. PBr3
20. SF4
21. N2O5
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
22. nitrogen monoxide
23. carbon dioxide
24. carbon tetrachloride
25. carbon disulfide
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Molecular Shapes
1. What does VSEPR theory predict?
2. Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following molecules, and use the
VSEPR theory to predict the shape of each.
a. CH4
b. CCl4
c. NO2
3. How does one unbonded pair of electrons affect the shape of a molecule?
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date

4. How do multiple unbonded pairs of electrons affect the shape of a molecule?
5. What evidence is there to support the idea that opposite polar ends of
molecules attract each other?
6. How do polarity and shape of molecules relate to the properties of a

substance?
Holt Chemistry
Covalent Compounds
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Avogadros Number and Molar Conversions
1. Determine the number of atoms present in 4.00 mol of aluminum.
2. Determine the number of atoms present in 1.55 mol of sodium.
3. Convert 2.65 1025 atoms of fluorine to moles of fluorine atoms.
4. Convert 4.26 1025 molecules of hydrogen, H2, to moles of hydrogen, H2.
5. Convert 1.75 1026 atoms of potassium to moles of potassium.
Holt Chemistry
The Mole and Chemical Composition
Name
Class
Date

6. Determine the mass in grams of 7.20 mol of antimony.
7. Determine the mass in grams of 0.500 mol of uranium.
8. Determine the mass in grams of 0.750 mol of francium.
9. A sample of lead has a mass of 150.0 g. What amount of lead in moles does
the sample contain?
10. A sample of gold has a mass of 5.00 103 g. What amount of gold in moles
does the sample contain?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Relative Atomic Mass and Chemical Formulas
1. Calculate the average atomic mass of rubidium if 72.17% of its atoms have a
mass of 84.91 amu and 27.83% of its atoms have a mass of 86.91 amu.
2. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine if 75.77% of its atoms have a
mass of 34.97 amu and 24.23% of its atoms have a mass of 36.96 amu.
3. Calculate the molar mass of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.
4. Calculate the molar mass of rutile, TiO2, a mineral used in coloring glass.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

5. Calculate the molar mass of baking soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate,
NaHCO3.
6. Calculate the molar mass of phenol, C6H5OH.
7. Calculate the molar mass of acetylene, C2H2, a gas used in welding.
8. Calculate the molar mass of water, H2O.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Formulas and Percentage Composition
1. The mineral greenockite is a yellow sulfide of cadmium that is 78.0% cadmium

and 22.0% sulfur. Determine the empirical formula of greenockite.
2. What is the empirical formula for a compound of aluminum and fluorine that
is 32% aluminum and 68% fluorine?
3. What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 26.56% potassium,

35.41% chromium, and 38.03% oxygen?
4. What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 33.36% calcium, 26.69%
sulfur, and 40.00% oxygen?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

5. What is the empirical formula for a compound that is 29.44% calcium, 23.55%
sulfur, and 47.01% oxygen? This compound is a common ingredient in plaster.
6. The empirical formula of a compound is CH. The experimental molar mass is

78.12 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
7. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O. The experimental molar mass

is 60.06 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
8. The empirical formula of a substance is P2O5. The experimental molar mass is

Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

9. The empirical formula of a substance is BH3. The experimental molar mass is
10. The empirical formula of a compound is CH. The experimental molar mass is
11. Quartz has the chemical formula SiO2. What is the percentage composition of
this compound?
12. Urea, a component in fertilizer, has the chemical formula, CO(NH2)2. What is
the percentage composition of this compound?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. Fructose, a sweetener in soft drinks, has the chemical formula C6H12O6. What
is the percentage composition of this compound?
14. Which of two common ingredients in garden fertilizers, ammonium sulfate,

(NH4)2SO4, or ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, has a greater percentage of
nitrogen?
15. Which compound has the greater percentage of zincsmithsonite, ZnCO3, or

sphalerite, ZnS?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Describing Chemical Reactions
1. What is a chemical reaction?
2. Give three examples of a chemical change that has occurred in your home.
a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________
3. State nine observations that suggest that a chemical reaction has occurred.
a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________________________
e. __________________________________________________________________
f. __________________________________________________________________
g. __________________________________________________________________
h. __________________________________________________________________
i. __________________________________________________________________
4. What laboratory evidence do you need to show that a chemical reaction has
taken place?
Holt Chemistry
Chemical Equations and Reactions
Name
Class
Date

5. List five processes that are physical changes.
a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________________________
e. __________________________________________________________________
6. Identify the following events as examples of either physical or chemical
changes. For those that describe chemical changes, identify the reactants and
the products.
a. Silver nitrate solution is added to another solution, producing a white solid.
b. Gasoline gives off fumes.
c. Sea water evaporates, leaving salt deposits.
d. A marshmallow is burned over a campfire.
7. If you slide a safety match across an untreated striking surface, will it light?
Explain.
8. Compare a word equation and a formula equation.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

9. In a chemical reaction that releases energy, energy is a

the reaction.
of
10. In a chemical reaction that absorbs energy, energy is a

the reaction.
of
11. Supply the missing information in the table below.

Symbol
Meaning
reactants are heated; temperature is not specified

(s), (l), (g)
chemical formula of a catalyst; a substance added to speed up a
reaction
(aq)
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Balancing Chemical Equations
1. State the law of conservation of mass.
2. Using the law of conservation of mass, explain why the following reaction is
wrong: HCl NaOH NaCl.
3. How can you tell when an equation is balanced?
4. Consider the following balanced equation for the reaction between iron metal
and water:
3Fe 4H2O Fe3O4 4H2

a. Is the 3 in 3Fe a subscript or a coefficient?
b. What is the subscript in the water molecule?
c. How does changing a coefficient differ from changing a subscript?
d. Why is Fe balanced as 3Fe instead of Fe3?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

e. What do the 4 and 2 signify in 4H2? How many hydrogen atoms are there?
5. Water vapor and nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2, are combined to manufacture
ammonia. A byproduct of this reaction is oxygen gas. Write the balanced
chemical equation for this reaction.
6. Iron can be obtained by reacting the naturally occurring ore hematite, Fe2O3,
with carbon. The carbon is converted to CO2. Write the balanced chemical
equation for this reaction.
7. Granules of zinc oxide, ZnO, will react with hydrochloric acid, HCl, to form
zinc chloride, ZnCl2, and water. Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
8. A reaction between copper and nitric acid, HNO3, produces copper(II) nitrate,
Cu(NO3)2, nitrogen monoxide, NO, and water. Write the balanced chemical
equation for this reaction.
9. Ethane, C2H6, reacts with molecular oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Classifying Chemical Reactions
1. Your reactants are two elements. Your product is a binary compound. What
type of reaction do you have?
2. Your reactants are a hydrocarbon and oxygen. Your products are carbon
dioxide and water. What type of reaction do you have?
3. You have one reactant and two elements for products. What type of reaction
do you have?
4. Your reactants are an element and a compound that is not a hydrocarbon.

What type of reaction do you probably have?
5. Your reactants are two compounds composed of ions. What type of reaction
do you probably have?
Classify the reaction type for each of the following reactions. Briefly explain the
reason for your selection.
6. 2C6H14(l) 19O2(g) 14H2O(g) 12CO2(g)
7. 4Fe(s) 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
8. 2AlCl3(s) 2Al(s) 3Cl2(g)
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

9. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of C2H2 gas. One of
the products is carbon dioxide. Be sure to include states of matter.
Determine whether each of the following reactions can occur. If the reaction does
occur, write the complete, balanced equation. If the reaction does not occur,
explain why not.
10. 2Cr(s) SnCl4(aq)
11. 2Ni(s) MgSO4(aq)
12. Zn(s) CdCl2(aq)
13. Ag(s) ZnCO3(aq)
14. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid and
magnesium metal. One of the products is magnesium chloride, MgCl2. Be sure
to include states of matter. What kind of reaction is this?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. What are spectator ions?
2. Write a total ionic equation for each of the following reactions.

a. copper(II) sulfate iron iron(III) copper
b. potassium iodide chlorine potassium chloride iodine
c. Mg(s) CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) Cu(s)
d. 2Au(NO3)3(aq) 3Zn(s) 2Au(s) 3Zn(NO3)2(aq)
e. NiBr2(aq) Co(s) Ni(s) CoBr2(aq)
f. BaCl2(aq) CuSO4(aq) BaSO4(s) CuCl2(aq)
3. Identify the spectator ions in each of the reactions in item 2.

a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________________________
e. __________________________________________________________________
f. __________________________________________________________________
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

4. Write the net ionic equation for each reaction in item 2.
a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________________________
e. __________________________________________________________________
f. __________________________________________________________________
5. Write a balanced chemical equation for the double-displacement reaction of
barium chloride solution, BaCl2, and sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3.
What is the net ionic equation?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Calculating Quantities in Reactions
1. All stoichiometric calculations involving equations use

ratios.
2. When solving stoichiometric problems, you must
equation first.
3. Balanced equations give the
substances.
4.
the
numbers of moles of
in chemical equations provide mole ratios that can be used

as conversion factors.
5. The conversion factor for converting between mass and moles is the
of the substance.
6. In making calculations involving
to mass.
, you must convert volume
7. To convert from volume to mass, you can use the

substance as the conversion factor.
of the
8. When calculating the number of particles, you can use

the conversion factor.
as
In the blanks at the left, write the letter of the choice that best completes the
statement or answers the question. Consider the following problem when
answering:
What mass of sulfuric acid is required to neutralize 2.65 g of potassium hydroxide?
The products of the reaction are potassium sulfate and water.
______ 9. What should you do first after reading the problem carefully?
a. Estimate the answer.
b. Calculate the molar mass of sulfuric acid.
c. Write a balanced chemical equation.
d. Convert all masses to moles.
______10. What should you do before setting up the problem?
a. Determine the densities.
b. Calculate molar masses.
c. Convert all masses to moles.
d. Estimate the answer.
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

______11. How should you check your setup?
a. by recalculating molar masses
b. by checking to see if the result will have the correct units
c. by estimating the answer
d. by writing a balanced chemical equation
______12. What should you round off?
a. the result of each step
b. all data values
c. only the final answer
d. nothing
______13. Which of the following is least likely to help you verify the final result?
a. estimating the answer by using rounded numbers
b. determining whether the answer is reasonable for the conditions of
the problem
c. rechecking all molar masses
d. writing a balanced chemical equation
14. Determine the number of grams of phosphorus formed for each 1.00 g of
Ca3(PO4)2 used in the production of phosphorus in an electric furnace.
Ca3(PO4)2(s) 3SiO2(s) 5C(s) 3CaSiO3(s) 5CO(g) 2P(s)
15. How many grams of aluminum chloride are produced when 18 g of aluminum
are reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid?
2Al(s) 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

16. How many grams of ethanol, C2H5OH, can be made by the fermentation of
1150 g of glucose, C6H12O6?
C6H12O6(l) 2C2H5OH(l) 2CO2(g)
17. How many moles of oxygen are required for the combustion of 25.5 g of
magnesium?
2Mg(s) O2(g) 2MgO(s)
18. How many grams of CO2 are produced from the burning of 1.0 mol of amyl
alcohol?
2C5H11OH(l) 15O2(g) 10CO2(g) 12H2O(g)
19. How many moles of nitromethane are needed to form 500.0 g of chloropicrin,
CCl3NO2, a chemical used in the production of insecticides?
CH3NO2(l) 3Cl2(g) CCl3NO2(l) 3HCl(g)
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

20. How many liters of oxygen are produced from the decomposition of 122 g of
potassium chlorate? The density of oxygen is 1.33 g/L.
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) 3O2(g)
21. How many grams of potassium chloride are formed by the decomposition of
sufficient potassium chlorate to yield 3.4 L of oxygen? Remember that the
density of oxygen is 1.33 g/L.
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) 3O2(g)
22. How many liters of phosphine gas are produced when 910 g of calcium
phosphide react with water? The density of phosphine gas is 1.517 g/L.
Ca3P2(s) 6H2O(l) 3Ca(OH)2(s) 2PH3(g)
23. How many grams of air are required to complete the combustion of 93 g of
phosphorus to diphosphorus pentoxide, assuming the air to be 23% oxygen by
mass?
4P(s) 5O2(g) 2P2O5(s)
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

24. How many metric tons of carbon dioxide can be produced from the combustion of 5.00 metric tons of coke that is 85.5% carbon?
C(s) O2(g) CO2(g)
25. If 100. mL of carbon disulfide (density 1.26 g/mL) is burned completely, how
many liters of SO2 and of CO2 are formed?
CS2(l) 3O2(g) CO2(g) 2SO2(g)
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Limiting Reactants and Percentage Yield
excess
product
limiting
percentage
actual
theoretical
stoichiometric
1. A(n)
cal reaction.
reactant is not completely used up in a chemi-
2. A(n)
reactant is used up first and thus controls the
quantity of
reaction.
that can be formed in a chemical
3. The reactant that runs out first is the
reactant.
4. The limiting reactant should be used in

tions to determine the maximum amount of product expected.
5. Cost is a factor in selecting the
calcula-
reactant.
6. In industry, the least expensive reactant is usually used as the
reactant. In this way, the more expensive reactant

is completely used up, while some of the cheaper reactant is left over.
7. The
yield is a way to describe reaction efficiency.
8. The percentage yield describes how close the
is to the
9. The
yield
yield.
yield must be measured experimentally.
10. The percentage yield figures can be used to predict what the
yield will likely be.

11. When 3.00 g of Mg is ignited in 2.20 g of pure oxygen, what is the limiting
reactant? What is the theoretical yield of MgO?
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

12. When 32 g of O2 reacts with 23 g of C2H5OH, what is the limiting reactant?
What is the theoretical yield in grams of CO2?
C2H5OH(l) 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) 3H2O(l)
13. What is the limiting reactant when 154 g of Ag reacts with 189 g of HNO3?
What is the theoretical yield in grams of AgNO3?
3Ag(s) 4HNO3(aq) 3AgNO3(aq) NO(g) 2H2O(l)
14. A student used 1.34 g of silver to produce silver nitrate. The actual yield was
2.01 g. Calculate the percentage yield.
3Ag(s) 4HNO3(aq) 3AgNO3(aq) NO(g) 2H2O(l)
15. To prepare the paint pigment chrome yellow, PbCrO4, a student started with
5.552 g of Pb(NO3)2. The actual yield of PbCrO4 was 5.096 g. Calculate the
theoretical yield and the percentage yield.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) Na2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s) 2NaNO3(aq)
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

16. Determine the actual yield in grams of MgO when 20.0 g of magnesium is
burned in air. The percentage yield of the reaction is 97.9%.
17. Determine the actual yield of Fe2O3 when 10.0 g of iron(II) sulfide is burned
in air. The percentage yield of the reaction is 88.1%.
4FeS(s) 7O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) 4SO2(g)
18. Determine the actual yield in grams of CCl4 if 175.0 g of Cl2 reacts with
methane. The percentage yield of the reaction is 75.4%.
CH4(g) 4Cl2(g) CCl4(g) 4HCl(g)
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Stoichiometry and Cars
In the blanks at left, write the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
______ 1. How many moles of N2 gas are generated from 0.50 mol of NaN3 used
in an air bag? The reaction equation is 2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) 3N2(g).
a. 3.0
b. 1.5
c. 0.75
d. 2.0
______ 2. How many moles of isooctane will produce 6.0 mol of H2O? The reaction equation is 2C8H18(g) 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) 18H2O(g).
a. 3.0
b. 0.67
c. 9.0
d. 2.0
______ 3. How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced when 5.0 mol of O2
is used in the reaction 2C8H18(g) 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) 18H2O(g)?
a. 80
b. 0.40
c. 1.6
d. 3.2
______ 4. How many moles of sodium oxide are produced if 0.5 mol of Fe is produced in the reaction 6Na(s) Fe2O3(s) 3Na2O(s) 2Fe(s)?
a. 6.0
b. 0.75
c. 1.5
d. 12
______ 5. Why do designers of air bags use stoichiometry?
a. to ensure that air bags inflate correctly
b. to ensure that air bags do not overinflate
c. to ensure that air bags inflate quickly enough
d. All of the above
Holt Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date

6. Use the concept of limiting reactants to explain why fuel-air ratios affect the
performance of an engine.
7. What mass of sodium azide must be included in an air bag to generate 68.0 L
of N2? Use 0.916 g/L as the density of nitrogen gas.
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) 3N2(g)
8. How many grams of air must react with 375 mL of isooctane for complete
combustion to occur? Assume the air to be 23% oxygen by mass. The density
of oxygen is 1.33 g/L, and the density of isooctane is 0.692 g/mL.
2C8H18(l) 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) 18H2O(g)
9. Nitrogen dioxide from exhaust reacts with oxygen to form ozone. How many
grams of ozone, O3, could be produced from 4.30 g of NO2?
NO2(g) O2(g) NO(g) O3(g)
Holt Chemistry
10
Stoichiometry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Energy Transfer
Complete each statement below by choosing a term from the following list. Use
each term only once.
intensive
enthalpy
heat
higher
extensive
temperature
physical
lower
1. Temperature and heat are different but related

2. If a sample has a(n)
properties.
temperature than its surroundings,
energy is transferred from the sample. If the temperature of the sample is

than its surroundings, energy is transferred to the sample.
The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures is
. The
of a sample is a measure of the
average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample.

3. The temperature of a sample does not depend on the amount of the sample,
therefore temperature is a(n)

a(n)
property. In contrast, heat is
property, which means that the amount of energy
transferred as heat depends on the amount of the sample.

4. The total energy content of a sample is its
, and is repre-
sented by the symbol H.

5. The SI temperature unit is
6. A kelvin is the same temperature interval as a degree
7. Because 0.00C is equal to

, individual temperatures have
different numerical values on the two scales.
8. A temperature difference taken between two objects has
numerical value in Kelvins and in degrees Celsius.
9. Heat, like other forms of energy, is measured in
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date

10. If the temperature of an object is found to be 73.15 K, its value in degrees
Celsius is
11. Kelvin temperature Celsius temperature

Solve the following problems and write your answers in the space provided.
12. Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of 180.0 g of water from
10.0C to 40.0C. The molar heat capacity for water is 75.3 J/Kmol.
13. How many joules would be required to change the temperature of 250.0 g of
aluminum from 15.0C to 75.0C? The molar heat capacity of aluminum is 24.2
J/Kmol.
14. How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 68.0 g of tin from
25.0C to 80.0C? The molar heat capacity of tin is 11.1 J/Kmol.
15. The molar heat capacity of nitrogen, N2, is 29.1 J/Kmol. How much energy is
required to raise the temperature of 40.5 g of nitrogen 45 K?
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Using Enthalpy
1. The total energy of a system is its
,or H. The only
way to measure energy is through a
. The
enthalpy change is the enthalpy change of one

mole of an element or compound.
2. When a pure substance is heated or cooled, but does not change state, the
energy as heat is the
as the enthalpy change.
Therefore the molar enthalpy change is equal to the ______________________

multiplied by the
H
,or
3. A
enthalpy change means that the change requires
energy and that the process is
.A
enthalpy change means that the change releases

energy or is a
process.
4. The science that examines the energy changes that accompany chemical and
physical processes is called
5. How much does the molar enthalpy change when 147 g of water cools from
90.0C to 17.0C? The molar heat capacity for water is 75.3 J/Kmol.
6. How much does the molar enthalpy change when 432 g of water is heated
from 18.0C to 71.0C? The molar heat capacity for water is 75.3 J/Kmol.
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions
1. In most chemical reactions, the enthalpy change can be measured in terms of
energy in the form of
released or gained during the
reaction. A change in enthalpy in a reaction depends on many variables, but

is one of the most important. To standardize the
enthalpies of reactions, data for
and
are presented at the standard thermodynamic

temperature of
C, or
K.
When a chemical equation is used in calculating thermodynamic values,

coefficients represent
of a substance. The enthalpy
change in forming 1 mol of a substance from its elements at 298.15K is called

the
of formation.
2. Explain how the two types of calorimeters are used to measure the energy
released or absorbed in a chemical reaction.
3. State Hesss law.
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date

4. What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction? Is the reaction
exothermic or endothermic?
Cl2(g) 2HBr(g) 2HCl(g) Br2(g)
5. What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction? Is the reaction
exothermic or endothermic?
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) CO2(g)
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Order and Spontaneity
1. The property of a system that makes a process occur consists of two driving
forces, a tendency toward the greatest
state and a
tendency toward the lowest
state.
2. The quantity of entropy possessed by 1 mol of a substance is called
.
3. The symbol for standard entropy is
used are
and the units

, the same as for molar heat capacity.
4. The thermodynamic quantity used to predict whether a reaction will occur
spontaneously is
and is defined by the equation G
5. A reaction is more likely to occur if the change in entropy is

6. The entropy of a substance
7.
8.
with temperature.
have greater standard entropies than liquids.

have the most freedom to move, so their standard
entropies are the greatest.
9. At
, no disorder means no entropy.
10. The entropy change of a reaction is standard entropy of the
minus the standard entropy of the
11. Because the atoms in a diamond are in a more ordered state than in graphite,
the change in entropy in changing graphite into a diamond is
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date

12. A system with more energy has more
13. A process is spontaneous if G is
.
.
14. All spontaneous processes occur with a
in Gibbs energy.
Complete each statement below by underlining the correct word or phrase in

brackets. Refer to the following two expressions when answering the items below.
H enthalpy of products enthalpy of reactants

G H TS
15. The products of an [endothermic, exothermic] reaction have an energy higher
than that of the reactants.
16. In endothermic reactions, H has a [positive, negative] value.
17. The drive to achieve a state of [minimum, maximum] Gibbs energy may be
interpreted as the driving force of a chemical reaction.
18. A chemical reaction occurs if it is accompanied by a(n) [increase, decrease]
in Gibbs energy.
19. If G is negative, G, the reaction is [spontaneous, nonspontaneous].
20. The expression for G shows that when H is negative and S is positive, G
is [positive, negative]. Thus, [endothermic, exothermic] reactions, which are
accompanied by a(n) [increase, decrease] in entropy of the system, are
probable.
21. The expression for G shows that when H is positive and S is negative, G
is [positive, negative]. This means that [endothermic, exothermic] reactions
accompanied by a(n) [increase, decrease] in entropy are improbable.
22. At very high temperatures, the sign and magnitude of G and the spontaneity
of a reaction are determined primarily by the change in [enthalpy, entropy].
23. According to the expression for G, the [higher, lower] the temperature for a
positive entropy change, the greater the chances are that the reaction will be
spontaneous.
24. When the temperature of a system is low, the product TS is very [small,
large] compared to the H term and has little influence on the value of G. In
such cases, the reaction may occur as the [enthalpy, entropy] change predicts.
25. What is the entropy change for the following reaction?
Ca(s) 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) H2(g)
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date

26. What is the entropy change for the following reaction?
4HBr(g) O2(g) 2H2O(l) 2Br2(l)
27. Calculate the change in Gibbs energy for the following reaction at 25C. Is the
reaction spontaneous?
2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) O2(g)
28. Calculate the change in Gibbs energy for the given reaction at 25C. Is the
reaction spontaneous?
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) CO2(g)
Holt Chemistry
Causes of Change
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: States and State Changes
solid
cohesion
melting
surface tension
liquid
adhesion
evaporation
boiling point
gas
deposition
condensation
melting point
viscous
freezing
sublimation
freezing point
1. The particles in a
are very close together in an orderly,
fixed, and usually crystalline arrangement.

is an endothermic change of state in which a solid becomes a liquid. The temperature
and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid is its
2. Because particles in a
have enough kinetic energy to be
able to move past each other easily, they take the shape of their container.
While many liquids flow readily, many are resistant to flowing, or are
.
3. Because they are held close together, liquid particles are more affected by
forces between particles. They have attraction for each other, or
, as well as attraction for particles of solid surfaces, called

. Liquids tend to form spherical drops because of
, or the tendency to decrease their surface area to the
smallest size possible, thereby decreasing their energy. Particles in a liquid
can gain enough kinetic energy to leave the surface and become a gas in a
process called
4. Attractive forces between

particles do not have a great
effect, which makes the particles essentially independent of each other. The
temperature and pressure at which the number of liquid particles becoming
gas particles is the same as the number of gas particles returning to the liquid
phase is called a substances
. Gas particles lose energy and
become liquid during
Holt Chemistry
States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
Name
Class
Date

5. The process during which a liquid substance loses energy and becomes a
solid is called
. The temperature at which this change
occurs is the
for a substance.
6. The particles of solids may become gas particles without first melting in a
process called
. The reverse of this process, in which a gas
becomes a solid without first becoming liquid, is called
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Intermolecular Forces
1. Why do ionic compounds tend to have higher boiling and melting points than
molecular compounds have?
2. Why do molecular substances with weak intermolecular forces have low

melting points?
3. Why do molecular substances with strong intermolecular forces have high

melting points?
4. How do dipole-dipole forces affect the melting and boiling points of

substances?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

5. What forces are involved in hydrogen bonding?
6. What effect does hydrogen bonding have on the physical properties of water?
7. How can a molecule have a momentary dipole?
8. Name the force of attraction between molecules with momentary dipoles.
9. How do London forces and dipole-dipole forces between molecules differ

from forces between ions in crystals?
10. Explain the role of particle size and shape on the strength of attractive forces.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Energy of State Changes
provided. Refer to Figure 1, below, to answer items 16.
Molar enthalpy of water, H (kJ/mol)
220
E
240
Water
vapor
260
280
C
A
Liquid water
Ice
300
250
Figure 1
300
350
400
Temperature, T (K)
1. The molar enthalpy change at 273.15 K (B C) is called the
2. The molar enthalpy change at 373.15 K (D E) is called the
3. The slopes of the slowly rising lines in the graph, A B, C D, and E F,
are the
of water at each state.
4. The large heat capacity of liquid water is attributed to

Solve the following problem and write your answer in the space provided.
5. The enthalpy of vaporization for nitric acid is 30.30 kJ/mol, and the molar
entropy of vaporization is 84.4 J/molK. Calculate the boiling point of nitric
acid.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

Complete each statement below by circling the correct word or phrase in brackets.
6. It takes a lot [more, less] heat to vaporize the water than to melt ice.
7. Heat must be [absorbed, released] to raise the temperature of ice, water, or
water vapor.
8. The enthalpy changes accompanying a change of state are much [smaller,
greater] than those that accompany the heating of the substance at each state.
9. The tendency to [lower, higher] energy is seen in thermodynamics as positive
H values, and a(n) [increase, decrease] in disorder is seen as negative S
values.
10. During changes of state, changes in enthalpy and entropy [oppose, complement] each other. The relative values of H and TS determine which state is
preferred.
11. During evaporation, a liquid becomes a gas at a temperature [at, well below]
its boiling point.
12. Evaporation is a [endothermic, exothermic] process.
13. Gibbs energy relates entropy and enthalpy changes to the [spontaneity, rate]
of a phase transition.
14. A process is spontaneous if G is [positive, negative].
15. All spontaneous processes occur with a(n) [increase, decrease] in Gibbs
energy.
16. When G is exactly zero, the system is in a state of [flux, equilibrium].
17. The melting point of a solid equals the enthalpy of fusion [divided, multiplied]
by the entropy of fusion.
18. Boiling occurs when the tendency toward [order, disorder] overcomes the
tendency to lose energy.
19. [Condensation, evaporation] occurs when the tendency to lose energy overcomes the tendency to increase disorder.
20. Boiling points are pressure dependent because pressure has [no, a large]
effect on the entropy of a gas.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Phase Equilibrium
phase
triple point
vapor pressure
normal boiling point
equilibrium
critical point
phase diagram
supercritical fluid
1. A
is a region that has the same composition and properties
throughout. When particles are constantly moving between two or more
phases, yet no net change in the amount of substance in either phase occurs,
the system is said to be in

. The pressure exerted by the
molecules of a gas, or vapor, in equilibrium with a liquid is called the
. When you increase a systems temperature to the point at
which the vapor pressure of a substance is equal to standard atmospheric
pressure, you have reached the substances
2. A graph of the relationship between the physical state of a substance and the
temperature and pressure of the substance is called a

. The
temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous
phases of a substance coexist at equilibrium is called the
The temperature and pressure at which the gas and liquid states of a
substance become identical and form one phase is the
Above this temperature, the substance is referred to as a
and the liquid and vapor phases are indistinguishable.
.
.
,
3. What physical factor does the average kinetic energy of molecules depend on?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

4. Explain why the vapor pressure of molecules doubles or triples for every 10C
increase in temperature, while the kinetic energy increases only about 3%.
5. Use the phase diagram for water in your text to complete the table below and
items 68.
Description of point
Temperature
Pressure
Point
The temperature and pressure at

which three phases of water exist
in equilibrium
The temperature at which water
boils at 1.0 atm of pressure
The temperature at which water
freezes/melts at 1.0 atm of pressure
The temperature and pressure at
and above which the properties of
water vapor cannot be distinguished
from those of liquid waterwater
exists as a single phase
6. Name the phases that water will exhibit if the pressure is kept constant at
110 kPa and the temperature is gradually increased from 10C to 110C.
7. Name the phases that water will exhibit if the pressure is kept constant at
0.31 kPa and the temperature is gradually increased from 10C to 110C.
What term is given to the phase transformation of water that occurs under
these conditions?
8. Along which line segment do solids and liquids coexist? Describe the slope of
this line for water. What will an increase in pressure do to waters melting
point?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Characteristics of Gases
brackets.
1. Gases have unique properties because the distance between gas particles is
much [greater than, smaller than] the particles of a liquid or a solid. In contrast to solids and liquids, gases [partially, completely] fill their containers.
2. Gases are considered [liquids, fluids] because their particles [can, cannot]
move past each other easily and are thus able to flow. Gas particles can be
forced closer together by applying pressure to them, thus [decreasing,
increasing] their volume.
3. Gases have much [higher, lower] densities than do liquids and solids. Because
of the [large, small] distance between gas particles, much of the space occupied by a gas is [vibrating, empty].
4. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, gas particles travel relatively [long,
short] distances before colliding with each other. These collisions with each
other and with the walls of their container result in [pressure, fluid]. These
collisions are perfectly elastic; that is, energy is [completely, inversely] transferred from one particle to another.
5. Although gases [are, are not] dense, they [do, do not] have mass, therefore in
a gravitational field they also [have, do not have] weight. As gas particles are
attracted by Earths gravity, they collide with each other and with Earths
surface, creating [the atmosphere, air pressure]. Pressure is the amount of
force exerted per unit area of [volume, surface].
6. Air is [less dense, denser] as you move closer to Earths surface because the
weight of atmospheric gases at any elevation compresses the gases below
them. At high altitudes, less dense air exerts [more, less] pressure.
7. The kinetic-molecular theory states that particles of matter are in constant
rapid, random motion. The average kinetic energy of random motion is [proportional, inversely proportional] to temperature in kelvins. This means that
heat [decreases, increases] the energy of random motion of a gas.
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 8. pressure
a. the force that will increase the

speed of a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s each
second that the force is applied
______ 9. newton (N)

______10. pascal (Pa)
b. a unit of pressure equal to a force

of 1 N on an area of 1 m2
______11. one standard atmosphere

(atm)
c. force exerted per unit area

d. at sea level, the pressure necessary
to maintain a mercury column in a
barometer at a height of 760 mm
______12. standard temperature and

pressure (STP)
e. standard conditions for a gas at

0C and 1 atm
Solve the following problem and write your answer in the space provided.
13. Convert the pressure of 750 mm Hg to atmospheres.
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: The Gas Laws
Refer to Figure 1, below, to complete items 15. Assume the gas in the cylinder is
at constant temperature.
Pressure
Volume
1/ V
2
2P
1/ V
3
3P
Figure 1
1. In general, as the pressure increases, the volume
the pressure decreases, the volume
, and as
.
2. Name and state the law that describes the behavior of the gas in the cylinder.
3. Complete the table, given the initial pressure and volume of the gas in the
cylinder.
Pressure (kPa)
Volume (L)
100
0.500
Pressure Volume, PV
200
0.167
4. The data in item 3 show that the

of the pressure times the
volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature is a(n)
. The equation that expresses this relationship is

and is known as
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

5. The data in item 3, on the previous page, also show that if the product, PV, is
measured for a given quantity of gas at one set of conditions, P1V1, and then
at another set of conditions, P2V2, both products are found to be
to the constant
Using this information,
provide an alternate way to express Boyles law.
6. A sample of gas occupies 20 L under a pressure of 1 atm. What will its volume
be if the pressure is increased to 2 atm? Assume the temperature of the gas
sample does not change.
7. A sample of oxygen occupies 10.0 L under a pressure of 105 kPa. At what

pressure will it occupy 13.4 L if the temperature does not change?
8. A student collects 400 mL of oxygen at 9.80 kPa. If the temperature remains

constant, what volume would this gas occupy at 9.40 kPa?
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

Answer the following items in the space provided. Refer to Figure 2, below.
Assume the gas in the cylinder is at constant pressure.
Volume
Temperature
T
2V
2T
3V
3T
Figure 2
9. In general, as the temperature increases, the volume
as the temperature decreases, the volume
, and
.
10. Name and state the law that describes the behavior of the gas in the cylinder.
11. Complete the table, given the initial pressure and volume of the gas in the
cylinder.
Temperature (K)
Volume (mL)
100
199
402
Volume/Temperature, V/T
2.01
300
12. The data in item 11 show that the volume of a given sample of gas divided by
its absolute temperature,
, is a(n)
equation that expresses this relationship is
. The
and is known as
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

13. The data in item 11 also show that the ratio, V/T, for the same gas sample at
any set of volume-temperature conditions (at constant pressure) will always
the same constant,

. Using this information, provide an alternate way to express Charless law.
14. How does a change in temperature affect the pressure of a gas when its
volume is kept constant? Use equations to express this relationship when
more than one set of pressure-temperature conditions are applied to the same
gas sample at a fixed volume.
15. What is the volume of a gas at 253 K if the gas occupies 50.0 mL at a temperature of 273 K? Volume and mass are held constant.
16. A gas at 300 K exerts a pressure of 99 kPa. What pressure is exerted by the
same gas at 273 K? Volume and mass are held constant.
17. A gas occupies 50.0 mL at standard temperature. What volume will it occupy
at 335C with the pressure unchanged? (Be sure to convert the Celsius temperature to kelvins.)
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Molecular Composition of Gases
term or phrase.
______ 1. Avogadros law
a. the passage of a gas through a

small opening
______ 2. Gay-Lussacs law of

combining volumes
b. At constant temperature and

pressure, gases react in volume
proportions that are whole numbers (equivalent to the coefficients
in the balanced chemical equation).
______ 3. effusion
______ 4. diffusion
c. Equal volumes of different gases

under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure have the
same number of molecules.
______ 5. Grahams law of diffusion
d. the process by which particles mix

by dispersing from regions of
higher concentration to regions of
lower concentration
e. The rates of diffusion for two gases
are inversely proportional to the
square roots of their molar masses
at the same temperature and
pressure.
6. Assume 5 mol of N2 gas is confined in a 10 L container at 523 K. Calculate the

pressure of the gas in kilopascals and in atmospheres.
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

7. If 44 g of a gas is found to have a volume of 24.5 L under a pressure of
50.66 kPa at 298 K, what is the molar mass of the gas?
8. A 20 L vessel contains a gas under a pressure of 5 atm at 303 K. How many

moles of gas are in the vessel?
9. The volume of a gas is 20.0 mL under a pressure of 97.3 kPa and at a temperature of 297 K. What would the volume be if it were measured under 95.7 kPa
and at 286 K?
10. Given 20.0 L of ammonia at 278 K and 101.325 kPa, determine its volume at
303 K and 1.05 atm.
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

11. In Figure 3, below, NH3 gas from a concentrated ammonia-water solution
reacts with HCl gas from a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution to produce a white cloud of solid NH4Cl. Does the cloud form near A, B, or C? Use
Grahams law of diffusion to verify your answer.
;;;;
;;;;
;;
Cork
;
;;
;;
;;
Cotton soaked in
concentrated HCl
Cotton moistened
with ammonia water
Figure 3
12. Compare the speed of effusion of H2(g) with that of Br2(g) under the same
conditions.
13. Under constant pressure, a small basketball pump is filled with helium, He,
gas; the helium is then forced out of a small aperture in 2 seconds. The same
pump is filled with hydrogen bromide, HBr, gas. Under the same pressure,
how long will it take to force this gas out?
Holt Chemistry
Gases
Name
Class
Date

14. If 200 mL of hydrogen diffuses through a porous container four times as
rapidly as an unknown gas, calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.
15. Determine the total pressure of the gases in Figure 4, below.
H2
380 mm
O2
380 mm
H2
O2
??? mm
Partial Pressure of H2 + Partial Pressure of O2 = Total Pressure
Figure 4
16. Use Gay-Lussacs law of combining volumes to determine the volumes of the
reacting gases in the following equations:
N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

volume
volumes
volumes
4NH3(g) 5O2(g) 4NO(g) 6H2O(g)

volume
volumes
volumes
volumes
17. The equation for the complete combustion of carbon is as follows:
C(s) O2(g) CO2(g)

What volume of CO2 is produced when 24.0 g of C is burned at a pressure of
99.3 kPa and at 298 K?
Holt Chemistry
10
Gases
Name
Class
Date

18. Calculate the volume of H2 produced at 300 K and 98.65 kPa when 48 g of Mg
reacts with excess HCl according to the following equation:
Mg(s) 2HCl(aq) MgCl(aq) H2(g)
19. The equation for the reaction of sodium with water is as follows:
2Na(s) 2H2O(l) H2(g) 2NaOH(aq)

How many liters of H2 are produced when 12.0 g of Na reacts with H2O at
293 K and 99.3 kPa?
Holt Chemistry
11
Gases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: What Is a Solution?
term or phrase.
______ 1. suspension
a. in a solution, the substance in which the solute

is dissolved
______ 2. colloid
b. describes a solution in which the solvent is

water
______ 3. solution
c. a mixture in which large particles are temporarily suspended throughout a liquid or gas
______ 4. solvent
d. in a solution, the substance dissolved in the

solvent
______ 5. solute
e. a stable, homogeneous mixture
______ 6. aqueous
f. a mixture of very small particles stably suspended in liquid, solid, or gas
Mark each mixture below H if it is homogeneous and Ht if it is heterogeneous
______ 7. milk
______12. ink
______ 8. gasoline
______13. crude oil
______ 9. muddy water
______14. bronze
______10. steel
______15. brass
______11. coffee
______16. sea water
Complete each statement with the correct term or phrase.
17. All parts of a

18.
mixture have the same composition.

mixtures are not uniform in composition.
19. A true solution is formed when a solute, as molecules or ions, is dispersed
throughout a
to form a homogeneous mixture.
20. A true solution consists of a single
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date

21. Any mixture that is heterogeneous on a microscopic level is a
.
22. A
is a mixture in which particles of the mixture are more or
less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas.

23.
are intermediate between suspensions and solutions.
24. To
a mixture, simply pour the liquids off and leave the
settled solids behind.
25. A centrifuge separates mixtures into components that have different
.
26. The force created by a centrifuge pushes denser substances to the
of the tube.
27. During
, liquid and solid particles smaller than the holes in
filter paper pass through the filter paper and form a filtrate.
28. Paper chromatography employs
surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid.
, the attraction of the
29. Dyes with the

attraction for the paper travel fastest and
farthest during paper chromatography.
30. Distillation separates the components of a mixture based on their
points.
31. During distillation, as one component reaches its boiling point, its
is removed and allowed to cool and condense.

32. Crude oil is separated into
by distillation.
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Concentration and Molarity
Use each term only once.
concentration
moles
solute
solution
parts per million
molality
molarity
ratios
1.
liter
is the quantity of solute in a specific quantity of solvent or

solution. One way of expressing concentration is to use the unit of measure
called
moles) to
; it is the ratio of
amount (in
volume (in liters), or simply
of
solute per L of solution. Table 1 in your textbook lists other concentration

units or
solvent) and
, such as
(m = mol solute/kg
(ppm = mL solute/1 000 000.0 mL solution).
Solve the following problems and write your answer in the space provided.
2. What is the molarity of a hydrochloric acid solution that has a volume of 1500
mL and contains 441 g of HCl?
3. What is the molarity of a sugar solution that has a volume of 0.500 L and
contains 17.1 g of ordinary sugar (C12H22O11)?
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date

4. What is the mass in grams of BaCl2 that is needed to prepare 200 mL of a
0.500 M solution?
5. What volume in liters of a 0.200 M solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3, would be

needed to react with an excess of calcium chloride, CaCl2, to provide 5.74 g of
silver chloride, AgCl?
2AgNO3(aq) CaCl2 (aq) 2AgCl(s) Ca(NO3)2(aq)
6. What mass in grams of PbI2 would be formed if 0.500 L of 0.100 M Pb(NO3)2

reacts with an excess of KI solution according to the following equation?
Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) 2KNO3(aq)
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Solubility and the Dissolving Process
brackets.
1. Two liquids that are soluble in each other in all proportions are said to be
[miscible, immiscible].
2. Whether A dissolves in B depends on a [imbalance, balance] between favorable entropy and favorable enthalpy.
3. Two compounds that are both polar or both nonpolar are likely to be [immiscible, miscible].
4. Two compounds that can form hydrogen bonds with each other are likely to
be [immiscible, miscible].
Henrys law
solubility
maximum
solvent
solution
saturated
decreases
supersaturated
miscibility
equilibrium
solute
pressure
5. A(n)
is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
The dissolving medium is called the
. The substance
dissolved in a solution is called the
6. The
of a solute is defined as the
amount
of that solute that will dissolve in a given amount of a solvent under specified
conditions.
7. A(n)
given conditions.
solution cannot dissolve any more solute under the
8. According to
, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the partial
of the gas above the liquid.
9. The solubility of a gas

increases.
as the solvents temperature
10. A(n)
solution contains more than the amount of solute
specified by the solubility at a given set of conditions.
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date

11. Solubility
is the physical state in which the opposing
processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates.
12. Hydrogen bonds explain in part the abnormally high boiling point of water
and the complete
of water and ethylene glycol.
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______13. Fats, greases, and oils are difficult to remove from fabrics by simple
washing because they are
a. polar.
b. nonpolar.
c. miscible.
d. soluble.
______14. Nonpolar solvents will dissolve materials that are themselves
a. nonpolar.
b. polar.
c. insoluble.
d. None of the above
______15. The best dry-cleaning fluid to remove a polar stain from fabric would
most likely be a
a. polar liquid solvent.
b. polar liquid solute.
c. nonpolar liquid solvent.
d. nonpolar liquid solute.
______16. Vitamin C is easily transported by the blood and easily excreted by the
kidneys because it
a. is immiscible.
b. forms a suspension.
c. is water-soluble.
d. forms a precipitate.
______ 17. It is possible to take too much vitamin A but not vitamin C because
a. vitamin A is water soluble.
b. vitamin C is fat soluble.
c. vitamin A is fat soluble and builds up in body fat.
d. the kidneys are less effective at processing small, water-soluble
molecules.
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date

brackets.
18. [Distillation, Dissociation] occurs when ions separate from the crystals of
ionic compounds during the solution process.
19. [Hydration, Dissociation] occurs when water molecules attach themselves to
the ions of the solute during the solution process.
20. For the aqueous ionic solution represented by the equation NaCl(s)
Na(aq) Cl(aq), how does the tendency toward minimum energy compare
with the tendency toward maximum entropy? They are [equal, unequal].
21. Though [easy, difficult] to predict, the solubilities of ionic compounds are
quite [easy, difficult] to measure.
22. [All, Few] compounds containing nitrate ions or ammonium ions are [soluble,
insoluble] in water.
23. Unlike the solubility of gases, the solubility of most ionic compounds
[increases, decreases] with temperature.
24. In a saturated solution, some excess solute remains, and the amount that
dissolves is [equal, unequal] to the solubility value for that temperature. Some
supersaturated solutions are able to contain [more, less] than the solubility
indicates would normally be possible as long as [there is no excess, there is
an excess] of undissolved solute remaining.
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Physical Properties of Solutions
1. Separately, neither NaCl nor H2O can conduct electricity, but if you put them
together in the form of an aqueous solution, you have a conductor. Explain
why.
2. Explain why you should not seek shelter under a tree during a thunderstorm.
______ 3. What term best describes a materials ability to conduct electricity?

a. electrolysis
b. electrolytic
c. conductivity
d. resistivity
______ 4. What term best describes the ability of pure water to conduct an
electric current?
a. nonconductor
b. conductor
c. electrolyte
d. electrolysis
______ 5. What do we call a solute whose water solution conducts electricity?
a. nonconductor
b. electrolyte
c. nonelectrolyte
d. aqueous
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date

______ 6. Which is a molecular substance whose water solution conducts
electricity?
a. liquid hydrogen
b. iron
c. sugar
d. hydrogen chloride
______ 7. What happens when acetic acid dissolves in water?
a. Hydronium ions are one of the products.
b. The resulting solution will conduct electricity.
c. Most of the acid remains as un-ionized molecules in equilibrium
with ions.
d. All of the above
______ 8. Which of the following types of water does not conduct electricity?
a. chlorinated water
b. ground water
c. saltwater
d. distilled water
vapor pressure
total number
reduced
solute
less
colligative
decrease
increase
nature
freezing-point depression
particles
concentration
boiling-point elevation
properties
greater
9. The addition of a(n)
to a pure liquid solvent changes the
of the liquid. The vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing

point of a solution are
properties and depend upon the
of solute particles rather than on their

10. The
of a liquid is related to the tendency of the molecules
to escape from a solution. For example, the proportion and escaping tendency
of water molecules is
when a solute is dissolved in pure
water, and the vapor pressure of the solution is therefore

than that of pure water.
Holt Chemistry
Solutions
Name
Class
Date

11. Decreasing the vapor pressure of a solvent by the addition of a solute causes
a(n)
in the boiling point, a(n)
12. The decrease in the vapor pressure of a solvent resulting from the addition of
a solute causes a corresponding
in its freezing point, a
.
13. The
of the solute affect(s) freezing- and boiling-point
changes. The more
, the
the freezing-
point depression and boiling-point elevation.

brackets.
14. The droplets formed in an [suspension, emulsion] are colloid-size particles.

15. A [salt, soap] ion has a polar end and a nonpolar end.
16. Soap exhibits the characteristic property of a [suspension, surfactant] in that
it forms a layer between two dissimilar phases.
17. [Hard, Soft] water enhances the surfactant abilities of soap.
18. [Detergents, Colloids] outperform soaps in hard water.
term or phrase.
______19. soap
a. a class of salts that concentrate at the

boundary between two immiscible phases
______20. surfactant
b. any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the
other
______21. emulsion
c. a sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid

with a long hydrocarbon chain
______22. synthetic detergent
d. can be used in hard water without forming

precipitates
______23. hard water
e. contains insoluble ions such as calcium or

magnesium
Holt Chemistry
10
Solutions
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
1. What is the difference between a reversible reaction and one that goes to
completion?
2. When is chemical equilibrium reached?
3. What do the arrows in this equation indicate: A B?
4. What is a complex ion?
5. What is dynamic equilibrium?
Holt Chemistry
Chemical Equilibrium
Name
Class
Date

Mark each statement below R if it describes a reversible reaction and C if it
describes a reaction that goes to completion.
______ 6. When an automobile battery is used for power, chemicals are consumed in the process of furnishing electricity. When the battery is
recharged, the original chemicals are regenerated
______ 7. A reaction between solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate
produces an insoluble white precipitate, silver chloride.
______ 8. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide,
water is practically un-ionized.
______ 9. Salt crystals in a saturated solution demonstrate crystal growth.
Refer to Figure 1 to answer items 1012.
Complete each statement below by circling the
correct term.
Rate decreasing with time
Reaction rates
10. Initially, the concentration of each product, C and D, is [0, 0], and the rate of the
reverse reaction is [0, 0]. At the same
time, the concentration of each reactant, A
and B, is at a [minimum, maximum], and
the rate of the forward reaction is the
[minimum, maximum] rate.
A + B C + D
Equilibrium
11. The rate of the forward reaction [increases,

decreases] as reactants are used up.
12. The rate of the reverse reaction [increases,
decreases] until finally, at time [t0 , t1] the
rates become equal, and the system
reaches [completion, equilibrium].
Circle the letter of the choice that correctly
answers the question. More than one response
may be correct.
13. Which of the following describes what happens at chemical equilibrium?

a. A dynamic state exists.
b. The reactions do not stop but maintain a
constant concentration, or ratio, of reactants to products.
C + D A + B
Rate increasing with time
t0
t1
Time
Figure 1 Reaction rates are

for the hypothetical equilibrium reaction system A B
C D. The rate of the forward reaction is represented
by curve A B. Curve C D
represents the rate of the
reverse.
c. There is no net change.

d. Opposing chemical reactions occur at equal rates.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

14. Starting with A B, what happens in the equilibrium reaction, A B C D?
a. The speed of the forward reaction increases as A and B are used up.
b. The speed of the reverse reaction increases as A and B are used up.
c. The speed of the forward reaction decreases as A and B are used up.
d. The speeds of both forward and reverse reactions become equal.
15. What happens in a system in which the forward reaction runs well toward
completion before the speed of the reverse reaction is high enough to establish equilibrium?
a. the products of the reverse reaction are favored
b. the products of the forward reaction are favored
c. neither set of products is favored
d. both reactants and products exist in equal quantities
[CoCl4]2
complex ion
16. A(n)
[Co(H2O)6]2
ligands
metal
CoCl2
colored
reverse
2
[Cu(NH3)4]
copper
ammonia
has a structure in which a central
atom or ion is bonded to more than one atom or molecule. Many complex ions
formed from transition metals are
, and their reactions can be
tracked by color changes. For example, a weather indicator that contains a

solution of cobalt(II) chloride,
, changes color in response to
changes in humidity. When humidity is high, [CoCl4]2 reacts with water vapor
in the air and forms a pink complex ion that has six water molecules bonded to
cobalt,
. When moisture in the air is low, the
reaction is favored, and a deep blue
forms.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Systems at Equilibrium
1. Define the term equilibrium constant, Keq.
Circle the term or phrase in the brackets that best completes each sentence.
2. The [molarity constant, equilibrium constant], Keq , has a unique value for
each equilibrium system at a specific temperature.
3. We can assume that pure solids and pure liquids are [important, not important] to equilibrium systems because they do not appear in the equilibrium
expression.
4. Changing the temperature of an equilibrium system [does not change,
changes] both the concentration of the participants and the value of Keq .
5. At constant temperature, changing the equilibrium concentrations [does, does
not] affect Keq . When the concentration of one of the participants is changed,
the concentration of the others varies in a way that maintains a constant
value for Keq .
Complete each statement below by writing the correct term from the following list.
Keq 1
Keq > 1
Keq < 1
6. If
, reactants of the forward reaction are favored; the
forward reaction occurs only very slightly before equilibrium is established.
7. If
, the products of the concentrations in the numerator and
denominator have the same value.
8. If
, products of the forward reaction are favored; a large
value indicates an equilibrium in which the original reactants are largely
converted to products.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

9. What is the Keq value for the following reaction at equilibrium at a temperature
of 298 K if the concentrations (in mol/L) of the reactants and products are
[N2O4] 0.0450 and [NO2] 0.0161?
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
10. What is the Keq value for the following reaction if the equilibrium concentrations at 721 K are [H2] 0.46, [I2] 0.39, and [HI] 3.0?
H2(g) I2(g) 2HI(g)
11. What is the Keq value for the following reaction if the gaseous mixture in a 4 L
container reaches equilibrium at 1000 K and contains 4.0 mol of N2, 6.4 mol of
H2, and 0.40 mol of NH3?
N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
12. At 328 K, the Keq for the reaction 2NO2(g) N2O4(g) is 1.5. Calculate the
concentration of N2O4 present in equilibrium when [NO2] 0.50.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. Under a given set of conditions, an equilibrium mixture in a 1.00 L container
was found to contain 0.009 98 mol HI and 0.000 867 mol H2. Keq for the
equilibrium reaction is 43.5. Calculate the concentration of I2 present at
equilibrium.
H2(g) I2(g) 2HI(g)
14. Quantities of PCl3 and Cl2 were placed in a reaction chamber and heated to
503 K at 1 atm. At equilibrium, Keq 0.0205; and [PCl5] 0.235 and
[PCl3] 0.174. Calculate the concentration of Cl2.
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) Cl2(g)
15. Consider a slightly soluble salt with the general formula AaBb. The equilibrium
system in a saturated solution of the salt is shown by the following equation.
AaBb aAx bBy

Mathematically express the solubility product constant, Ksp, at equilibrium.
16. A 1 L saturated solution of AgCl is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is

equivalent to 2.68 105 mol. What is the experimental Ksp of the silver
chloride?
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) Cl(aq)
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

17. The solubility of AgCl is 0.000 013 mol/L. Calculate the Ksp for AgCl.
18. If the concentration of chloride ion remaining in solution after silver chloride
has been precipitated is 0.2 M, what is the concentration of the silver ion? Ksp
of AgCl is 2.8 1010.
19. What is the experimental Ksp of CaCO3 if the residue after evaporation of a
1.00 L saturated solution is found to have a mass of 0.006 90 g?
CaCO3(s) Ca2(aq) CO23(aq)
20. For a saturated silver chromate solution, the molar concentration of CrO 24 is
6.54 105 M, and the Ksp of Ag2CrO4 is 1.12 1012 at equilibrium.
Calculate the concentration of Ag in the solution.
Ag 2CrO4(s) 2Ag(aq) CrO24(aq)
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Equilibrium Systems and Stress
1. State Le Chteliers principle.
2. Name three factors that can affect an equilibrium system.
3. Consider the following system at equilibrium, and complete the tables below,
indicating the systems response to a given stress to restore equilibrium.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g) energy

Temperature
Results
Stress
Direction of shift
Increase
Decrease
left favored
NO2
N2O4
Lowering temperature
Raising temperature
Pressure
Results
Stress
Direction of shift
Increase
Decrease
Pressure increase
right favored
N2O4
NO2
Pressure decrease
Pressure
Results
Stress
Direction of shift
Increase
Decrease
Increase [N2O4]
left favored
NO2
N2O4
Increase [NO2]
Decrease [N2O4]
Decrease [NO2]
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

provided.
increase
endothermic
left
increases
decrease
exothermic
right
decreases
4. In general, a(n)
in pressure shifts a system at equilibrium in
the direction that produces the smaller number of moles of gases, and a(n)
in pressure shifts it in the opposite direction.

5. Energy in the form of heat is a product of the forward
reaction. Increasing the temperature
the amount of energy
in the system. This drives the equilibrium to the

, consuming
some of the energy as heat added. Lowering the temperature shifts the reaction
to the
, replenishing some of the energy that was removed.
6. If the concentration of a reactant or product

in a system at
equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that produces the substance.
7. If the concentration of a reactant or product
in a system at
equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that consumes the substance.
Consider the following equilibrium reaction in which an excess of Br ions is
added in the form of the soluble salt NaBr.
AgBr(s) Ag(aq) Br(aq)
Complete each statement below.
8. The excess
ions produces a stress on the system in equilibrium.
9. The equilibrium system adjusts to the stress by shifting to the

10. Br ions are consumed, and additional
is formed.
11. Each Br ion, that reacts, reacts with a(n)

12. The action
13. AgBr is
.
ion.
the concentration of Ag ions.

soluble in NaBr than in pure water.
14. NaBr has an ion in common with AgBr; hence the name
15. Describe the practical uses of Le Chteliers principle.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: What Are Acids and Bases?
term or phrase.
______ 1. strong acid
a. a base that forms when an acid loses a proton
______ 2. amphoteric
b. a base that ionizes completely in a solvent
______ 3. strong base
c. a substance that donates a proton to another

substance
______ 4. Brnsted-Lowry
acid
d. an acid that ionizes completely in a solvent
______ 5. Brnsted-Lowry
base
e. an acid that forms when a base gains a proton
______ 6. conjugate acid
f. a substance that has the properties of an acid

and the properties of a base
______ 7. conjugate base
g. a substance that accepts a proton
Answer each of the following questions in the space provided.

In the following equations, identify which reactant is the Brnsted-Lowry acid and
which reactant is the Brnsted-Lowry base.

2
8. HSO
4 (aq) H2O(l) H3O (aq) SO4 (aq)
a. Brnsted-Lowry acid _______________________________________________

b. Brnsted-Lowry base _______________________________________________
2

9. H2PO
4 (aq) H2O HPO4 (aq) H3O (aq)
a. Brnsted-Lowry acid _______________________________________________

b. Brnsted-Lowry base _______________________________________________
In the following equations, indicate whether amphoteric Al(OH)3 is acting as an
acid or as a base.
10. Al(OH)3(s) H3O(aq) Al(OH)

2 (aq) 2H2O(l) _______________________
11. Al(OH)3(s) OH(aq) Al(OH)
4 (aq) _________________________________
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date

In the following equations, identify the conjugate acid and conjugate base in the
products formed.
12. H2SO4(aq) H2O(l) H3O(aq) HSO

4 (aq)
a. conjugate acid
b. conjugate base

13. NH
4 (aq) OH (aq) NH3(aq) H2O(l)
a. conjugate acid
b. conjugate base
______14. Which of the following is not a distinctive property of acids?

a. conducts electricity
c. generates H3O
b. reacts with many metals
d. generates OH
______15. The Arrhenius definitions of acids and bases apply only to
a. amphoteric substances.
c. pure substances.
b. aqueous solutions.
d. proton acceptors.
______16. How would you classify ammonia (NH3) in the equation below?

NH3(aq) H2O(l) NH
4 (aq) OH (aq)
a. as a weak acid
b. as a strong acid
c. as a weak base
d. as a strong base
______ 17. How would you classify sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the equation
below?
NaOH(s) Na(aq) OH(aq)
a. as a weak acid
b. as a strong acid
c. as a weak base
d. as a strong base
______18. Which of the following is a property of bases?

a. generates H
c. generates H3O
b. generates OH
d. all of the above
______19. How would you classify nitric acid (HNO3) in the equation below?
HNO3(l) H2O(l) H3O(aq) NO
3 (aq)
a. as a weak acid
b. as a strong acid
c. as a weak base
d. as a strong base
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Acidity, Basicity, and pH
Complete each statement below by choosing a term or formula from the following
list. Use each term only once.
H3O
OH
[H3O]
equal
constant
acid
concentration
[OH ]
equilibrium
base
system
14
1.00 10
ion product of water
1. The self-ionization of pure water at 25C is a(n)
system in which
amounts of
ions and
ions are
produced. Therefore, the
of these ions in pure
water must be equal.

2. The equilibrium
, Kw , is called the
. In the self-ionization of water and in any
involving
and
solutions, the product of

and
must equal
Complete the statements in items 3 and 4 by referring to Table 1 below and

choosing a term from the list that follows. Use each term only once.
TABLE 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN [H] AND pH IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

No. 1
No. 2
2
No. 3
4
No. 4
No. 5
6
7
No. 6
No. 8
No. 9
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1014
pH
10
12
14
Neutral
aggggeebeeggggc
Basic
aggggebeggggc
Acidic
8
No. 7
[H ]
higher
inversely
increases
10
decreases
lower
hydronium ion
pH
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date

3. Table 1 shows that [H3O] and pH are
related. As [H3O]
decreases from 108 M to 1010 M, pH

general, as the
from 8 to 10. In
concentration decreases, the

increases. In other words, the
the pH, the
less acidic (more basic) the solution.

[H3O] than does a
4. A solution of pH 6 has a(n)
solution of pH 4. When pH increases by one unit, [H3O]

by a factor of
of pH
. A solution
has a [H3O] one-tenth that of a solution of
pH 2 and 10 times that of a solution of pH 4.

Answer each of the following questions in the space provided.
5. Explain how a mixture of indicators, like those in pH paper, is used to determine pH.
6. Describe a pH meter, and briefly describe how such a device measures pH.
7. Determine the [OH] of a solution that contains 1 105 mol of H3O per
liter.
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date

8. What is the pH of a 0.10 M solution of HCl, a strong acid?
9. The [OH] in a solution is 5 105 M. What is the [H3O] and pH of this

solution?
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Neutralizations and Titrations
unknown
hydronium
titration
equivalence point
water
equivalent
standard
hydroxide
neutralization
salt
1. A
is an experimental procedure in which a solution
of accurately known concentration, a(n)
solution,
is added slowly to a solution of
concentration until
the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. The most
common titration involves the reaction of an acidic solution with a basic
solution and is called a(n)
. The products of this
reaction are a(n)
and
2. In theory, during the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the standard
base is added until the amount of base is chemically

to the amount of acid in the unknown sample. At
this point, called the
, the number of
ions from the added base solution equals the
number of
ions furnished by the acid solution.
In the blank at the left of each of the following statements, write the letter from Figure 1 that best matches
that statement.
Acid
buret
Base
buret
______ 3. Used to deliver and measure the volume of the

acid added to the titration flask
______ 4. Used to deliver and measure the volume of the
titrant needed
______ 5. Used to regulate the flow of standard solution
B
C
______ 6. Used to hold an unknown quantity of acid and

an indicator
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
6
pH
pH
Use Figures 2 and 3 below to answer the following items.
Equivalence
point
8
6
0
0
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Equivalence
point
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
mL NaOH added
mL NH3(aq) added
Figure 2
Figure 3
7. The titration curve for a neutralization reaction is shown in Figure 2. The pH
at the end point is
. The indicator selected should
change color in the pH range from about
to
. One indicator that meets this criterion is

.
8. The titration curve for a strong acid/weak base titration is shown in Figure 3.
The pH at the end point is less than
. Because of the
low pH region in which it changes color,
would be a
good indicator.
Solve the following problem, and write your answer in the space provided.
9. A student titrates a 4.00 mL sample of Brand X vinegar with a 0.100 M NaOH

solution. The average volume of base solution needed to reach the equivalence point is 13.6 mL.
a. What is the molarity of acetic acid in the Brand X vinegar?
b. By law, vinegar must contain at least 4% acetic acid, which corresponds to
0.67 M acetic acid. Does the concentration of acetic acid in Brand X vinegar
meet the legal standard?
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Equilibria of Weak Acids and Bases
Refer to Table 7, Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases, in your textbook to answer
the following items.
1. The weakest acid is
2. The strongest base is
3. The bases that are also conjugate acids are
4. Of NH3 and HCOO, the weaker base is
5. Of NH
4 and HCOOH, the weaker acid is
6. Of NH
4 and HOCl, the weaker acid is
7. Of HCOO and ClO, the stronger base is
8. Of HOCl and HCOOH, the stronger acid is
9. What happens to Ka with increasing acid strength? _______________________
10. What happens to Ka with increasing base strength? _______________________

brackets.
11. In an acid-base reaction, the conjugate base of the [stronger, weaker] acid is
the weaker base, and the conjugate acid of the [stronger, weaker] base is the
weaker acid.
12. The [higher, lower] the Ka of an acid, the weaker the conjugate base; and the
[higher, lower] the Ka of an acid, the stronger the conjugate base.
13. Calculate Ka for 0.100 M acetic acid at 25C. Its [H3O] is 1.3 103 mol/L.
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date

14. Calculate Ka for 0.50 M HCN at 25C. Its [H3O] is 1.4 105 mol/L.

brackets.
15. A [buffer, acid] solution is made from a weak [acid, base] and its conjugate
[acid, base] that neutralizes small amounts of acids and bases added to it. It is
not necessary that they be present in equal amounts.
16. If a [acid, base] is added to a buffer solution, it will react with H3O removing
[H3O, OH] from solution. According to [Le Chteliers, Avogadros] principle, the equilibrium will adjust by shifting to the right to make more [H3O,
OH]. This prevents the pH from changing very much.
17. A [buffer, acid] is most efficient when its two components have [equal,
unequal] concentrations, but this is not required for a buffer to work.
Holt Chemistry
Acids and Bases
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: What Affects the Rate of a Reaction?
1.
time
chemical kinetics
volume
acidity
appearance
mass
decrease
positive
disappearance
reaction rate
is the decrease in reactant concentration or increase in

product concentration per unit of time as a reaction proceeds.
2. The study of reaction rates, called

, is one of the frontiers of
chemistry that provides an almost unlimited supply of opportunities for
chemical research.
3. Reaction rates can be noted and evaluated from the
reactant or the
of a
of a product per unit of
4. Three properties can be used to monitor the reaction rate in the following
chemical reaction:
Mg(s) 2H3O(aq) 2Cl(aq) Mg2(aq) 2Cl(aq) H2(g) 2H2O(l)

the
in
of solid Mg; the decrease in
, H3O ions, of the solution; and the

formed, all per unit of time.
of H2
5. The minus sign in the reaction-rate equation makes the decrease in reactant
concentration a
number.
6. Write the reaction-rate equation for the chemical reaction in item 4.
7. Refer back to the chemical reaction in item 4. If 0.048 g of magnesium

completely reacts in 20 seconds, what is the average reaction rate in mol/s
over that time interval?
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date

In each blank next to the descriptions below, write the letter of the factor affecting
the rate of reaction.
a. temperature
c. nature of reactants
b. concentration
d. surface area
______ 8. A piece of steel wool heated in air (20% oxygen by volume) burns
slowly, but when heated in pure oxygen, it undergoes rapid combustion, as evidenced by a dazzling shower of sparks.
______ 9. Storing foods and milk in a refrigerator helps to slow down reactions
that ordinarily result in spoilage and souring.
______10. Powdered iron in melted sulfur reacts more rapidly than a lump of iron
in melted sulfur.
______11. When a piece of magnesium ribbon is placed in a beaker of dilute
hydrochloric acid, a rapid evolution of hydrogen gas occurs; when a
piece of iron is placed in the same acid, hydrogen gas is evolved
slowly, and the iron disappears at a relatively slow rate.
______12. Pressure cookers are used so that the reactions involved in cooking
food will take place at a faster rate.
Write your answer to the following questions in the space provided.
13. If the concentrations of the products in a reaction are increasing would the
signs of their rate expressions be positive or negative?
14. During a given chemical reaction explain how the following conditions may
affect the reaction rate in all states of matter.
a. concentration
b. pressure
c. temperature
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date

15. How does surface area affect reaction rates? Explain your answer.
Solve the following problems, and write your answer in the space provided. Refer
to Table 1 (Concentration Data and Calculations for the Decomposition of N 2O5)
for concentration data.
16. Calculate the reaction rate of the decomposition of N2O5 between the time
intervals of 40.0 to 60.0 seconds.
17. Calculate the reaction rate of the decomposition of N2O5 between the time
intervals of 20.0 to 40.0 seconds.
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: How Can Reaction Rates Be Explained?
Refer to the following reaction and rate law expressions, and use their symbols
and chemical principles to complete items 19.
A general reaction between A and B is represented by the following:

aA bB cC dD
Its rate law expression is as follows:
rate [A]n [B]m
or
rate k[A]n [B]m
1. The symbol
means that the rate of a chemical reaction is
proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants.
2. A constant of proportionality known as the rate constant is
3. The molar concentrations of A and B are represented by
and
4. The powers to which the concentrations must be raised are
and
5. The only valid way to obtain

use experimental data.
6. The value of
and
is to
is the order with respect to reactant A.
7. The value of m is the order with respect to reactant

8. The exponents
fraction, or an integer.
and
.
may be zero, a
9. The overall order of reaction is equal to the sum of
and
.
10. What is the order of the following reactions with the given rate law expressions?
______ a. rate k[N2O5]
______ c. rate k[O3][NO]
______ b. rate k[A]1/2[B]
______ d. rate k[A][B]2
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date

11. We know that the rate expression for the following reaction is
A2 2B 2AB
rate k[A2][B]0
According to this rate expression, if during a reaction the concentrations of

both A and B are suddenly doubled, the reaction rate will
by a factor of
2C D2 2CD
rate k[C][D2]2
According to this rate expression, if during a reaction the concentrations of

both C and D are suddenly tripled, the reaction rate will
a factor of
by
2NO O2 2NO2
rate k[NO]2[O2]
Two experiments involving this reaction are carried out at the same
temperature. If during the second experiment the initial concentration of NO
is doubled, the initial concentration of O2 must be multiplied by a factor of
for the reaction rate to stay the same. The overall reaction
order is
14. Explain why the energy and orientation of the collision of atoms and molecules
is important in chemical reactions.
15. Determine the rate-law equation for the following reaction, given the
experimental data shown below.
2AB A2 2B
Trial run
[AB]
Reaction rate
2.0 M
0.25 M/s
4.0 M
0.50 M/s
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date

16. Determine the rate law equation for the following reaction, given the
experimental data shown below:
3B C
Trial run
[B]
Reaction rate
0.4 M
2.0 M/s
0.8 M
8.0 M/s
17. Determine the rate law equation for the following reaction, given the experimental data shown below.
A2 2B 2AB
rate k[B]n[A2]m
Trial run
[A2]
[B]
Reaction rate
1.0 M
1.0 M
4.0 M/s
1.0 M
2.0 M
4.0 M/s
2.0 M
3.0 M
8.0 M/s
18. Determine the overall balanced equation for a reaction having the following
proposed mechanism:
Step 1: 2NO H2 N2 H2O2 slow

Step 2: H2 H2O2 2H2O fast
19. What is the rate-determining step in item 18?
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date

20. Suggest a mechanism for the decomposition of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2).
This reaction takes place in two steps.
Step 1
Step 2
Refer to Figure 1 to answer questions 2226.
Potential energy (kcal)
50
40
30
20
10
A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g)
Time
Examine the potential energy changes taking place when diatomic molecules A2
react with molecules B2 and form AB. The reactions general equation is
A2(g) B2(g) 2AB(g)
21. What is the activation energy, Ea , needed for the reaction to proceed in the
forward direction?
22. What is the activation energy, Ea , needed for the reaction to proceed in the
reverse direction?
23. Label the location of the activated complex on the curve.

24. The forward reaction is
thermic.
25. The reverse reaction is
thermic.
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date

Column A
Column B
______26. catalysts
a. substances that affect reaction rates

without being consumed by the overall
reaction
______ 27. catalysis
b. the process by which reaction rates are

increased by the addition of a catalyst
______28. enzymes
c. a sugar found in many dairy products
______29. lactose
d. a digestive enzyme that breaks down

lactose
______30. lactose intolerance
e. natures catalysts
______31. lactase
f. a condition in which a person loses the

ability to produce lactase; symptoms can
include painful cramps or diarrhea after
eating foods with lactose
catalytic converter
lower activation energy
regenerated
accelerate
32. A device used to convert harmful combustion products from automobile
exhaust to safer products is a(n)
33. Catalyzed pathways have
barriers, and the catalysts
the rate of the reaction.

34. In all catalytic pathways, the catalyst is
Holt Chemistry
Reaction Rates
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Column A
Column B
______ 1. reduction
a. a chemical reaction in which a substance

gains electrons
______ 2. oxidation
b. any chemical process in which electrons

are transferred from one substance to
another
______ 3. redox reaction
c. a chemical reaction in which a substance

loses electrons
______ 4. oxidation number
d. substance that causes reduction to happen

and is itself oxidized
______ 5. reducing agent
e. number assigned to an atom in a polyatomic ion or molecular compound based

on the assumption of complete transfer of
electrons
______ 6. half-reaction
f. substance that causes the oxidation of

other substances and is itself reduced
______ 7. oxidizing agent
g. the part of a reaction that involves only

oxidation or reduction
Determine the oxidation number for each atom in the following chemical formulas.
8. ZnCl2
9. SO3
10. HNO3
11. Al2(SO4)3
12. PbO
Holt Chemistry
Oxidation, Reduction, and Electrochemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. CO2
14. H2SO4
15. Write the half-reaction for the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water.
16. Identify which of the following reactions is a reduction reaction and which is
an oxidation reaction. Write the balanced overall ionic equation for the redox
reaction between these two.
Mg Mg 2 2e
O2 4e 2O2
Balance the following equations using the half-reaction method.
2
2
17. MnO
(in acidic solution)
2 SO2 SO4 Mn
2
18. NO
(in acidic solution)
3 Cu NO Cu
19. H2S NO

3 NO2 S8 (in acidic solution)
20. In this equation identify which atoms where reduced and which were oxidized.
2K(s) Cl2(g) 2KCl(s)
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Introduction to Electrochemistry
Complete the following statements by choosing a term from the following list.
electric current
voltage
1. The
electrochemical cell
electrode
amperes
of a cell is a measure of its ability to do electrical work.
2. The movement of electrons or other charged particles is described as
, and is expressed in units of
3. A(n)
a circuit.
is a conductor that connects with a nonmetallic part of
4. A(n)
consists of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte.
Column A
Column B
______ 5. electrolytes
a. the electrode at which oxidation takes

place
______ 6. metals
b. conductors in which electrons carry

charges
______ 7. electrode
c. conductors in which ions in solution carry

charges
______ 8. cathode
d. the electrode at which reduction takes

place
______ 9. electrode reactions
e. a conductor in electrical contact with an

electrolyte solution
______10. anode
f. reactions that involve the transfer of

electrons at the electrodes of a cell
______11. cathodic reaction
g. a reaction in which electrons are released

at the anode
______12. anodic reaction
h. a reaction in which electrons are consumed

at the cathode
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. An anode must be paired with a

occur.
for a redox reaction to
14. The simplest electrochemical cell consists of two pieces of metal in an
solution.
15. The anode is wherever
is going on.
16. A cathode is wherever
is going on.
17. In an electrochemical cell, a

from mixing, but lets ions move.
keeps electrolyte solutions
Solve the following problems, and write your answers in the space provided.
18. Explain how electrons move between the negative and positive terminals in a
typical flashlight battery.
19. Write an electrode reaction in which you change Zn(s) to Zn2(aq). Would
this reaction happen at an anode or a cathode?
20. Write an electrode reaction which would occur at a cathode and which
involves Cu2. Is this reaction oxidation or reduction?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Galvanic Cells
Complete each statement by underlining the correct word in brackets.
1. In concept, fuel cells are very [simple, complex].

2. The fuel cell in your text shows that the fuel and oxidizer are supplied to
[two, four] electrodes from [outside, within] the cell. The [two, four] electrodes are separated by a [thick, thin] layer of electrolyte.
3. In conventional power plants, chemical energy in fuel is [directly, indirectly]
turned into electrical energy; the process is [efficient, inefficient].
4. The fuel cell [directly, indirectly] converts chemical energy into electrical
energy; the process is [simple, difficult] and [efficient, inefficient].
5. Perfectly efficient energy conversion is theoretically [possible, impossible]
with fuel cells.
6. Batteries are self-contained [galvanic, electrolytic] cells.
7. Batteries convert [electrical, chemical] energy into [electrical, chemical]
energy.
8. The battery is a [fixed, portable] means of energy.
9. The common zinc-carbon battery is a(n) [acidic, alkaline] cell.
10. The [alkaline, lead-acid] cell is a newer, better version of the acidic cell.
11. Dry cells are not dry; a [carbon, zinc] rod, the batterys positive terminal,
contacts a wet paste.
12. The batteries in electronic devices around your home are probably [acidic,
alkaline] cells.
13. A [steel, paper] outer shell is needed to prevent caustic contents from leaking
out of an alkaline cell.
14. The standard automobile battery is a [lead-, zinc-] acid storage cell.
15. [Lead(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfate] is produced at both electrodes in an
automobile battery.
16. When an automobile battery discharges, it acts as a [galvanic, electrolytic]
cell; when it recharges, it functions as an [galvanic, electrolytic] cell.
17. The energy to drive the [recharging, discharging] of an automobile battery
comes from an internal source, such as the cars engine.
18. [Galvanic, Electrolytic] cells generate electrical energy.
19. A [Daniell, Downs] cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

Solve the following problems, and write your answers in the space provided.
20. Calculate the voltage of a cell for the reaction between a silver electrode in a
solution containing silver ions and a zinc electrode in a solution containing
zinc ions. Identify the anode and the cathode.
21. Calculate the voltage of a cell for the reaction between a copper electrode in
a solution containing copper(II) ions and a lead electrode in a solution containing lead(II) ions. Identify the anode and the cathode.
22. Write the electrochemical equation for the reaction that will naturally occur in
a cell that contains a zinc, Zn2/Zn, electrode and a copper, Cu2/Cu, electrode.
a cell that contains a chlorine, Cl2, electrode and an iodine, I2, electrode.
a cell that contains a silver, Ag/Ag, electrode and a copper, Cu2/Cu, electrode.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

25. Define corrosion.
26. List the three ingredients generally required in the corrosion of metals.
27. Explain why corrosion is more likely to occur when two different metals are
in contact with one another. Give an example.
28. Describe cathodic protection.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Electrolytic Cells
For questions 18, complete each statement below by referring to Figure 1 and
choosing a term from the following list. Use each term only once.
e
Figure 1
External source of electrons
e rich
e poor
electrode
electrode
Reduction Oxidation
reaction
reaction
uses
supplies
electrons
electrons
Electrolyte
Cathode
Anode
cathode
electrolysis
negative
anode
electrosynthesis electrolytic positive
nonspontaneous
electrical
oxidation
released
Downs cell reduction

Downs
consumed molten
1. _______________cells are electrochemical cells in which
chemical reactions are made to occur by an external source of

energy.
2. Sodium is manufactured by the
of
sodium chloride. This method is named the
process and is
carried out industrially in an electrolytic cell, the

3. Electrons are
at the anode (
) and
at the cathode (
); therefore, electrons
travel through the wire from
to
4. Since the reaction is nonspontaneous, the external power source forces
electrons to flow from the
electrode (anode) to the
electrode (cathode), as in all electrolytic cells.

5. The
of sodium uses electrical energy.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

6. The equation for the cathodic reaction is ________________________________.

7. The equation for the anodic reaction is _________________________________.
8. The equation for the net reaction is ____________________________________.
9.
occurs at the cathode during the electrolysis of water.
10. The
is the positive electrode in the electrolysis of water.
11. In the electrolysis of water,
is produced at the anode and
at the cathode.
12. An
is added to water to make it an effective conductor
during electrolysis, but the electrolyte does not undergo any redox reactions.
13. Electrolytic cells are used to
metals.
14. Electrolytic cells convert

energy into
energy by using an external power source.
Column A
Column B
______15. bauxite
a. function as anodes in the Hall-Hroult process
______16. Hall-Hroult
b. name given to the electrochemical process of

obtaining aluminum from its ore
______ 17. 5%
c. serves as the cathode in the Hall-Hroult process
______18. molten cryolite
d. ore of aluminum
______19. carbon-lined
tank
e. an electrochemical process in which a metal ion

is reduced and a solid metal is deposited on a
surface
______20. carbon rods
f. percentage of electrical energy consumed in

the United States to produce aluminum
______21. 95%
g. the percentage of the cost that can be saved by

recycling aluminum cans as opposed to
producing aluminum cans from bauxite ore
______22. electroplating
h. Na3AlF6; used to dissolve alumina at 970C
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Stability
1. What is a nucleon?
2. What is a nuclide?
3. Describe how the strong force attracts nucleons.
4. What is nuclear binding energy?
5. How is nuclear binding energy related to the mass defect?
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

statement or answers the question.
______ 6. What is another name for the nucleus of an atom?

a. isotope
b. mass number
c. nucleon
d. nuclide
______ 7. These are atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass
numbers.
a. isotopes
b. nuclei
c. nucleons
d. nuclides
______ 8. Which of the following does NOT represent an isotope of tellurium?
a. 122
152Te
b. 124
152Te
c. 128
152Te
d. 124
153Te
______ 9. What is the force of attraction among the particles in a nucleus that
overcomes electrostatic repulsion and holds the nucleus together?
a. electrostatic force
b. strong force
c. electromagnetic force
d. nuclear binding force
______10. Which of the following does not occur when separated nucleons come
together to form a nucleus?
a. the release of energy
b. instability of the nucleus
c. increased stability of the nucleus
d. a mass defect
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

Complete each statement below by choosing a term from the following list. You
will not use every term.
decrease
per nucleon
less
large
mole
nucleus
maximum
highest
separate
stable
protons
mass
24
12 Mg
repulsions
mass number
attraction
56
26 Fe
nuclear binding
increase
mass defect
11. The
represents the amount of
into energy and released when a
converted
is formed from protons and
of 168O nuclei were to be formed
neutrons. Specifically, if one
from 8 mol of protons and 8 mol of neutrons, the resulting 1 mol of nuclei
would have a mass that is 0.137005 g
than that of the original
and neutrons. Stated differently, the

energy for 168O is the amount of energy required to
16
8O
1 mol of
nuclei into 8 mol of protons and 8 mol of neutrons.
12. Consider a graph that plots average binding energy per nucleon versus mass
number. This graph shows that nuclear binding energies

rapidly with increasing mass number, reach a
number 55, and then slowly
around mass
. The nuclei with the
binding energies (mass numbers 40 to 150) are the most

stable. Beyond these elements, the nucleus is too
nucleons to increase the overall
for added
among the particles, and
become more significant. Stated differently, isotopes that

have a high binding energy per nucleon are more
stable nucleus is
. The most
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. Because a strong force of attraction holds nuclear particles together, a
nucleus is at a
energy state than are its separated nucleons.
14. The energy produced during the formation of a nucleus is very
compared with the energy changes that take place in ordinary chemical reactions.
15. During the formation of a nucleus, energy is produced at the expense of
Refer to the rules for predicting nuclear stability. Complete each statement by
underlining the correct word in brackets.
16. All 256 of the known stable nuclei, represented by red dots, form a pattern
called the band of [stability, nuclear bonding].
17. Above atomic number 20, the most stable nuclides have [more, fewer] neutrons than protons.
18. Except for the smallest nuclei, all stable nuclei contain a number of neutrons
that is [less than or equal to, equal to or greater] than the number of protons.
19. Almost [60%, 90%] of all stable nuclei have even numbers of protons and
neutrons.
20. Nuclei with even numbers of protons and neutrons (an even-even combination) are particularly [unstable, stable].
40
88
21. 16
18O, 20Ca, and 38Sr are nuclei with so-called magic numbers of nucleons and
tend to be very [unstable, stable].
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Nuclear Change
1. What is radioactivity?
2. Describe what happens when a nucleus is stabilized by converting neutrons

into protons.
3. Describe what happens when a nucleus is stabilized by converting protons

into neutrons.
4. Describe what happens when a nucleus is stabilized by emitting positrons.
5. Describe what happens when a nucleus is stabilized by losing alpha particles.
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

6. Complete the following table about different types of radioactive decay.
Type of Radioactive
Decay
What happens to the

atomic number?
What happens to the

mass number?
Beta-particle emission
electron capture
positron emission
alpha particle emission
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following, and name the type of radioactive emission formed when each occurs.
0
7. 51
24Cr 1 e
emission:
8. 226
88 Ra
42 He
emission:
9. 239
93 Np
10 e
emission:
10. 234
91 Pa
10 e
emission:
49
11. 49
24Cr 23 V
emission:
234
12. 238
92 U 90 Th
emission:
214
13. 214
83 Bi 84 Po
emission:
Categorize each nuclear equation below by writing the correct term from the
following list. Terms may be used more than once.
beta particle emission
electron capture
positron emission
alpha particle emission
annihilation of matter
14. 10 e 10 e 2
type:
15. 11 p 10 n 10e
type:
0
37
16. 37
18 Ar 1 e 17 Cl +
type:
234
4
17. 238
92 U 90 Th 2 He
type:
18. 10 n 11H 10 e
type:
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

19. Nuclei that have an excess of neutrons can become stable by emitting
.
20. Any time a particle collides with an
, all of the mass of the
two particles is converted into electromagnetic energy.
21. A positron colliding with an electron results in the conversion of all the
masses of the two particles into gamma rays; this process is known as the
.
22.
emission changes neither the atomic number nor the mass

number.
23. In
, a proton is changed into a neutron.
24. In beta emission, an electron is emitted by a
25. None of the elements above atomic number 83 and mass number 126 have
stable isotopes, and many stabilize by

26. A few sheets of paper can stop
.
.
27. In an alpha emission, the atomic number of the nucleus decreases by
while the mass number decreases by
fission
fusion
sustains
chain reaction
neutrons
binding energy
spontaneous
critical mass
28. Nuclear
fuse
refers to a nuclear reaction in which a very heavy
nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, each having a higher

per nucleon than the original nucleus. A very small fraction of naturally
occurring uranium atoms undergoes
fission. Most fission
reactions are artificially induced by bombarding nuclei with

A
is a fission reaction which, once initiated,

itself. The smallest mass of radioactive material needed to
sustain a chain reaction is known as the
of the material.
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

29. Nuclear
occurs when two small nuclei combine, or

, to form a larger, more stable nucleus with a higher binding
energy.
Categorize each nuclear equation below as fission or fusion.
30. 31 H 21 H 42 He 10 n
type:
1
90
147
1
31. 239
94 Pu 0 n 38 Sr 56 Ba 30 n
type:
0
90
144
1
32. 235
92 U 38 Sr 58 Ce 0 n 41 e
type:
33. 232 He 42 He 211 H
type:
34. Describe potential benefits and hazards of nuclear fission.
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

35. Describe nuclear fusion and its potential as an energy source.
Holt Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Uses of Nuclear Chemistry
1. Define half-life.
2. How can half-lives be used to determine an objects age?
statement or answers the question.
0
40
______ 3. The equation 40
19 K 1 e 18 Ar represents the decay of
potassium-40 by
to argon-40.
a. beta emission
b. electron capture
c. positron emission
d. alpha decay
______ 4. Potassium-40, with a half-life of

rocks and minerals.
a. 1.28 million
b. 1.28 trillion
c. 12.8 billion
d. 1.28 billion
years, is useful in dating ancient
Holt Chemistry
10
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

______ 5. The equation 146 C 147 N 10 e represents the decay of carbon-14 by
to nitrogen-14.
a. beta emission
b. electron capture
c. positron emission
d. alpha decay
______ 6. Carbon-14, useful in dating the plants and animals of Earths food
chain, has a half-life of how many years?
a. 5715
b. 571.5
c. 57 150
______ 7. If an original sample of carbon-14 has a mass of 10 g, at the end of
11 430 years, the amount of carbon-14 remaining would be
g.
a. 2.5
b. 5
c. 10
d. 50
______ 8. Smoke detectors rely on
detect smoky air.
a. alpha particles
b. beta particles
c. positrons
d. gamma rays
to ionize gas molecules, which help to
______ 9. The radioactive isotope used most widely in nuclear medicine is

a. thallium-201
b. technetium-99
c. americium-241
d. radon-222
______10. During a PET scan, gamma rays are detected by a scanner, which converts the information into
.
a. a three-dimensional picture of a persons organs
b. an image of a persons heart
c. a photographic image of bone repair
Holt Chemistry
11
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

______11. The identification of elements by which of the following has been put
to use in detecting art forgeries?
a. carbon-14 dating
b. radon-222 dating
c. neutron activation analysis
d. potassium-40 dating
______12. People who work with radioactive isotopes are advised to limit their
exposure to how many rems per year?
a. 10
b. 5
c. 25
d. 2.5
______13. A marked decrease in white-blood-cell count can result from a dose of
how many rems of radiation?
a. 025
b. 2550
c. 50100
d. more than 100
14. Compare acute and chronic exposure to radiation.
15. What similarities do you notice about the nuclear reactions used in medicine
that are mentioned in the text?
Holt Chemistry
12
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

Solve the following problem, and write your answer in the spaces in the table.
16. The half-life of radon-222 is approximately 4 days. If a tube containing 1.00

microgram of radon were stored in a hospital clinic for 12 days, how much
radon would remain in the tube? Use the table below to determine successive
half-life amounts during the 12-day period.
Days
12
Radon remaining
17. The half-life of iodine-131 is approximately 8 days. How much of an original

sample will be left after 24 days?
18. Thorium-234 has a half-life of 24 days. If 1 gram remains in a sealed container

after 72 days, how much was there to begin with?
19. You find an ancient artifact with a ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 that is one
quarter the ratio in a similar object today. About how old is the artifact?
20. The half-life of polonium-218 is 3.0 minutes. What percentage of the original
sample remains after 4 half-lives?
Holt Chemistry
13
Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Compounds of Carbon
1. What three factors enable carbon to form an enormous number of stable

carbon compounds with very different properties?
2. Describe the molecular structure of diamond.
3. Describe the structure of graphite.
4. What are some of the uses of graphite?
Holt Chemistry
Carbon and Organic Compounds
Name
Class
Date

5. Describe two other allotropes of carbon.
6. What characteristics does carbon have that enables it to form more known
compounds than all the other elements combined?
7. What is a hydrocarbon?
8. The prefix used for naming an organic compound that has a ring structure is
.
9. Cyclobutane is the name of the ring compound with
atoms.
10.
carbon
is an organic ring compound that is often shown having

alternating single and double bonds. These bonds all have the same bond energies.
11. Benzene is the simplest member of a class of organic compounds called
compounds.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

alkane
alkene
alkyne
isomers
alcohol
aldehyde
halide
amine
carboxylic acid
ester
ether
ketone
12. A hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bonds is an

13. A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds is an
.
.
14. A compound that has the same chemical composition but a different structure
from another compound is an
15. A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds is an

16. The
functional group is a single-bonded OH in the structure.
17. The
functional group is an O double-bonded to a carbon
and an OH single-bonded to the same carbon.
18. The
functional group is an O double-bonded to a carbon
and an H single-bonded to the same carbon.
19. The
more carbon atoms.
functional group is a nitrogen singly bonded to one or
20. The
carbon.
functional group is simply an O double-bonded to a
21. Why are functional groups often responsible for how an organic compound reacts?
22. Explain how the structural difference between isomers is related to the
difference in their properties.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Names and Structures of Organic Compounds
1. Complete the table below for straight-chain hydrocarbons.
Number of carbon atoms
Prefix
meth-
2
propbut5
6
7
8
9
10
Answer the items below in the space provided.
2. What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated

hydrocarbon?
3. What is the name of the following compound?
CH3CH2CH2CH3
4. What is the name of the following compound?
CH2CHCH3
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

5. What is the name of the compound with the formula C2H2?
Draw the structure of the following compounds.
6. propyne
7. ethane
8. ethene
9. 1-butene
Complete each statement below by writing the correct term from the following list.
-ol
-al
amino-
-one
-oic acid
10. If an alcohol functional group is added to an organic compound, the name of
the compound will end in _______________.

11. If a carboxylic acid functional group is added to an organic compound, the
name of the compound will end in _______________.

12. If a ketone functional group is added to an organic compound, the name of
the compound will end in _______________.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. If an aldehyde functional group is added to an organic compound, the name
of the compound will end in _______________.

14. If an amine functional group is added to an organic compound, the name of
the compound will begin with _______________.

Answer the items below in the space provided.
15. Name the organic compound below.

H
HICICJ C
H H
16. What are the structural and molecular formulas for phenol?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Organic Reactions
1. What is an addition reaction?
2. What is a substitution reaction?
3. What is the difference between a substitution reaction and an addition reaction?
4. What is a condensation reaction?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

5. What is an elimination reaction?
6. What is the difference between a condensation reaction and an elimination

reaction?
7. Why are catalysts often used in substitution reactions of saturated compounds?
8. What is hydrogenation?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

9. What is the difference between an unhydrogenated oil and a hydrogenated
fat?
10. What is a monomer?
11. What is a polymer?
12. What is the difference between polyethylene and a similar polymer with an
ethane side chain?
13. Describe nylon 66 and how it is formed.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Carbohydrates and Lipids
Complete each statement below by choosing a term from the following list. Terms
may be used more than once.
carbohydrate
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
condensation
hydrolysis
lipid
sugar
glycogen
polymer
starch
cellulose
1. A
is a simple sugar that is the basic sub-unit of a carbohydrate.
2. A
is a carbohydrate made up of long chains of simple sugars.
3. A
is an organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen that provides nutrients to the cells of living things.
4. A
, such as a fat or steroid, does not dissolve in water.
5. The polysaccharide that plants use for storing energy is

6. A
is a sugar formed from two monosaccharides.
7. Many animals use an energy-storage carbohydrate called
8. The carbohydrate
comes from wood fiber and is the most
abundant organic compound on Earth.
9. A monosaccharide and a disaccharide are both examples of a simple
.
10. A polysaccharide or other large, chainlike molecule found in living things is
called a biological
11. A
reaction is one in which two or more molecules combine,
producing water or another simple molecule in the process.
12. A
reaction is one in which the decomposition of a
biological polymer takes place along with the breakdown of a water molecule.
13. Many monosaccharides or disaccharides can combine to form a long chain
called a
14. Maltose and sucrose are both examples of a

15. Fructose and glucose are examples of a
.
.
Holt Chemistry
Biological Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

16. Chitin is a
17. Complete the table below.

Carbohydrate name
Structure
Role
polysaccharide
energy storage in animals
disaccharide
table sugar
monosaccharide
sugar found in fruits
starch
glycogen
cellulose
sucrose
glucose
fructose
lactose
maltose
chitin
amylose
18. Relate the structure of carbohydrates to their role in biological systems.
19. What is a condensation reaction?
20. What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Proteins
protein
amino acid
polypeptide
enzyme
denature
disulfide
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
pleated sheet
helix
active site
substrate
trypsin
peptide
1. A(n)
is any one of twenty organic molecules that contain a
carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins.
2. A(n)
is an organic compound made up of one or more
chains of amino acids that is a principal component of all cells.
3. A(n)
bond is one that forms between the carboxyl group of
one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
4. A(n)
polypeptides.
bridge can form a looped protein or two separate
5. Coils and folds that are often held in place by hydrogen bonds give a protein
its
structure.
6. The three-dimensional shape of a protein is its
structure.
7. The amino-acid sequence of a polypeptide chain is the

structure of a protein.
8. A(n)
structure arises when different polypeptide chains
that have their own three-dimensional structure come together to form a
larger protein.
9. A secondary structure called an alphais shaped like a coil
with hydrogen bonds that form along a single segment of a peptide.
10. A secondary structure called a betais shaped like an
accordion with hydrogen bonds that form between adjacent polypeptide
segments.
11. Because of a difference in only one
, the entire shape of
hemoglobin is different in the blood cells of people with sickle cell anemia.
12. A(n)
is a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions
in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. Only a small part of an enzymes surface, called the
an enzyme active.
14. Curly hair is the result of
, makes
bridges in hair proteins.
15. In reactions that use an enzyme, the reactant is called a(n)
16. To cause a protein to lose its tertiary and quaternary structures is to
it.
17. A protein-splitting enzyme called
is used in the small intestine to help break down proteins into amino acids through hydrolysis.
Complete each item below in the space provided.
18. Describe how amino acids form proteins through condensation reactions.
19. Describe four different kinds of interactions between side chains on a

polypeptide molecule that help to make the shape that a protein takes.
20. How do enzymes work?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Nucleic Acids
nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
gene
clone
recombinant DNA
uracil
triplet
nitrogenous
genetic code
DNA fingerprint
autoradiograph
stem cell
PCR
deoxyribose
helix
1. The material that contains the information that determines inherited
characteristics is called
2. The sugar in DNA is
3. A(n)
is an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose
molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides that carry genetic
information.
4. A(n)
is a segment of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a
specific hereditary trait.
5. Protein synthesis begins with a cell making a(n)
codes for a specific protein.
6. RNA has the base
7. The
amino acids.
strand that
instead of the base thymine found in DNA.

is a listing of the RNA triplets and their corresponding
8. RNA is composed of four
bases.
9. The pattern of bands that results when a persons DNA sample is fragmented,
replicated, and separated is called a(n)
10. A DNA strand is often found in the form of a double

11. Scientists use a method called
of double-stranded DNA.
to replicate a short sequence
12. A(n)
is an organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent.
13. A(n)
is an undifferentiated cell that has not yet specialized
to become a specific tissue in an animal.
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

14. DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different
sources is called
15. Like a polysaccharide or a polypeptide, a(n)

polymer.
is a biological
16. A group of three RNA bases, called a(n)

ular amino acid.
, indicates a partic-
17. An image that shows the DNAs pattern of nitrogenous bases is a(n)
.
18. Nucleic acids are formed from equal numbers of three chemical units: a sugar,
a phosphate group, and a(n)
base.
19. How does DNA replicate itself?
20. A segment of DNA has the base sequence TAC TTT TCG AAG AGT ATT.
a. What is the base sequence in a complementary strand of RNA?
b. What is the corresponding amino acid sequence?
c. What is the base sequence in a complementary strand of DNA?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

21. A segment of DNA has the base sequence TAC CTT ACA GAT TGT ACT.
a. What is the base sequence in the complementary strand of RNA?
b. What is the corresponding amino acid sequence?
c. What is the base sequence in the complementary strand of DNA?
22. What is cloning, and how has it been accomplished in mammals?
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
Section: Energy in Living Systems
photosynthesis
respiration
ATP
chlorophyll
exothermic
glycolysis
Krebs
synthetic
mechanical
transport
carbon
cellular
1. In the
cycle, reactions involving carbon compounds give
plants and animals the energy they need.
2. Plants and animals use glucose to produce chemical energy in the form of a
substance called
3. Green plants get energy directly from the suns rays through a process called
.
4. Most plants use
capture the suns energy.
, a magnesium-containing molecule, to
5. The entire process of getting oxygen into body tissues and allowing it to react
with glucose to generate energy is called
6. Chemical, or
, respiration takes place in the cells of a plant
or animal and is fueled by glucose and oxygen.
7. Respiration is a(n)
process that gives off energy.
8. The first stage of cellular respiration involves

six-carbon glucose is split into two molecules.
, in which a
9. The second stage of cellular respiration is called the

which forms carbon dioxide.
cycle,
10. ATP gives the energy needed for

cles to flex and move .
work, which allows mus-

solutes across membranes.
work, which carries

pounds that do not form spontaneously.
work, which makes com-
Holt Chemistry
Name
Class
Date

13. How do plants use photosynthesis to gather energy?
14. Explain how animals indirectly gather energy from the sun.
15. How is cellular respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?
16. Describe the two stages of cellular respiration.
Holt Chemistry
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
Answer Key
Concept Review: What Is
Chemistry?
25.
1. definite, all around us

2. particles, three
3. fixed, tightly, rigid, vibrate only
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
slightly
unfixed, fixed, loosely, can
unfixed, unfixed, far apart, not
strongly attracted
physical, physical
chemical
reactant, product, chemical
chemical, same, are not, does not
bubbles, odor
cloudy
increases, decreases
chemical, new
C
C
P
C
P
P
C
P
C
C
Everything around us, including ourselves and things we cannot see, are
made of chemicals. Chemical reactions are also taking place all around
and inside us. They are necessary for
life and for almost everything in our
lives.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Concept Review: Describing

Matter
1. Matter has mass and volume.
2. Mass is constant regardless of ones
location in the universe, while weight

is dependent upon gravity. The mathematical relationship between the two
quantities is W mg.
3. Quantity is a measure of magnitude,
size, or amount, as in volume, mass,
and distance. Unit is a standard used
to measure a quantity.
Holt Chemistry
131

4. Density is a derived unit because its
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
value is obtained from two of the

basic units, mass and volume.
The slope of a volume-mass graph is
the mass per unit volume, or the density of a material.
Answers will vary but may include
burning, rusting, and decay as examples of chemical changes and boiling,
freezing, and melting as examples of
physical changes.
A physical property is a property that
can be determined without changing
the nature of the substance, such as
color, texture, density, solubility and
melting and boiling points. Chemical
properties can only be determined by
causing a chemical change. Afterward,
the substance may have been changed
into another substance. Reactivity is
an example of a chemical property.
F; qualitative
T
F; meter
F; Newton
T
2000 mm
5000 g
Concept Review: How Is

Matter Classified?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
carbon
sulfur
nitrogen
gold
mercury
tin
Ag
Pb
K
Fe
Na
Cu
Atoms are the smallest unit of which
elements are made.
14. Molecules consist of two or more
atoms joined to each other chemically.
15. An allotrope is one of a number of different molecular forms of an element
in the same state.
16. when it is made up of only one kind of
atom or molecule
17. A compound is a pure substance. If
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
more than one type of atom is present,

the atoms are bonded together. A mixture is not a pure substance. Its different component atoms or molecules
are not chemically bonded.
Sand and water constitute a mixture
because the two components can be
separated from each other easily by
physical means, as by the use of a filter. Sand is a pure substance because
it is a compound of silicon and oxygen.
Compounds have characteristic properties because every molecule of a
compound is made up of the same
numbers and kinds of atoms arranged
in the same way.
pure substance
pure substance
pure substance
pure substance
homogeneous mixture
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture
pure substance
homogeneous mixture
pure substance
homogeneous mixture
Additional Problems
CONVERSIONS
1. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12 750 km
2.77 m
3.056 hectares
0.008 19 m2
300 Mm
620 m
3 875 000 mg
3.6 L
342 kg
68 710 L
0.000 856 kg
0.001 21 kg
6.598 cm3
0.0806 mm
0.010 74 L
7930 cm3
590 cm
4.19 dm3
74 800 cm2
197 L
Holt Chemistry
132
Answer Key
Concept Review: Energy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
energy
physical
chemical
endothermic
exothermic
kinetic
transferred
In any chemical or physical change,
the total quantity of energy remains
constant. Energy cannot be created or
destroyed.
Heat is the enegy transferred between
objects that are at different temperatures.
Temperature is a measure of how hot
or cold something is; specifically, a
measure of the average kinetic energy
of the particles in a sample of matter.
Heat is the energy transferred between
objects that are at different temperatures, and temperature is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of
the particles in a sample of matter.
a. 373.15 K
b. 20C
c. 328.15 K
d. 185.85C
e. 270.15C
f. 234.15 K
Specific heat is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of
1 g of a substance by 1 K.
Substance B will have the higher temperature. Each gram of substance B
requires half as much energy to raise
its temperature as does substance A.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
findings to be accepted as valid. The

results must be verifiable.
A scientist must know for certain that
the variable is in fact causing the
result to occur and that it would not
have happened if the variable had not
been changed.
A variable is any aspect of an experiment that can be changed to affect the
outcome of the experiment.
A model is a simplified representation
of an object, a system, a process, or an
idea.
Models are used to represent abstract
ideas. A model gives scientists a visual
aid so that they may test or envision a
smaller or larger-scaled replica of the
actual item.
b
a
d
c
Concept Review:
Measurements and
Calculations in Chemistry
1. Accuracy is the extent to which a
measurement approaches the true

value of a quantity; precision is the
extent to which a series of measurements of the same quantity made in
the same way agree with one another.
2. Answers may vary. Look at the
defense of the answer.
3. a. 7
b. unlimited
c. 3
d. 10
e. 1
f. 10
g. 1
h. 7
i. 10
j. unlimited
4. These values are not measured; they
are counted. They are not subject to
measuring inaccuracies. They are
exact.
Concept Review: Studying

Matter and Energy
1. observing, formulating hypotheses,
testing hypotheses, analyzing results,

drawing conclusions, publishing
results
2. The research findings of any experiment or investigation must be reproducible by other scientists for those
Holt Chemistry
109
Matter and Energy

5. a. 40.0 m
b. 10 000 mL
c. 151 mL
d. 100 mL
6. a. 3.6 106 mm
b. 1.45 106 mg
c. 2.34 103 m
d. 1.1134 102 g/cm3
7. a. 3.9 108
b. 2.6 106
c. 1.18 1017
d. 5.4 107
e. 1.45 1013
f. 1.6 1012
g. 1.20 1024
h. 2.01 1023
8. 5 cm
9. 28 cm3
10. 2.03 g/cm3
11. 2.9 mL
Additional Problems
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
2. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
3. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
4. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3
4
3
2
2
1
3
4
5
5 490 000 m
0.013 479 3 mL
31 950 cm2
192.67 m2
790 cm
389 278 000 J
225 834.8 cm3
49 000 cm2
3.1 kg/L
12.3 L/sec
170 000 cm3
41 m3
3.129 g/cm3
90.2 J
0.0006 m
900 g
31.1 kPa
278 dL
1790 kg
5. a. 307 cm2
b. 30 700 mm2
c. 0.0307 m2
6. a. 1800 cm3
b. 0.0018 m3
c. 1 800 000 mm3
7. a. 1300 kg/m3
b. 1.3 g/mL
c. 1.3 kg/dm3
8. a. 130 mm3
b. 430 cm3
c. 5.0 m
d. 4000 m3
9. 26 000 000 m3
10. a. 13.38 g
b. 100. mg
c. 0.015 L
d. 315 cm2
e. 14.47 kg
f. 353 mL
11. 1.09 kg/L
12. 0.43 g/m; 2.3 m
13. 2000 m2
14. 26 300 kJ/min; 439 kJ/s
15. a. 15.8 m3
b. 9800 L/min
c. 590 m3/h
16. a. 7.5 kgm2
b. 67.22 cm
c. 2.4 kgm2/s2
d. 19.9 m2
e. 970 000 m/h
f. 139 cm2
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
1. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
1.58 105 km
9.782 106 L
8.371 108 cm3
6.5 109 mm2
5.93 103 g
6.13 109 m
1.2552 107 J
8.004 106 g/L
1.0995 102 kg
1.05 109 Hz
9.49 103 kg
7.1 102 mg
9.8 103 m3
1.56 107 m
3.18 106 J
9.63 1027 molecules
7.47 106 cm
Holt Chemistry
110
Matter and Energy
Answer Key
Concept Review:
Substances Are Made
of Atoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12. Thomson believed the rays were parti-
b
a
d
c
a. All matter is composed of extremely
small particles called atoms, which
cannot be subdivided, created, or
destroyed.
b. Atoms of a given element are identical in their physical and chemical
properties.
c. Atoms of different elements differ
in their physical and chemical
properties.
d. Atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole-number ratios
to form compounds.
e. In chemical reactions, atoms are
combined, separated, or rearranged
but are never created, destroyed, or
changed.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Concept Review: Structure

of Atoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
h
a
f
b
j
c
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
17.
18.
e
k
i
g
d
19.
cles because a paddle wheel was set

into motion by the ray. He concluded
that the beam was negatively charged
because the ray came from the negative electrode.
Thomsons experiments showed that a
cathode ray consists of particles,
called electrons, that have mass and a
negative charge.
Positively charged particles in the
nucleus, called protons, repel alpha
particles in gold-foil experiments.
Protons and electrons have equal but
opposite charges, but the mass of
atoms is greater than the mass of the
protons and electrons. Other particles,
called neutrons (which have no
electrical charge), accounted for the
missing mass.
electron: a subatomic particle with a
negative charge, found outside the
nucleus
proton: a subatomic particle with a
positive charge, found in the nucleus
neutron: a subatomic particle with no
charge, found in the nucleus
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes.
alpha, undeflected, deflected, volume,
positive, small, mass, nucleus
See completed table below.
Number
of
protons
Number
of
electrons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
particles
in
nucleus
Hydrogen-2
2
1H
Helium-3
3
2 He
Lithium-7
7
3 Li
Beryllium-9
9
4 Be
Boron-11
11
Isotope
Symbol
for
isotope
11
5B
Holt Chemistry
55
Atoms and Moles

20. atomic number: number of protons
20. Chlorine: 1s22s22p63s23p5
Nitrogen: 1s22s22p3
Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
in the nucleus
mass number: number of particles in
the nucleus
Concept Review: Counting

Atoms
Concept Review: Electron

Configuration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
j
e
c
b
l
a
f
g
d
h
i
k
waves
decreases
quantum
Electrons within an energy level are
located in orbitals. The quantum numbers tell the main energy level, the
shape of the orbital, the orientation of
the orbital, and the orientation of an
electrons magnetic field.
17. Rutherfords electrons moved in circular orbits, like those of planets. Bohrs
equations gave the regions of space,
called orbitals, where the electrons
were most likely to be found. The
quantum model uses numbers to
define the regions in which electrons
are likely to be found.
18. Electrons release energy to move to
lower energy levels. This energy is
released as light that has a specific
wavelength.
19. principal quantum number: indicates the main energy level occupied
by an electron
angular momentum quantum number: indicates the shape of the orbital
magnetic quantum number: indicates the orientation of orbitals
around the nucleus
spin quantum number: indicates the
orientation of an electrons magnetic
field relative to an outside magnetic
field.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
d
a
b
c
carbon-12; an amu is 1/12th of the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
A mole is used because working with
great numbers can be difficult.
One mole of atoms has a mass in
grams numerically equal to the atoms
mass in the atomic mass unit.
The atomic mass is the average of the
atomic masses of naturally occurring
isotopes. Since the atomic mass of
lithium is nearly 7 amu, the mass of
most atoms of lithium must be 7 amu
and the mass of some atoms of lithium
must be 6 amu. Therefore, lithium-7
must be a much more common isotope than lithium-6.
18.9984 amu
3.155 1023 g
6.022 1023
44.01 g
Holt Chemistry
56
Atoms and Moles
Answer Key
Concept Review: How Are
Elements Organized?
Concept Review: Tour of

the Periodic Table
1. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr all have a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
single electron in their outer shells;

this single electron is transferred to Cl
and its seven valence electrons to
form a stable octet. The products have
similar properties because they have
similar electron configurations.
Newlands arranged the elements in
groups resulting in a table with eight
columns. He discovered that the elements in each column had similar
properties.
Mendeleev arranged the elements in
eight columns in order of increasing
atomic mass.
Mendeleev had gaps in his table that
he surmised were undiscovered
elements.
Moseley used X-ray spectra and found
that his spectral lines correlated to
increasing atomic number rather than
atomic mass. The discrepancies in
arrangement by atomic mass disappeared table when the elements were
arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.
Mendeleev did not have the technology available to him that Moseley did.
An atoms valence electrons, or outermost electrons, participate in chemical
reactions with other atoms, so elements with the same number of
valence electrons tend to react in
similar ways.
When elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number,
elements with the same number of
valence electrons tend to occur at
periodic intervals. Because they have
the same number of valence electrons,
they have similar properties.
Each member of a group has the same
number of electrons in its outer shell.
A group is a vertical column on the
periodic table, and a period is a horizontal row.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
alkali metals
main group elements
alkaline earth metals
transition metals
halogens
noble gases
noble gases
halogens
transition metals
alkali metals
metals
hydrogen
Groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
The electron configurations of maingroups elements are regular and
consistent.
Group 2 must lose two electrons and
Group 1 must lose one electron to
achieve the noble gas configuration.
Because losing two electrons requires
about twice the energy required to
lose one electron, Group 2 elements
are less reactive.
Helium is unreactive and will not
cause an undesirable combustion reaction. The fuel-to-oxygen ratio is also
carefully controlled to achieve the
best result in the welding process.
The halogens need one electron to
achieve the noble gas configuration.
The alkali metals have one electron
that is easily removed; therefore, they
combine readily in a 1:1 ratio to form a
salt.
Iron alloys, such as steel, are harder,
stronger, and more resistant to
corrosion than pure iron.
metals
3, 12
d, d-block
non-metals, 13, 16
lanthanides
actinides
actinides
Holt Chemistry
60
The Periodic Table
Concept Review: Trends in

the Periodic Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. As you more across a period, each
atom has one more proton and one

more electron in the same principal
energy level as the one before it.
Therefore, because electron shielding
does not change, the nuclear charge
increases across a period, attracting
the electrons more strongly.
ionization energy
bond radius
electron affinity
electronegativity
increases, decreasing
d
a
c
The electron cloud model is based on
the probability of finding an electron
at a specific location. As you move farther out from the nucleus, the probability of finding electrons becomes
less and less. With this model there is
not a well-defined boundary of the
individual atom.
Na; because it has one more energy
level than Li.
Electron shielding is the reduction of
the attractive force between a positively charged nucleus and its outermost electrons due to the cancellation
of some of the positive charge by the
negative charge of the other electrons.
As the outermost electrons are pulled
closer to the nucleus, they also get
closer to one another and repulsion
gets stronger. At Group 13, the electrons will not come closer to the
nucleus because the electrons repel
each other.
Each element has one more occupied
energy levels than the one above it.
Therefore, the outermost electrons are
farther from the nucleus as you move
down a group. Also, each successive
element contains more electrons
between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. These innermost electrons shield the outermost electrons
from the full attractive force of the
nucleus, thereby making it easier to
remove valence electrons.
15.
Ionization Energy
Atomic Radius
Electronegativity
Ionic Size
Electron affinity
General
Across a
Period
increases
decreases
increases
decreases
increases
Trend
Down a
Group
decreases
increases
decreases
increases
decreases
Concept Review: Where Did

the Elements Come From?
1. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorous, and sulfur

2. energy
3. matter, electrons, protons, and
neutrons
hydrogen, helium
helium
fusion reactions
supernova
transmutation
synthetic
particle accelerators
The 93 naturally occurring elements
are found on Earth or on stars. The
remaining 20 elements are synthetic.
12. Cyclotrons cannot accelerate particles
fast enough because as the particles
accelerate, they become more massive, making it increasingly difficult to
achieve further acceleration.
13. A synchrotron times its energy pulses
to match the acceleration of the
particle, thereby accelerating particles
to enormous speeds.
14. Only a few atoms are created and they
last for tiny fractions of a second.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Holt Chemistry
61
The Periodic Table
Answer Key
Concept Review:
Simple Ions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Concept Review: Ionic

Bonding and Salts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ion
11, 11, 10
octet
negative
valence
different
positive
noble gas
Ions of groups 1 and 2 have the electron configuration of the noble gas in
the previous period. Group 15, 16, and
17 ions have the electron configuration of the noble gas following them
on the periodic table.
Group 1: all 1, Group 2: all 2;
Group 15: all 3, Group 16: all 2,
Group 17: all 1
Group 1: 1, Group 2: 2; Group 15: 5,
Group 16: 6, Group 17: 7
The tendency of atoms of elements to
gain or lose electrons so that their
outer s and p orbitals are full with
eight electrons.
calcium: argon; fluorine: neon;
magnesium: neon; iodine: xenon
Ions have different electron configurations than their parent atoms, so they
act more like atoms with their electron configuration than they do their
parent atoms.
The energy required to remove electrons to form cations with a noblegas
electron configuration is less than the
energy required to add electrons to
form an anion.
Nonmetals form anions because the
energy required to add electrons so
that their ions have a noble-gas electron configuration is less than the
energy required to remove enough
electrons. Therefore, atoms of nonmetals form anions.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
six
crystal lattice
attraction, repulsion
size, ratio
crystal lattice
unit cell
salt
lattice energy
The bond structure is very strong, and
as long as the ions remain lined up in
the lattice, it is very difficult to break.
The repulsive force between the layers
will cause the layers to break apart.
Because opposite charges attract,
cations and anions attract each other,
and an ionic bond is formed.
A salt is a compound resulting from
the formation of an ionic bond
between a cation and an anion
Ionic compounds have high melting
and boiling points because each ion
has a strong bond to each neighboring
ion and these bonds must be broken
for melting and boiling to occur
The ions in ionic solids are not free to
move around and conduct the current.
Salts are excellent conductors of
electricity when they are liquid or in
solution.
Five properties of ionic bonds: 1. They
are solids at room temperature. 2.
They are hard and brittle. 3. They do
not conduct electricity in solid form. 4.
They are good conductors in a liquid
state or when dissolved in water. 5.
They have high melting and boiling
points.
Most of the properties of ionic compounds are the result of ionic bonds
being extremely strong. It is hard to
break the compound apart, which
leads to the four of the five properties.
When the bonds are finally broken,
however, the charged particles are
good conductors of electricity.
Holt Chemistry
54

18. Salt crystals form repetitive geometric
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
copper(I) oxide
calcium chloride
chromium(III) chloride
mercury(II) oxide
The endings -ite and -ate indicate
oxygen. The presence of hydrogen is
indicated by an ion name starting with
hydrogen. The prefixes mono- and dialso indicate hydrogen. The prefix
thio- means replace an oxygen by a
sulfur.
33. The formula lists the correct numbers
of cations and anions in the polyatomic ion. You can figure out the
cations and anions from the name of
the salt. The formula reflects that the
salt is electrically neutral.
34. b
35. a
36. d
37. c
38. potassium dichromate
39. potassium chlorite
40. iron(III) chlorate
41. sodium sulfate
42. sodium sulfite
43. potassium permanganate
44. lead(II) nitrate
45. Pb(CrO4)2
46. NaClO
47. Mg(NO3)2
48. Na 2O2
49. HCN
50. Al(OH)3
51. (NH4)2SO4
arrangements of ions, atoms, or

molecules.
Concept Review: Names

and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
electroneutrility
polyatomic
cations
cations
Roman numerals
-ide
subscript
ionic
KBr
BaF2
SnO2
CsBr
CoBr2
Hg2S
AlI3
copper(I) ion
chloride ion
oxide ion
phosphide ion
sodium ion
magnesium ion
sodium chloride
zinc sulfide
iron(III) oxide
magnesium nitride
zinc oxide
sodium iodide
Holt Chemistry
55
Answer Key
Concept Review: Covalent
Bonds
9. Typical properties of substances with
1. A covalent bond forms when two or
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
more valence electrons are attracted

by the positively charged nuclei of two
atoms and thus are shared between
both atoms.
The H2 molecule is stable because
each hydrogen atom now has a shared
pair of electrons and has achieved a
stable noble gas configuration.
Molecules are stable when they
achieve a noble gas configuration with
an outer shell of 8 electrons. Hydrogen
is the exception to this rule since it
achieves a noble gas configuration
when it has two electrons in its outer
shell.
In a covalent bond, atoms share one
or more pairs of electrons. In an ionic
bond, one atom transfers electrons to
another.
A molecular orbital is a region in
which there is high probability that an
individual electron exists as it travels
with a wavelike motion in the threedimensional space around one of two
or more associated nuclei.
When two hydrogen atoms approach
each other, the potential energy of the
combination becomes lower and lower
until it reaches a minimum value of
436 kJ/mol at a distance of 75 pm.
As a covalent bond forms between
two hydrogen atoms, the atoms reach
a distance from each other at which
attractive and repulsive forces are balanced and the total energy of the system is at a minimum. At this minimum
energy state, the molecule is most stable.
Atomic nuclei are not rigid and fixed,
but they vibrate back and forth. This
vibration means that the distance
between nuclei is constantly changing,
so bond length the average distance
between the nuclei.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
metallic bonds: average melting and

boiling points, soft, silvery, and solid,
conducts electricity as a solid. Typical
properties of substances with ionic
bonds: high melting and boiling points,
crystalline, white solid, conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
Typical properties of substances with
covalent bonds: low melting and boiling points, usually a liquid or a gas,
not a good conductor of electricity.
length
energy
electronegativity
nonpolar covalent
polar covalent
dipole
nonpolar covalent
polar covalent
ionic
ionic
nonpolar covalent
nonpolar covalent
polar covalent
polar covalent
Concept Review: Drawing

and Naming Molecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
valence
Lewis
resonance
double
triple
single
unshared
H
HICIOIH
9.
H
H H H
HICICICIH
H H H
Holt Chemistry
41
Covalent Compounds
Concept Review: Molecular

Shapes
10. HIOIH
11. CK O
12. OJ NIF OINIF
O
13.
1. VSEPR theory predicts the general
shape of a molecule based on its

Lewis structure.
2. a.
H
O
S
O
HICIH
O
H
b.
14. A single bond is one in which two
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
atoms share one pair of electrons. A

double bond is one in which two
atoms share two pairs of electrons. A
triple bond is one in which two atoms
share three pairs of electrons.
lead dichloride
potassium chloride
lithium dioxide
diarsenic trioxide
phosphorus tribromide
sulfur tetrafluoride
dinitrogen pentoxide
NO
CO2
CCl4
CS2
Cl
ClICICl
Cl
c. OINJ O OJNIO
a. shape: tetrahedron
b. shape: tetrahedron
c. shape: bent
3. The electrons in the unbonded pair
repel bonding electrons as far away as

possible from it.
4. Multiple unbonded pairs of electrons,
as in the oxygen atom of H2O, can
repel each other as well as bonding
electrons, and form a bent molecule.
5. The energy required to separate polar
molecules is greater than that required
to separate nonpolar molecules.
6. Shape and polarity can affect how a
molecule fits into another structure
and how it tastes. It can affect how
easy the molecule is to separate and
its attraction to positively or negatively charged objects.
Holt Chemistry
42
Covalent Compounds
Answer Key
Concept Review:
Avogadros Number and
Molar Conversions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
FOUR STEPS FOR SOLVING

QUANTITATIVE PROBLEMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.41 1024 atoms Al

9.33 1023 atoms Na
44.0 mol F
70.7 mol H2
291 mol K
877 g Sb
119 g U
167 g Fr
0.7239 mol Pb
2.54 x 105 mol Au
Concept Review: Relative

Atomic Mass and Chemical
Formulas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Additional Problems
85.47 amu
35.45 amu
310.18 g/mol
79.88 g/mol
84.01 g/mol
94.12 g/mol
26.04 g/mol
18.02 g/mol
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
0.026 mm
3.21 L
0.80 g/cm3
21.4 g/cm3
30 boxes
a. 1.73 L
0.120 m 0.120 m 0.120 m
b. 9.2 g; 5.0 cm3
c. 60.4 kg; 1.88 104 dm3
d. 0.94 g/cm3; 5.3 104 m3
e. 2.5 103 kg; 2.7 106 cm3
2.8 g/cm3
a. 0.72 m
b. 2.5 103 atoms
1300 L/min
1.3 106 cal/h
5.44 g/ cm3
2.24 104 cm3
32 000 uses
2500 L
9.5 L/min
MOLE CONCEPT
1. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Concept Review: Formulas

and Percentage Composition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
CdS
AlF3
K2Cr2O7
CaSO3
CaSO4
C6H6
C2H4O2
P4O10
B2H6
C2H2
Si 46.75%, O 53.25%
19.99% C, 26.64% O, 46.65% N, 6.73% H
39.99% C, 6.73% H, 53.28%
(NH4)3PO4 has the greater percentage
of nitrogen.
15. Sphalerite, ZnS, has the greater percentage of zinc.
3.7 104 mol Pd

150 mol Fe
0.040 mol Ta
5.38 105 mol Sb
41.1 mol Ba
3.51 108 mol Mo
52.10 g Cr
1.5 104 g or 15 kg Al
8.23 107 g Ne
3 102 g or 0.3 kg Ti
1.1 g Xe
2.28 105 g or 228 kg Li
1.02 1025 atoms Ge
3.700 1023 atoms Cu
1.82 1024 atoms Sn
1.2 1030 atoms C
1.1 1021 atoms Zr
1.943 1014 atoms K
Holt Chemistry
109
Answer Key
Concept Review: Describing
Chemical Reactions
10. reactant
11. produces or yields, reversible reaction,
heat
, symbols for solid, liquid, gas,

Pd
, substance dissolved in water
1. A chemical reaction is the process by
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
which one or more substances change

to produce one or more different substances.
Answers will vary but may include
iron rusting, milk souring, or wood
burning.
a. release of energy as heat
b. release of energy as light
c. production of sound
d. reduction or increase in temperature
e. absorption or release of electrical
energy
f. formation of a gas
g. formation of a precipitate
h. change in color
i. change in odor
a chemical analysis that shows the formation of a new substance
a. evaporation
b. condensation
c. melting
d. freezing
e. boiling
a. chemical: the product is a white
precipitate; the reactants are silver
nitrate and an unknown substance
b. physical
c. physical
d. chemical: the product is the burned
marshmallow; the reactants are the
marshmallow and oxygen
No. The energy is available to start the
reaction, but one of the two reactants
needed for ignition is not present.
A word equation contains the names
of the reactants (separated by plus
signs) and of the products (separated
by plus signs). An arrow separates the
reactants from the products. A chemical equation is a representation of a
chemical reaction. It uses symbols to
show the relationship between the
reactants and the products.
product
Concept Review: Balancing

Chemical Equations
1. The law of conservation of mass states
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
that in ordinary chemical or physical

changes, mass is neither created or
destroyed.
Mass is not conserved. Hydrogen and
oxygen disappear in this equation, and
according to the law of conservation
of mass, matter cannot be destroyed.
The correct equation is
HCl NaOH NaCl H2O
When an equation is balanced, there
are equal numbers of atoms for each
element on either side of the arrow.
a. coefficient
b. 2
c. Changing a subscript changes the
structure and identity of the substance; changing a coefficient alters
the amount of the substance.
d. You are not allowed to change the
identity of substances in order to
balance an equation, although the
amount of substances involved can
be changed to balance the equation.
e. The 4 signifies how many molecules
of hydrogen are produced in the
reaction; the 2 signifies the number
of hydrogen atoms present in a
hydrogen molecule. There are 8
hydrogen atoms.
4NO2 6H2O 4NH3 7O2
2Fe2O3 3C 3CO2 4Fe
ZnO 2HCl ZnCl2 H2O
3Cu 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 2NO
4H2O
2C2H6 7O2 4CO2 6H2O
Holt Chemistry
76

SO24
K
SO24
NO
3
Br
Cu2, Cl
3Cu2(aq) 2Fe(s) 2Fe3(aq)
3Cu(s)
b. 2I(aq) Cl2(g) 2Cl(aq) I2(s)
c. Mg(s) Cu2(aq) Mg2(aq)
Cu(s)
d. 2Au3(aq) 3Zn(s) 2Au(s)
3Zn2(aq)
e. Ni2(aq) Co(s) Ni(s)
Co2(aq)
f. Ba2(aq) Cu2(aq) SO24(aq)
BaSO4(s) Cu2(aq)
5. BaCl2(aq) Na2CO3(aq)
BaCO3(s) 2NaCl(aq)
The net ionic equation is
Ba2(aq) CO23(aq) BaCO3(s).
Concept Review: Classifying

Chemical Reactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
3. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
4. a.
a synthesis reaction
a combustion reaction
a decomposition reaction
a displacement reaction
a double-displacement reaction
combustion reaction; oxygen reacts
with hexane to produce water and carbon dioxide.
synthesis reaction; the iron (III) oxide
product is more complex than either
the iron or oxygen reactants.
a decomposition reaction; aluminum
chloride breaks down into less complex products, aluminum and chlorine.
2C2H2(g) 5O2(g) 4CO2(g)
2H2O(g)
Yes; chromium is more active than tin;
2Cr(s) SnCl4(aq) Sn(s)
2CrCl2(aq)
No. Nickel has a lower activity than
magnesium and, therefore, cannot
replace it.
Yes. Zn(s) CdCl2(aq) ZnCl2(aq)
Cd(s)
No. Ag has a lower activity than Zn
and, therefore, cannot replace it.
2HCl(aq) Mg(s) MgCl2(aq)
H2(g). This is a displacement
reaction.
Concept Review: Writing

Net Ionic Equations
1. Ions that are present in a solution in
which a reaction is taking place but do

not participate in the reaction.
2. a. 3Cu2(aq) 3SO42(aq) 2Fe(s)
2Fe3(aq) 3SO24(aq) 3Cu(s)
b. 2K(aq) 2I(aq) Cl2(g)
2K(aq) 2Cl(aq) I2(s)
c. Mg(s) Cu2(aq) SO24(aq)
Mg2(aq) SO24(aq) Cu(s)
d. 2Au3(aq) 6NO
3 (aq) 3Zn(s)
2Au(s) 3Zn2(aq) 6NO
3 (aq)
2

e. Ni (aq) 2Br (aq) Co(s)
Ni(s) Co2(aq) 2Br(aq)
f. Ba2(aq) 2Cl(aq) Cu2(aq)
SO24(aq) BaSO4(s)
Cu2(aq) 2Cl(aq)
Holt Chemistry
77
Answer Key
22. 910 g Ca3P2 1 mol Ca3P2 /182.18 g
Concept Review:
Calculating Quantities in
Reactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Ca3P2 2 mol PH3 /1 mol Ca3P2

33.99 g PH3 /1 mol PH3 1 L
PH3 /1.517 g PH3 220 L PH3
23. 93 g P 1 mol P/30.97 g P 5 mol
O2 /4 mol P 32.00 g O2 /1 mol O2
100. g air/23 g O2 520 g air
24. 5.00 metric tons coke 85.5%
C/100.0% coke 1.00 106 g/1 metric
ton 44.01 g CO2 /1 mol CO2 1 mol
C/12.01 g C 1 mol CO2 /1 mol C
1 metric ton/1.00 106 g 15.7 metric
tons CO2
25. 100 mL CS2 1.26 g CS2 /1 mL CS2
1 mol CS2 /76.15 g CS2 2 mol SO2 /1
mol CS2 22.4 L SO2 /1 mol SO2
74.1 L SO2 74.01 L SO2 1 mol CO2 /2
mol SO2 37.1 L CO2
mole
balance
relative
coefficients
molar mass
liquids
density
Avogadros number
c
b
b
c
c
1.00 g Ca3(PO4)2
1 mol Ca3(PO4 )2 /310.18 g Ca3(PO4)2
2 mol P/1 mol Ca3(PO4)2
30.97 g P/1 mol P 0.200 g P
18 g Al 1 mol Al/26.98 g Al
2 mol AlCl3 /2 mol Al
133.33 g AlCl3 /1 mol AlCl3
89 g AlCl3
1150 g C6H12O6 1 mol
C6H12O6 /180.18 g C6H12O6
2 mol C2H5OH/1 mol C6H12O6
46.08 g C2H5OH/1 mol C2H5OH
588 g C2H5OH
25.5 g Mg 1 mol Mg/24.30 g Mg
1 mol O2 /2 mol Mg
0.525 mol O2
1.0 mol C5H11OH 10 mol CO2 /2 mol
C5H11OH 44.01 g CO2 /1 mol CO2
220 g CO2
500.0 g CCl3NO2 1 mol
CCl3NO2 /164.37 g CCl3NO2 1 mol
CH3NO2 /1 mol CCl3NO2
3.042 mol CH3NO2
122 g KClO3 1 mol KClO3 /122.55 g
KClO3 32.00 g O2 /1 mol O2 3 mol
O2 /2 mol KClO3 1 L O2 /1.33 g O2
35.9 L O2
3.4 L O2 1.33 g O2 /1 L O2 1 mol
O2 /32.00 g O2 2 mol KCl/3 mol O2
74.55 g KCl/1 mol KCl 7.0 g KCl
Concept Review: Limiting

Reactants and Percentage
Yield
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
excess
limiting, product
limiting
stoichiometric
limiting
excess
percentage
actual; theoretical
actual
actual
3.00 g Mg (1 mol Mg/24.30 g Mg)
0.123 mol Mg
2.20 g O2 (1 mol O2/32.00 g O2)
0.688 mol O2
0.0688 mol O2 (2 mol Mg/1 mol O2)
0.138 mol Mg needed.
Mg is limiting.
0.123 mol Mg (2 mol MgO/2 mol Mg)
(40.30 g MgO/1 mol MgO) 4.96 g
MgO
Holt Chemistry
86
Stoichiometry

12. 23 g C2 H5OH (1 mol C2 H5OH/46.08
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Concept Review:
Stoichiometry and Cars
g C2 H5OH) 0.50 mol C2 H5OH

32 g O2 (1 mol O2 /32.00 g O2 ) 1.0
mol O2
1.0 mol O2 (1 mol C2H5OH/3 mol
O2 ) 0.33 mol C2H5OH needed
O2 is limiting.
1.0 mol O2 (2 mol CO2 /3 mol O2 )
(44.01 g CO2 /1 mol CO2) 29 g CO2
154 g Ag (1 mol Ag/107.87 g Ag)
1.43 mol Ag
189 g HNO3 (1 mol HNO3 /63.02 g
HNO3 ) 3.00 mol HNO3
3.00 mol HNO3 (3 mol Ag/4 mol
HNO3 ) 2.25 mol Ag needed
Ag is limiting.
1.43 mol Ag (3 mol AgNO3 /3 mol
Ag) (169.88 g AgNO3 /1 mol AgNO3 )
243 g AgNO3
1.34 g Ag (1 mol Ag/107.87 g Ag)
(3 mol AgNO3 /3 mol Ag) (169.88 g
AgNO3 /1 mol AgNO3)
2.11 g AgNO3
percentage yield (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100
(2.10 g AgNO3 actual yield/2.11 g
AgNO3 theoretical yield) 100
95.3%
5.552 g Pb(NO3)2 (1 mol
Pb(NO3)2/331.2 g Pb(NO3)2) (1 mol
PbCrO4 /1 mol Pb(NO3)2) (323.2 g
PbCrO4 /1 mol PbCrO4 )
percentage yield (actual yield/theoretical yield) 100 (5.096 g
PbCrO4 /5.418 g PbCrO4 ) 100
94.06%
20.0 g Mg (1 mol Mg/24.30 g Mg)
(2 mol MgO/2 mol Mg) (40.30 g
MgO/1 mol MgO) (97.9% percentage
yield/100% theoretical yield) 32.5 g
MgO
10.0 g FeS (1 mol FeS/87.92 g FeS)
(2 mol Fe2O3 /4 mol FeS) (159.70
g Fe2O3 /1 mol Fe2O3) 9.08 g Fe2O3
theoretical yield
9.08 g Fe2O3 (88.1 % percentage
yield/100% theoretical yield) 8.00 g
Fe2O3
175.0 g Cl2 (1 mol Cl2 /70.90 g Cl2)
(1 mol CCl4 /4 mol Cl2) (153.81 g
CCl4 /1 mol CCl4) (75.4% actual
yield/100% theoretical yield)
71.6 g CCl4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c
b
d
b
d
If there is too much oxygen and not
enough gasoline, the engine will stall.
If, on the other hand, gasoline is in
excess and there is not enough oxygen, lack of oxygen may prevent the
mixture from igniting.
68.0 L N2 (0.916 g N2 /1 L N2) (1
mol N2 /28.02 g N2) (2 mol NaN3 /3
mol N2) (65.02 g NaN3 /1 mol NaN3)
96.4 g NaN3
375 mL C8H18 (0.692 g C8H18 /1 mL
C8H18) (1 mol C8H18 /114.26 g
C8H18) (25 mol O2 /2 mol C8H18)
(32.00 g O2 /1 mol O2) (1 L O2 /1.33 g
O2) (100 g air/23 g O2)
2.97 103 g air
4.30 g NO2 (1 mol NO2 /46.01 g NO2)
(1 mol O3 /1 mol NO2)
(48.00 g O3 /1 mol O3) 4.49 g O3
octane: (2.5 L)(0.700 g/ml)(1000 ml/
1 L) (2.5)(700 g) 1750 g
MW octane 114.231 g/ml
2.5 L octane (1750 g)(1
mol/114.23092) 15.319845 mol
2.5 L octane yields 8(15.319845 mol)
122.559 mol CO2
MW CO2 44.0098 g/mol
(122.559 mol CO2)(44.0098 g/mol)
5394 g CO2
Additional Problems
STOICHIOMETRY
1. 15.0 mol (NH4)2SO4
2. a. 51 g Al
b. 101 g Fe
c. 1.83 mol Fe2O3
3. 0.303 g H2
4. H2SO4 2KOH K2SO4 2H2O;
1.11 g H2SO4
5. a. H3PO4 2NH3 (NH4)2HPO4
b. 0.293 mol (NH4)2HPO4
c. 970 kg NH3
6. a. 90.0 mol ZnCO3; 60.0 mol C6H8O7
b. 13.5 kg H2O; 33.0 kg CO2
Holt Chemistry
87
Stoichiometry
Answer Key
Concept Review: Energy
Transfer
Concept Review: Changes

in Enthalpy During
Reactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
physical
higher, lower, heat, temperature
intensive, extensive
enthalpy
Kelvin
Celsius
273.15 K
the same
joules
200
273.15
q CnT T 40.0C 10.0C
30.0C is equal to 30.0 K
75.3 J/Kmol 180.0 g H2O/18.02
g/mol H2O 30.0 K 2.26 104 J
13. q CnT T 75.0C 15.0C
24.2 J/Kmol 250.0 g Al/26.98 g/mol
Al 60.0 K 1.35 x 104 J
14. q CnT T 80.0C 25.0C
11.1 J/K mol 68.0 g Sn/118.71g/mol
Sn 55.0 K 350. J
15. q CnT; q 29.1 J/K mol 1.44
mole 45 K; q 1894 J
1. heat, temperature, reactants, products,
2.
3.
Concept Review: Using

Enthalpy
4.
1. enthalpy, change, molar

2. same, molar heat capacity, temperature
3.
4.
5.
6.
5.
CT
positive, endothermic, negative,
exothermic
thermodynamics
H CT
T 17.0C 90.0C 73.0C
73.0 K
H 75.3 J/Kmol 73.0 K
5.50 kJ/mol
H CT
T 71.0C 18.0C 53.0C
53.0 K
H 75.3 J/Kmol 53.0 K
4.00 kJ/mol
25, 298.15, moles, standard enthalpy of

formation
In a bomb calorimeter a sample is
ignited in high-pressure oxygen contained in a heavy steel chamber surrounded by water. The energy as heat
from the combustion is absorbed by
the surrounding water and by other
parts of the colorimeter. The water
and the other parts of the calorimeter
have known specific heats, so a measured temperature increase can be used
to calculate energy released and then
the enthalpy change. Adiabatic
calorimeters use an insulating vessel
instead of a water bath to absorb the
energy generated by a reaction.
Adiabatic calorimetry is used for reactions that are not ignited, such as for
reactions in aqueous solution.
The overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of the
enthalpy changes for the individual
steps in the process.
H = H of products H of
reactants
H (2(92.3 kJ/mol) (30.9
kJ/mol)) ((0) 2(36.4 kJ/mol))
80.9 kJ/mol exothermic
H = H of products H of
reactants
H ((634.9 kJ/mol) (393.5
kJ/mol)) (1206.9 kJ/mol)
178.5 kJ/mol endothermic
Concept Review: Order and

Spontaneity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
entropy, energy
standard entropy
S, J/Kmol
Gibbs energy, H-TS
positive
Holt Chemistry
84
Causes of Change
Answer Key
Concept Review: States and
State Changes
1. solid, melting, melting point
2. liquid, viscous
3. cohesion, adhesion, surface tension,
evaporation
4. gas, boiling point, condensation
5. freezing, freezing point
6. sublimation, deposition
Concept Review:
Intermolecular Forces
1. Ionic substances consist of separate
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ions, each of which is attracted not

just to one ion of opposite charge, but
to all ions of opposite charge in its
vicinity. This attraction tends to hold
the substance together until high temperatures are reached.
Substances with weak intermolecular
forces must be cooled to low temperatures before there is enough attraction
between molecules to hold the molecules together in the solid state.
The molecules of substances with
strong intermolecular forces are
attracted to each other and form intermolecular bonds that hold the molecules together in a solid state.
Dipole forces tend to hold neighboring
molecules together, requiring higher
temperatures to reach the melting and
boiling points.
In a hydrogen bond, an exposed
hydrogen proton is attracted to an
adjacent atom or group of atoms with
a high electronegativity.
Hydrogen bonding is responsible for
the formation of relatively strong
bonds between molecules, resulting in
a relatively high boiling point, greater
surface tension, and other properties
characteristic of water.
A molecule can become an momentary
dipole when its electrons become
unequally distributed around its
nuclei.
8. London forces
9. London forces and dipole forces are
usually much weaker than forces

between ions.
10. The larger particles are, the farther
apart they are and the smaller the
effects of the attraction are. Molecular
shape may also affect attractive
forces. For example, if molecules are
large but have a flat shape, they can
come close together and attractive
forces have a greater effect.
Concept Review: Energy of

State Changes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
molar enthalpy of fusion

molar enthalpy of vaporization
molar heat capacities
hydrogen bonding
359 K
more
absorbed
greater
higher, decrease
oppose
well below
endothermic
spontaneity
negative
decrease
equilibrium
divided
disorder
condensation
a large
Concept Review: Phase

Equilibrium
1. phase, equilibrium, vapor pressure,
normal boiling point

2. phase diagram, triple point, critical
point, supercritical fluid

3. temperature
4. The fraction of very energetic particles
that can escape approximately doubles or triples for a 10C increase in

temperature.
Holt Chemistry
105

5. 0.01C, 0.6 kPa, triple point
100C, 101 kPa, normal boiling point

0C, 101 kPa, normal freezing/melting
point
374C, 22 MPa, critical point
6. solid, liquid, vapor
7. solid, vapor; sublimation
8. Line segment CA, negative slope, melting point decreases
Holt Chemistry
106
Answer Key
Concept Review:
Characteristics of Gases
1. greater than, completely
2. fluids, can, decreasing
3. lower, large, empty
4. long, pressure, completely
5. are not, do, have, air pressure, surface
6. denser, less
7. proportional, increases
8. c
9. a
10. b
11. d
12. e
13. 0.9868 atm
Concept Review:
The Gas Laws
the volume occupied by a given sample of gas varies inversely with the
applied pressure.
3.
Volume
PV
100
0.500
0.50
200
0.250
0.50
299.4
0.167
0.50
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Temperature
Volume
V/T
100
199
1.99
202
402
2.01
300
597
1.99
12. V/T, constant, V/T k, Charless law

13. equal, k; V1/T1 V2/T2
14. At constant volume, the pressure of a
given sample of gas varies directly

with absolute temperature, P/T k.
P1/T1 k; P2/T2 k; P1/T1 P2/T2
15. 46.3 mL
16. 90 kPa
17. 111 mL
Concept Review: Molecular

Composition of Gases
1. decreases, increases
2. Boyles law: At constant temperature,
Pressure
11.
product, constant, PV k, Boyles law

equal, k; P1V1 P2V2
10 L
78.4 kPa
417 m
increases, decreases
Charless law: At constant pressure,
the volume occupied by a given sample of gas varies directly with absolute
temperature.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
c
b
a
d
e
2.174 103 kPa or 21.5 atm
88 g/mol
4 mol
19.6 mL
20.8 L
Near point C; the less massive NH3
molecules diffuse more rapidly than
the HCl molecules.
vA

vB
m
37 6.082
1.475

17 4.123
m
B
A
NH3 gas molecules diffuse approximately 1.5 times more rapidly than the
HCl molecules.
12. H2 effuses 8.9 times as rapidly as Br2.
13. HBr will take 4.5 times as long to
effuse.
Holt Chemistry
135
Gases

14. 32 g/mol
15. 380 mm of Hg 380 mm of Hg
16.
17.
18.
19.
760 mm of Hg, partial pressure H2

partial pressure O2 total pressure
1, 3, 2
4, 5, 4, 6
49.9 L
50.6 L
6.4 L
Additional Problems
GAS LAWS
1. a. 105 kPa
b. 5.0 mL
c. 42.4 kPa
d. 6.78 103 dm3
e. 1.24 atm
f. 1.5 m3
2. 8.0 m3
3. 0.0258 atm
4. 8.01 102 dm3
5. a. 234 K
b. 1.2 dm3
c. 269.17C
d. 8.10 102 L
e. 487 cm3
f. 67.9 m3
6. 1.45 cm3
7. 40.C
8. a. 208.6C
b. 5.5 kPa
c. 2.61 atm
d. 297C
e. 35.6 atm
f. 39 K
9. 0.899 atm
10. 2.23 atm
11. 7.98 K
12. a. 2.02 L
b. 75.8 kPa
c. 110 K
d. 4.69 103 mm3
e. 72C
f. 2.25 atm
13. 379 cm3
14. 98 kPa
15. 1.00 atm; use Boyles law to find the
pressure of each gas in the whole

space; add the partial pressures of
both gases when they occupy the
whole space.
16. 285 mL
17. 89 cm3 The pressure in the bottle on
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
top of the mountain is the sum of

PO2 dry at the temperature of the
mountaintop and PH2O vapor at the
temperature on top of the mountain.
59 cm3
Solve the equation:
Vtotal/293 K (Vtotal 0.20 cm3)/294 K
118 kPa
935 mL
26.4 kL
3.76 atm
115 mL
10.9 atm
IDEAL GAS LAW

1. a. 34.2 mol
b. 6.68 103 kPa
c. 148C
d. 1.1 105 L
2. a. 55.9 g/mol
b. 0.111 g
c. 4.46 102 L
d. 0.846 atm
e. 391 g/mol
3. 2.71 103 L
4. a. 48.4 g/mol
b. 9.38 g/L
c. 6C
d. 2.24 atm or 227 kPa
5. 33.7 atm
6. 3.06 g/L
7. 663 g/mol
8. 204 L
9. 0.0101 mol ethane
10. 5.16 g NO
11. 77.0% yield
12. 10.5 g/mol
13. 171 g/mol
14. 6.55 atm
15. 326 kPa
16. 479 K or 206C
17. 1210 L at 75C; 1620 L at 8C
18. 1.11 104 kPa
19. 168 mL
20. 3.85 103 L
21. 4.05 103 L
22. 29.0 g/mol
Holt Chemistry
136
Gases
Answer Key
Concept Review:
What Is a Solution?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
c
f
e
a
d
b
Ht
H
Ht
H
Ht
H
H
H
H
H
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
homogeneous
heterogeneous
solvent
phase
solution
suspension
colloids
decant
densities
denser
filtration
capillary action
least
boiling
vapor
fractions
Concept Review:
Concentration and Molarity
Concept Review: Physical

Properties of Solutions
1. concentration, molarity, solute,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
solution, moles, liter, ratios, molality,

parts per million
441 g/36.46 g/mol 12.095 mol
12.095 mol 1000 mL/1500 mL
8.06 M
17.1 g/342.3 g/mol 0.04996 mol
0.04996 mol 1.00 L/0.500 L 0.100 M
0.500 mol 208.23 g/mol 104.1 g
104.1 g 200 mL/1000 mL
20.8 g BaCl2
5.74 g/143.32 g/mol 0.0400 mol AgCl
0.0400 mol of AgNO3 is needed
0.0400 mol/0.200 mol/L 0.200 L
0.500 L 0.100 mol/L 0.0500 mol
0.0500 mol 461.0 g/mol PbI2
23.1 g PbI2
Concept Review: Solubility

and the Dissolving Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
miscible
balance
miscible
miscible
solution, solvent, solute

solubility, maximum
saturated
Henrys law; pressure
decreases
supersaturated
equilibrium
miscibility
b
a
a
c
c
Dissociation
Hydration
equal
difficult, easy
all, soluble
increases
equal, more, there is no excess
1. The ions are provided by the solute,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
NaCl; the opportunity to move is provided by the fluidity of the solvent.

Electrolytes in tree sap make a tree a
conductor, so lightning frequently
finds a path to the ground through the
trunk of a tree.
c
a
b
d
d
d
solute, properties, colligative, total
number, nature.
vapor pressure, reduced, less
increase, boiling-point elevation
decrease, freezing-point depression
concentration, particles, greater
emulsion
soap
surfacant
Soft
Detergents
c
Holt Chemistry
141
Solutions

20.
21.
22.
23.
a
b
d
e
21.
22.
23.
Additional Problems
24.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
1. a. 60.0 g KMnO4; 440.0 g H2O
b. 220 g BaCl2
c. 457 g glycerol
d. 0.0642 M K2Cr2O7
e. 1.27 m CaCl2
f. 0.234 g NaCl
g. 541 g glucose; 2040 g total
2. 10.6 mol H2SO4
3. 0.486 m linoleic acid
4. a. 13.0 g Na2S2O3
b. 0.0820 mol
c. 0. 328 M
5. 338 g CoCl2
6. 0.442 L
7. 203 g urea
8. 18.8 g Ba(NO3)2
9. add 3.5 g (NH4)2SO4 to 96.5 g H2O
10. 54 g CaCl2
11. 1.25 mol; 1.25 M
12. 93.6 g/mol
13. 49.6 kg water; 0.5 kg NaCl
14. 8.06%
15. 1.4 L ethyl acetate
16. CdCl2(aq) Na2S(aq) CdS(s) 2
17.
18.
19.
20.
contributes 315 g of H2O, so only

685 g H2O must be added.
383 g CaCl26H2O
0.446 g arginine
3254 g H2O; the hydrate contributes
987.9 g H2O.
9.646 g KAl(SO4)212H2O; 25.35 g H2O
DILUTIONS
1. 0.0948 M
2. 0.44 mL
3. a. 3.0 M
b. 0.83 L
c. 1.5 103 g
4. 6.35 mL
5. 348 mL
6. 0.558 M
7. a. 850 mL; 2.4 mL; 86 mL
b. 1.3 L concentrated HNO3
c. 1.16 L concentrated HCl
8. 0.48 M
9. 2.72 M
10. Dilute 4.73 mL of the 6.45 M acetic
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
NaCl(aq)
a. 0.196 mol CdCl2
b. 0.196 mol CdS
c. 28.3 g CdS
34.4 g H2SO4
1.54 105 mol HCl
85.7 mL BaCl2 solution
a. Measure out 9.39 g CuSO45H2O and
add 90.61 g H2O to make 100. g of
solution. The 9.39 g of CuSO45H2O
contributes the 6.00 g of CuSO4
needed.
b. Measure out 200. g CuSO45H2O,
dissolve in water, then add water to
make 1.00 L. Water of hydration
does not have to be considered here
as long as the molar mass of the
hydrate is used in determining the
mass to weigh out.
c. Measure out 870 g CuSO45H2O
and add 685 g H2O. The hydrate
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
acid to 25 mL. This means adding

20.27 mL of water.
39.7 g/mol
0.27 M
1.9 102 g
0.667 L
For 1.00 L of 0.495 M urea solution,
take 161 mL of 3.07 M stock solution
of urea and dilute with water (839 mL
of water) to make 1.00 L.
a. 17.8 m
b. 1080 g, 6.01 M
47.17 g Na2CO3 per 50.00 g sample
94.3% Na2CO3
151 g CuCl2
Add 2.3 volumes of H2O per volume of
stock solution.
a. 14.9 g
b. 7.02 102 mol
c. 0.167 M
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9.88C ; 102.7C
103.3C
201.6C
50. g ethanol
82 g/mol
18.2C
15.5 g/mol
66.8 g/mol
183.3C
Holt Chemistry
142
Solutions
Answer Key
Concept Review: Reversible
Reactions and Equilibrium
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1. A reaction that goes to completion is
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
one in which almost all the reactants

form products and then stops, but a
reversible reaction is one in which the
products re-form the reactants.
When the rate of the forward reaction
equals the rate of the reverse reaction
and the concentrations of products
and reactants stay unchanged.
Much more products are formed than
reactants.
A metal ion or atom that is bonded to
more than one atom or molecule.
In a dynamic equilibrium, there is no
net change in a system. Two opposite
changes occur at the same time, which
keeps the overall concentration the
same.
R
C
C
R
0, 0, maximum, maximum
decreases
increases, t1, equilibrium
a, b, c, d
b, c, d
b
complex ion, metal, colored, CoCl2,
Co(H2O)26, reverse, [CoCl4]2
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
changes
does not
Keq 1
Keq 1
Keq 1
Keq (0.0161)2/0.0450 0.005 76
Keq (3.0)2/(0.46)(0.39) 50.
All mole values need to be divided by
4 to get moles per liter.
Keq (0.10)2/(1.0)(1.6)3 0.0024.
1.5 [N2O4]/[NO2]2
[N2O4] 1.5 (0.50)2 0.38 M
43.5 [HI]2/[H2][I2]
[I2] (0.009 98)2/(0.000867)(43.5)
0.002 64M
0.0205 = [PCl3][Cl2]/[PCl5]
[Cl2] (0.0205)(0.235)/0.174 0.0277 M
Ksp [Ax]a [By]b
Ksp [Ag] [Cl]
[Ag] [Cl] 2.68 105
Ksp (2.68 105)2 7.18 1010
Ksp [Ag][Cl]
[Ag+] [Cl] 0.000 013 mol/L
Ksp (0.000 013)2 1.7 1010
Ksp [Ag][Cl]
[Ag] Ksp/[Cl]
[Ag] 2.8 1010/0.2 1.4 109 M
Ksp [Ca2][CO23]
[Ca2] [CO32] 0.00690 g/102 6.76
105
Ksp (6.89 105)2 4.58 109
Ksp [Ag]2 [CrO24]
(1.12 1012)

(6.54 105)
1.31 104 M
[Ag]
Concept Review: Systems

at Equilibrium
Concept Review:
Equilibrium Systems
and Stress
1. The equilibrium constant is the ratio
of the product of the concentrations of

substances formed at equilibrium to
the product of the concentrations of
reacting substances, each concentration being raised to the power that is
the coefficient of that substance in the
chemical equation.
2. equilibrium constant
3. not important
1. A system in equilibrium will oppose a
change in a way that helps eliminate

the change. In other words, when a
system at equilibrium is disturbed, the
system adjusts in a way to reduce the
change.
2. changes in concentration, temperature,
or pressure
Holt Chemistry
95

3.
15. The chemical industry makes use of
Le Chteliers principle to synthesize

chemicals, including ammonia.
Manufacturing processes often use
high pressures or low temperatures to
favor forward reactions when making
chemicals.
Temperature
Results
Stress
Direction Increase
of shift
Lowering right
tempera- favored
ture
N2O4
Raising left
tempera- favored
ture
NO2
Decrease
NO2
Additional Problems
EQUILIBRIUM
N2O4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pressure
5.
Results
Stress
Direction Increase
of shift
Pressure right
increase favored
N2O4
Pressure left
decrease favored
NO2
Decrease
6.
7.
NO2
8.
N2O4
9.
Pressure
Results
Stress
Direction Increase
of shift
Decrease
Increase
[N2O4]
left
favored
NO2
N2O4
Increase
[NO2]
right
favored
N2O4
NO2
10.
11.
12.
Decrease right
[N2O4]
favored
N2O4
NO2
13.
Decrease left
[NO2]
favored
NO2
N2O4
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
increase, decrease
exothermic, increases, left, right
decreases
increases
bromide
left
AgBr
silver
decreases
less
common ion effect
14.
15.
1.98 107
2.446 1012
3.97 105
a. 8.13 104 M
b. 0.0126 M
a. The concentrations are equal.
b. K will increase.
0.09198 M
a. 0.7304 M
b. 6.479 104 M
a. [A] [B] [C] 1/2[A]initial
b. [A], [B], and [C] will increase
equally. K remains the same.
a. Keq [HBr]2/[H2][Br2]
b. 2.11 1010 M
c. Br2 and H2 will still have the same
concentration. HBr will have a
much higher concentration than the
two reactants; at equilibrium, essentially only HBr will be present.
1.281 106
4.61 103
a. Keq [HCN]/[HCl]
b. 3.725 107 M
a. The reaction yields essentially no
products at 25C; as a result, the
equilibrium constant is very small.
At 110 K, the reaction proceeds to
some extent.
b. 2.51 M
0.0424
0.0390
EQUILIBRIUM OF SALTS, Ksp

1. 1.0 104
2. 1.51 107
3. a. 1.6 1011
b. 0.49 g
4. 2.000 107
5. a. 8.9 104 M
b. 0.097 g
Holt Chemistry
96
Answer Key
Concept Review: What Are
Acids and Bases?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
d
f
b
c
g
e
a

a. HSO4
b. H2O

9. a. H2PO4
b. H2O
10. base
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. acid

12. a. H3O

b. HSO4
13. a. H2O
b. NH3
14. d
15. b
16. c
17. d
18. b
19. b
Concept Review: Equilibria

of Weak Acids and Bases
Concept Review: Acidity,

Basicity, and pH
1. equilibrium, equal, H3O, OH,
concentration
2. constant, ion product of water, system,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A
B
C
7, 4, 10, phenolphthalein
7, methyl orange
10, 10, 10
a. 0.340 M
b. no
acid, base, [H3O], [OH], 1.00 1014

inversely, increases, hydronium ion,
pH, higher
lower, decreases, 10, 3
A mixture of dyes gives a continuous
gradation of colors through a wide pH
range. The color on a strip of pH paper
can be matched against a standard to
determine a solutions pH.
A pH meter is an electronic device
that measures pH by electrochemical
means. It provides a direct digital
reading for the pH of a solution into
which its electrodes are placed.
1 109 M
1.0
[H3O] 2 1010 M; pH 9.7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
H2O, water
OH

2
H2O, H2PO4 , HCO
3 , HPO4

HCOO
NH
4
NH
4
ClO
HCOOH
It increases.
It decreases.
stronger, stronger
higher, lower
1.71 105
4.0 1010
buffer, acid, base
base, H3O, Le Chteliers, H3O
buffer, equal
Problem Solving
pH
Concept Review:
Neutralization and Titration
1. titration, standard, unknown,
neutralization, salt, water

2. equivalent, equivalence point,
hydroxide, hydronium
3. D
1. a. [OH] 0.05 M,
[H3O] 2 1013 M
b. [OH] 2.0 1012 M,
[H3O] 5.0 103 M
c. [OH] 0.013 M,
[H3O] 7.7 1013 M
d. [OH] 6.67 1014 M,
[H3O] 0.150 M
e. [OH] 0.0400 M,
[H3O] 2.50 1013 M
f. [OH] 2.56 1014 M,
[H3O] 0.390 M
g. 10, 2.3, 12.11, 0.824, 12.602, 0.409
2. [OH] 0.160 M
[H3O] 6.25 1014 M
3. 0.08 M
Holt Chemistry
165
Acids and Bases
Answer Key
Concept Review: What
Affects the Rate of a
Reaction?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Reaction rate
chemical kinetics
disappearance, appearance, time
decrease, mass, acidity, volume
positive
reaction rate 1/1 [Mg]/t
1/2 H3O/t 1/1 [H2]/t
average rate (0.002 mol Mg)/20s
0.0001 mol/s
b
a
d
c
a
positive
a. usually the reaction rate will
increase as the concentration of the
reactants increases in all states of
matter.
b. has almost no effect on reactions in
the liquid or solid states. In the gas
phase, an increase in pressure
increases the concentration, therefore increasing the reaction rate.
c. in almost all cases and in all states
of matter, an increase in temperature will increase the reaction rate.
For reactions on surfaces an increase
in surface area increases the reaction
rate. This is due to the fact that the
reaction rate is proportional to the
surface area, a higher surface area
allows an increased amount of the
reaction to occur.
4.775 105 M/s
5.275 105 M/s
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Concept Review: How Can

Reaction Rates Be
Explained?
n, m
n, m
n
B
n, m
n, m
a. 1
b. 32
c. 2,
d. 3
increase, 2
increase, 27
1
4, 3
In order for a reaction to occur, the
molecules or atoms must collide with
sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. And the collision
must occur in the correct orientation,
or in most cases at a particular end of
a molecule or atom, in order for a
reaction to occur.
rate k[AB]
rate k[B]2
rate k[A2]
2NO H2 N2 H2O2
Step 1, the slower step
O3 O2 O rapid
O O3 2O2 slow
15 kcal
35 kcal
The label should be placed at the peak
of the curve.
exoendoa
b
e
c
f
d
catalytic converter
lower activation energy, accelerate
regenerated
1.
2. k
3. [A], [B]
Holt Chemistry
59
Reaction Rates
Answer Key
Concept Review: OxidationReduction Reactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
a
c
b
e
d
g
f
Zn: 2, Cl: 1
S: 6, O: 2
H: 1, N: 5, O: 2
Al: 3, S: 6, O: 2
Pb: 2, O: 2
C: 4, O: 2
H: 1, S: 6, O: 2
H2O2(aq) 2H(aq) 2e 2H2O(l)
oxidation, reduction, 2Mg O2
2Mg2 2O2 ; Mg O2 2MgO
2
2MnO
4 5SO2 2H2O 2Mn
2

5SO4 4H

2
2NO
3 3Cu 8H 2NO 3Cu
4H2O

8H2S 16NO
3 16H 16NO2
S8 16H20
K is oxidized and Cl is reduced.
Concept Review:
Introduction to
Electrochemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. salt bridge or porous barrier

18. Electrons flow from the higher
voltage
electric current, ampere
electrode
electrochemical
c
b
e
d
f
a
h
g
cathode
electrolyte
oxidation
reduction
pressure in the negative terminal

through a metal circuit, which
includes the light blub, towards the
positive terminal.
19. Zn(s) Zn2(aq) 2e, anode
20. Cu2(aq) 2e Cu(s), reduction
Concept Review:
Galvanic Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
simple
two, outside, two, thin
indirectly, inefficient
directly, simple, efficient
possible
galvanic
chemical, electrical
portable
acidic
alkaline
carbon
alkaline
steel
lead
lead(II) sulfate
galvanic, electrolytic
rechargeable
galvanic
Daniell
Ag, cathode; Zn, anode; 1.5614 V
Cu, cathode; Pb, anode;
0.4681 V
2e
2
Zn(s) Cu (aq) Zn2(aq)
Cu(s), spontaneously to the right
E (0.34) (0.76)
1.10 V
2e
Cl2(g) 2I(aq)
I2(s) 2Cl(aq)
spontaneously to the left
E (0.54) (1.36)
0.82 V
2e
Cu2(aq)
2Ag(aq) Cu(s)
2Ag(s) spontaneously to the right
E (0.80) (0.34) 0.46 V
the deterioration of metals due to
oxidation reactions with their
environment
oxygen, water, and ions
Holt Chemistry
101

8. 3AsH3 4NaClO3
27. The more active metal provides an
anodic region and the less active metal

provides a cathodic region; plumbing
leaks occur where steel and copper
water pipes are joined.
28. A metal that is more easily oxidized is
attached to a metallic structure so that
it serves as an anode, preventing the
corrosion of the structural metal.
Concept Review:
Electrolytic Cells
1. Electrolytic, nonspontaneous,
3H3AsO4 4NaCl
9. K2Cr2O7 3H2C2O4 8HCl
2CrCl3 6CO2 2KCl 7H2O
10. 2Hg(NO3)2 2HgO 4NO2 O2

11. 4HAuCl4 3N2H4
12.
13.
14.
electrical
2. electrolysis, molten, Downs, Downs
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
cell
released, oxidation, consumed,
reduction, anode, cathode
positive, negative
electrosynthesis
2Na(l) 2e 2Na(l)
2Cl(l) 2e Cl2(g)
e
2Na(l)
2Na(l) 2Cl(l)
Cl2(g)
Reduction
anode
oxygen, hydrogen
electrolyte
refine
electrical, chemical
d
b
f
h
c
a
g
e
Additional Problems
REDOX EQUATIONS
1. 3Mg N2 Mg3N2
2. SO2 Br2 2H2O 2HBr H2SO4
3. H2S Cl2 S 2HCl
4. PbO2 4HBr PbBr2 Br2 2H2O
5. S 6HNO3 6NO2 H2SO4 2H2O
6. NaIO3 N2H4 2HCl
N2 NaICl2 3H2O
7. MnO2 H2O2 2HCl
MnCl2 O2 2H2O
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
4Au 3N2 16HCl

5Sb2(SO4)3 4KMnO4 24H2O
10H3SbO4 2K2SO4 4MnSO4
9H2SO4
3Mn(NO3)2 5NaBiO3 9HNO3
5Bi(NO3)2 3HMnO4 5NaNO3
3H2O
H3AsO4 4Zn 8HCl
AsH3 4ZnCl2 4H2O
KClO3 6HCl 3Cl2 3H2O KCl
2KClO3 4HCl
Cl2 2ClO2 2H2O 2KCl
2MnCl3 2H2O
MnCl2 MnO2 4HCl
2NaOH 6H2O 2Al
2NaAl(OH)4 3H2
6Br2 6Ca(OH)2
5CaBr2 Ca(BrO3)2 6H2O
N2O 2NaClO 2NaOH
2NaCl 2NaNO2 H2O
4HBr MnO2
MnBr2 2H2O Br2
Au 4HCl HNO3
HAuCl4 NO 2H2O
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
E0 2.77 V; spontaneous
E0 0.46 V; not spontaneous
Overall reaction:
Cl2 Ni Ni2 2Cl
Cathode reaction: Cl2 2e 2Cl
Anode reaction: Ni Ni2 2e
Cell voltage: 1.62 V
12. Overall reaction:
3Hg2 2Fe 3Hg 2Fe3
Cathode reaction: Hg2 2e Hg
Anode reaction: Fe Fe3 3e
Cell voltage: 0.89 V
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Holt Chemistry
102
Answer Key
Concept Review: Atomic
Nuclei and Nuclear Stability
2.
1. A nucleon is the protons and neutrons
of a nucleus.
2. A nuclide is a general term applied to
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
a specific nucleus with a given number

of protons and neutrons.
The strong force is an attraction that
exists between nucleons that is
stronger than electrostatic repulsion
between nucleons. This force is
exerted when nucleons are very close
to each other.
Nuclear binding energy is the energy
released when nucleons come
together.
The mass of any nucleus is less than
the combined masses of its separated
parts. The energy released when
nucleons join results in this mass
defect.
d
a
d
b
b
mass defect, mass, nucleus, mole, less,
protons, nuclear binding, separate
increase, maximum, decrease, highest,
large, attractions, repulsions, stable,
56
26 Fe.
lower
large
mass
stability
more
equal to or greater than
60%
stable
stable
3.
4.
5.
This change involves the release of

particles, electromagnetic waves, or
both.
If an isotope has too many neutrons,
the nucleus will decay and emit
radiation. A neutron may emit a highenergy electron, called a beta particle,
and change to a proton. This process
often occurs in unstable nuclei that
have large N/Z numbers.
A nucleus that has too many protons
can become stable by absorbing one
of the atoms electrons. The nucleus
releases gamma rays.
Some nuclei with too many protons
emit positrons, or antiparticles of
electrons. The proton is changed into
a neutron.
An unstable nucleus with an N/Z
number much larger than 1 can decay
by emitting an alpha particle.
6.
Type of
radioactive
decay
What
happens
to atomic
number?
What
happens
to mass
number?
beta-particle
emission
increases
by one
does not
change
electron
capture
decreases
by one
does not
change
positron
emission
decreases
by one
does not
change
alpha
particle
emission
decreases
by two
decreases
by four
7.
8.
9.
10.
Concept Review: Nuclear

Change
11.
12.
51
23 V; gamma ray
222
86Rn; alpha particle
239
92U; positron
234
92U; beta particle
0
1 e; positron
4
2 He; alpha particle
0
1 e; beta particle
13.
14. annihilation of matter
15. positron emission
1. Radioactivity is the process in which
an unstable nucleus spontaneously

changes to form a more stable one.
Holt Chemistry
61
Nuclear Chemistry

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
electron capture
alpha decay
beta emission
beta particles
antiparticle
annihilation of matter
Gamma
electron capture
neutron
alpha decay
alpha particle
2, 4
fission, binding energy, spontaneous,
neutrons, chain reaction, sustains,
critical mass
fusion, fuse
fusion
fission
fission
fusion
Benefits: can produce a large amount
of energy; one gram of uranium-235
generates as much energy as the
combustion of 2700 kilograms of coal;
only 100 reactors generate 20 percent
of the electricity used in the United
States.
Hazards: chain reactions that occur in
nuclear reactors can be very
dangerous if they are not contained;
radioactive wastes are generated.
Nuclear fusion occurs when small
nuclei combine to form a larger, more
stable nucleus. Energy is released as
the new nucleus forms. It is not a practical energy source now because it
takes a lot of energy and tremendous
temperatures to start such a reaction.
It is also hard to contain the reactants.
b
d
a
a
a
a
b
a
c
b
c
Acute exposure to large doses of
radiation over a short time can lead to
radiation sickness and even death.
Chronic exposure to low levels of
radiation can be as dangerous as acute
exposure and can lead to certain types
of cancer.
15. All the reactions emit gamma rays, and
all use radioactive isotopes with short
half-lives.
1
16. 1 microgram , 2 microgram; 4 micro1
gram, 8 microgram
17.
18. 8 grams
19. about 11 400 years
20. 6.25%
Concept Review: Uses of

Nuclear Chemistry
1. The time required for half of a sample
of a radioactive substance to disintegrate by radioactive decay or natural

processes.
2. If we know the half-life of a radioactive isotope, we can then measure how
much of the isotope is in an object and
figure out how long the radioactive
isotope has been decaying, which
gives the age of the object.
Holt Chemistry
62
Nuclear Chemistry
Answer Key
Concept Review:
Compounds of Carbon
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
alkane
isomer
alkene
alcohol
carboxylic acid
aldehyde
amine
ketone
Compounds with functional groups
react like each other. They do not
react like the parent compound.
22. Isomers have different structures, and
so their chemical and physical properties are different from each other. The
greater the structural difference, the
greater the difference in properties.
1. Carbon atoms nearly always form
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
covalent bonds that are quite strong.

Carbon atoms are not very reactive
under normal conditions. Carbon can
form up to four single covalent bonds
with a wide variety of compounds.
A diamond contains an enormous
number of carbon atoms that form an
extremely strong, tetrahedral network,
which makes diamond the hardest
known substance.
Graphite is very soft. The carbon
atoms are bonded in a hexagonal pattern and lie in planes. The bonds are
strong but the planes can slip past
each other.
The sliding layers make graphite useful as a lubricant and a pencil lead.
Fullerene is a near-spherical cage of
carbon atoms. The most stable is C60,
which is 60 carbon atoms arranged in
interconnecting rings. Nanotubes are
hexagons of carbon atoms that form
hollow cylinders. A nanotube is 10 000
times thinner than a human hair, but it
is 10 to 100 times stronger than steel
per unit weight.
Carbon can bond to many elements,
including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur,
phosphorus, and the halogens. Carbon
compounds are found in all living
things, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Also,
carbon is used in many synthetic compounds, including plastics, fabrics,
rubber, and drugs. More than 12 million carbon compounds are known.
A hydrocarbon is a compound that
contains only carbon and hydrogen.
cyclofour
benzene
aromatic
alkyne
Concept Review: Names

and Structures of Organic
Compounds
1. 1-meth-; 2-eth-; 3-prop-; 4-but-; 5-pent-;
6-hex-; 7-hept-; 8-oct-; 9-non-; 10-dec2. A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydro-
3.
4.
5.
6.
carbon in which each carbon atom

forms four single covalent bonds with
other atoms. An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which not all
carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds.
butane
propene
ethyne
H
H
HICICJ C
H
H H
7. HICK CIH
8. H
H
CJ C
H
9. H
H
H H H
CJ CICICIH
H H
10. -ol
11. -oic acid
12. -one
Holt Chemistry
77

13.
14.
15.
16.
-al
amino2-methylpropene
C6H5OH
OH
C
C
8. Hydrogenation is a type of addition
9.
OH
H
C
10.
11.
Concept Review: Organic

Reactions
1. An addition reaction is one in which
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
12.
an atom or molecule is added to an

unsaturated molecule and increases
the saturation of the molecule.
A substitution reaction is one in which
one or more atoms replace another
atom or group of atoms in a molecule.
Substitution reactions often occur in
saturated molecules like alkanes,
while addition reactions occur in
unsaturated molecules.
A condensation reaction is one in
which two smaller molecules are
joined with the removal of a smaller
molecule, usually water.
An elimination reaction is one in
which a simple molecule is removed
from adjacent carbon atoms of a
larger molecule.
A condensation reaction joins two
molecules into a larger one. An elimination reaction begins with one larger
molecule and makes it smaller by
removing a small molecule from two
adjacent carbon atoms.
Single covalent bonds are difficult to
break, so catalysts are often added to
the reaction mixture.
13.
reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated

molecule.
An unhydrogenated oil is liquid at
room temperature and it is unsaturatedit contains long chains of double bonds. A hydrogenated fat is solid
at room temperature. The double
bonds between the carbon atoms have
been broken, and the fat is saturated.
A monomer is a small molecule.
A polymer is a large molecule made of
many small monomers that are joined
to each other as a result of a chemical
reaction.
Polyethylene is a very long alkane
polymer chain. These chains can pack
tightly to form a product that is strong
but flexible. When the chain contains
an ethane side chain, the polymer cannot pack tightly. Such polymers are
used to make plastic wrap.
Nylon 66 is a very long synthetic polymer that is widely used. It is formed in
a condensation reaction between two
long chains, each with six carbon
atoms. One chain has an amine group
at the end; the other chain has a carboxyl group at the end. An H atom
from the amine group and an OH
group from the carboxylic acid form
water and are removed where the two
molecules join. This process continues,
linking hundreds of reactants.
Holt Chemistry
78
Answer Key
Concept Review:
Carbohydrates and Lipids
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
carry energy throughout the body.

Sugars can join together and break
apart. These processes are the main
ways that living organisms capture
energy.
19. A condensation reaction is one in
which two or more molecules join
together into a larger molecule, leaving water or another simple molecule
as a byproduct.
20. A hydrolysis reaction is one in which
water causes a molecule to break
down into two smaller molecules.
monosaccharide
polysaccharide
carbohydrate
lipid
starch
disaccharide
glycogen
cellulose
sugar
polymer
condensation
hydrolysis
polysaccharide
disaccharide
monosaccharide
polysaccharide
Concept Review: Proteins
Carbohydrate
Structure
Role
starch
polysaccharide
storing energy
glycogen
polysaccharide
energy storage
in animals
cellulose
polysaccharide
structural
rigidity
sucrose
disaccharide
table sugar
glucose
monosaccharide spreads energy

via bloodstream
fructose
monosaccharide sugar found

in fruits
lactose
disaccharide
sugar found in
milk products
maltose
disaccharide
malt-flavored
sugar
chitin
polysaccharide
insect
exoskeleton
amylose
polysaccharide
energy storage
in plants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
amino acid
protein
peptide
disulfide
secondary
tertiary
primary
quaternary
helix
pleated sheet
amino acid
enzyme
active site
disulfide
substrate
denature
trypsin
Amino acids form proteins through
condensation reactions: the OH
group of a carboxylic acid of one
amino acid and an H from a neighboring amino acid are released as the
two amino groups join.
19. 1. Disulfide bridges (covalent bonds)
between side chains can form a
looped protein or bond two separate
polypeptides. 2. Ionic bonds can link
different points on a protein. 3. A
hydrophobic environment attracts
other nonpolar molecules or nonpolar
segments of the same protein. 4.
Hydrogen bond can form to oxygen
atoms, especially carboxyl groups.
18. Carbohydrates are often used by living
organisms to store energy. Other carbohydrates provide rigid structure to

plants and animals. Glucose is the
chemical that the bloodstream uses to
Holt Chemistry
49
Concept Review: Energy in

Living Systems
20. Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions
without being permanently changed or

destroyed. They can be thought of as a
lock and key: only an enzyme of a specific shape can fit the reactants in the
reaction that it is speeding up.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
carbon
ATP
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
respiration
cellular
exothermic
glycolysis
Krebs
mechanical
transport
synthetic
Most plants use chlorophyll to capture
energy from sunlight. During this
process, called photosynthesis, carbon
dioxide and water form glucose and
oxygen. The plant stores the glucose
by forming larger carbohydrates to use
as a source of energy as needed.
14. Animals eat plants, which make carbohydrates that animals, too, can use for
energy. Once an animal eats a plant, it
breaks the plants large carbohydrates
down into simpler carbohydrates, such
as glucose. Glucose can be carried
throughout the body in the bloodstream.
15. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and
water form glucose and oxygen.
During respiration the opposite reaction occurs: glucose and oxygen form
carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis takes in energy. Respiration
gives off energy.
16. The first stage of cellular respiration
includes glycolysis, in which glucose is
split into two molecules of pyruvic
acid. This stage produces ATP. The
second stage also produces ATP. This
stage is called the Krebs cycle. The
overall result is the oxidation of pyruvic acid to form carbon dioxide. The
two stages together produce 38 ATP
per glucose molecule.
Concept Review: Nucleic

Acids
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
DNA
deoxyribose
nucleic acid
gene
RNA
uracil
genetic code
nitrogenous
DNA fingerprints
helix
PCR
clone
stem cell
recombinant DNA
nucleic acid
triplet
autoradiograph
base
DNA replicates by unwinding its double helix, providing two strands. Each
strand acts as a template for making a
new strand. Each base forms a hydrogen bond to its complementary base
(A to T, T to A, C to G, G to C).
Eventually the two strands of the original become four strands.
20. a. AUG AAA AGC UUC UCA UAA
b. START lysine, serine, phenylalanine,
serine STOP
c. ATG AAA AGC TTC TCA TAA
21. a. AUG GAA UGU CUA ACA UGA
b. START glutamic acid, cysteine,
leucine, threonine STOP
c. ATG GAA TGT CTA ACA TGA
22. Cloning is producing an offspring that
is genetically identical to a parent
using asexual reproduction methods.
In animals, scientists take stem cells
and culture them artificially so they
grow into complete organisms.
Holt Chemistry
50

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Chemistry

Concept Review Worksheets

1. A chemical is any substance that has [definite, indefinite] composition.

The Science of Chemistry

Concept Review continued

______14. milk souring

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Science of Chemistry

1. Describe two characteristic properties of matter.

2. Briefly explain the difference between mass and weight.

3. Briefly explain the difference between quantity and unit.

4. Briefly explain why density is a derived unit.

6. List three examples of physical change and three examples of chemical

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Science of Chemistry

Concept Review continued

______ 8. The terms odorless and colorless are quantitative terms.

______10. The kelvin is used to express length in SI.

______11. The pound is used to express forces such as weight in SI.

______12. The liter is used to express volume in SI.

13. How many millimeters are there in 2.0 meters?

14. How many grams are there in 5.0 kilograms?

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Science of Chemistry

13. How does an atom differ from an element?

14. How does an atom differ from a molecule?

15. What is an allotrope?

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Science of Chemistry

Concept Review continued

17. What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?

19. Briefly explain why a compound has characteristic properties.

Label whether each material below is a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture,

20. C2H2 ________________________________________________________________________________

28. orange juice _________________________________________________________

The Science of Chemistry

1. The capacity to do work is

2. A change in matter from one form to another without a change in chemical

substances with different properties is a

4. A change in matter in which energy is absorbed is a(n)

energy, allowing them to move out of the crystalline

from the substance.

Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided.

8. State the law of conservation of energy.

10. Define temperature.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Matter and Energy

Concept Review continued

12. Convert the following temperatures as indicated.

13. Define specific heat.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Matter and Energy

1. What are the fundamental procedures in the scientific method?

2. Why is it important to publish the results of research findings?

3. When performing an experiment, why is it important to have a control?

5. What is the definition of a model?

6. Why are models useful in chemistry?

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Matter and Energy

Concept Review continued

a. a well-tested explanation for a phenomenon

b. a reasonable and testable explanation of

______ 9. scientific law