Life, Works and Writings of Rizal

Reference Book by Zaide

Pertinent Law: RA No. 1425 otherwise known as Rizal Law
- An act to include in the Curricula of all Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities
Courses on the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal Particularly His novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other
purposes.
- Proponent of the Rizal Bill: Senator Claro M. Recto with co-author Jose P. Laurel
- Date of enactment: June 12, 1956
WHY DR. JOSE RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO IS OUR NATIONAL HERO.
- No other Filipino hero can surpass Rizal
in the number of monuments erected in his honor
in the number of towns, barrios, and streets named after him
in the number of educational institutions, societies, and trade names that bear his name
in the number of persons, both Filipinos and foreigners, who were named Rizal or Rizalina
because of their parents' admiration for the great malayan
in the number of laws, executive orders and proclamation of the Chief Executive, and
bulletins, memoranda, and circulars of both the bureaus of public and private schools made
for his name
- He is the Filipino writer and thinker whose teachings and noble thoughts have been frequently
invoked and quoted by authors and public speakers on almost all occasions.
- "The doctrines of Rizal are not for one epoch but for all epochs. They are as valid today as they
were yesterday. It cannot be said that because the political ideals of Rizal has been achieved, because
of the change of institutions, the wisdom of his counsels or the value of his doctrines have ceased to
be opportune. They have not" (Rafael Palma)
Belief that Rizal is a made-to-order national hero.

The maker or manufacturer in the said care were Americans

Civil Governor William Howard Taft - "And now, gentlemen, you must have a national hero"
- Messrs. Pardo de Tavera, Legarda, and Luzzurriaga, Filipino members of the Philippine
Commission

Hero - is a prominent or central personage taking an admirable part in any remarkable action or event
- a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering
- a man honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service to mankind.
Rizal is a Hero
- a towering figure in Propaganda Campaign which he took admirable part (1882-1896)
- The Noli Me Tangere which evoked such favorable and unfavorable comments from friends and
foes alike.
Antonio Maria Regidor and Prof Ferdinand Blumentritt - The book was superior; his works
has been written with the blood of heart
Permanent Censorship Commission (1887) :
- Heretical, impious and scandalous to religious order

- Unpatriotic and subversive to public order

- libelous to Spanish Government and to its political policy in this Island
The novel was staged in the Spanish Capital
Henry Allen Cooper of Winconsin recited Rizal's Ultimo Pensamiento on the floor of US
House of Representative to prove the capacity of Filipino to Self-Government.
- Rizal abandoned his self interest in order to think only for his country
THE BIRTH OF A HERO
- June 19, 1861 midnight of Wednesday
- Calamba Laguna
- Named Jose in honor to St Joseph
- Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
- 7th of the 11 children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo Realonda
Saturnina
Paciano
Narcisa
Olympia
Lucia
Maria
JOSE
Concepcion
Josefa
Trinidad
Soledad
Ancestry of Rizal
Father:

Francisco Mercado Rizal

May 11, 1818, Bian, Laguna
Died at the age of 80
Educated farmer
Studied Latin and Philosophy at College of San Jose Manila

Mother: Teodora Alonzo Realonda

November 8, 1826, Manila
Died at the age of 85
Sta. Rosa College
- Rizal came from a mixed ancestry of East and West.
Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish
Domingo Lam-co
paternal great-great-grandfather
Native of Chinchew
Lakandula
Ancestor on maternal side

Last Malayan king of Tondo

Eugenio Ursua
Maternal great-great-grandfather
Japanese blood
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso
Father of Teodora
Engineer
Awarded by Spain with "knight of the Grand Order of Isabela the Catholic"
Manuel de Quintos
Maternal grandfather
Prominent lawyer in Manila
Cipriano Alonso----------------Realonda
Paternal grandfather
Captain in Bian
1849 - Gov. Narciso Claveria ordered Filipino families to change surnames and to Hispanize difficult to pronounce and difficult to remember.
Mercado - means market in Spanish---chosen by Lam-co
Rizal - Spanish word "ricial"-------green field or new pasture
1876 ---15 yrs old Rizal wrote "Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo" (In memory of my town)
- Rizal then was a student in Ateneo
Earliest Childhood Memories
- Frail, sickly and undesized
- Nipa Cottage where he play during daytime with his aya(maid)
- Angelus prayer every night with his mother and siblings
- Moonlight night at the azotea with the stories of his aya.
- Nocturnal walk in the town or by the river.
First sorrow
- Concha (Concepcion) died at 3 yrs. Old because of sickness (1865)
Devoted son of church
- at 3 he take part in the family prayers
- at 5 he was able to read the Spanish family Bible.
- take part in religious processions -------- Manong Jose
- poems written during his boyhood shows his fervent catholic spirit
- Father Leoncio Lopez------depicted by Padre Florentino in El Fili
- Rizal was 14 and took a vacation in Calamba, Doa Teodora showed Father Lopez the poem made
by Rizal in Ateneo but the latter said that Rizal might have copied it from a poetry book.
The story of the moth

- "died a martyr to its illusions"

- Sacrifice one's life for its ideals is worth while
Rizal's 3 Uncles
Gregorio - lover of books
- he taught Rizal to work hard, to think for himself, and to observe life keenly.
Jose - Educated in Calcutta, India
- younger brother of teodora
- paint, sketch, and sculpture
Manuel - being big, strong and husky looked after the Physical Training of his sickly and weak
nephew.
- swimming, fencing, wrestling and other sports.
Artistic Talents
- painting, sketching, sculpture, wood carving and magical tricks
- a born poet
- first known poem: "Sa aking mga kababata"
- at 8 he wrote a tagalog drama stages in Calamba in connection with the town fiesta---------Gobernadorcillo paid for 2 pesos for the manuscript.
Influences on Heroes Boyhood
1. Hereditary influence - inherent traits or qualities which a person inherits from his ancestors or
parents
- Malayan ancestors - passionate love for freedom and serenity of life's outlook
- Chinese ancestors - serious nature, frugality, patience and love for children
- Spanish ancestors - elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult and gallantry to ladies
- Father - sense of self-respect, love for work, and independent thinking
- Mother - religious nature, self-sacrifice, and passion for the arts and literature
2. Environmental influence - includes places, associates and events that affects the nature of a person
- scenic beauty of Calamba and the beautiful garden of the family ---artistic and literary talent
- religious atmosphere at home
- brother and sisterly love
- fairy tales ---love for legends and folklore
- 3 uncles
- Father Leoncio Lopez -- intellectual honesty and love for scholarship
- sorrows in his family
- Spanish abuses and cruelties he witnessed during boyhood
- Gom-Bur-Za execution
3. Aid of Divine Providence - destined by God.
- God had endowed him with the versatile talents of a rare genius.
SCHOOL DAYS IN BIAN
- First formal schooling in Bian (1870-1871)------Rizal was 9 yrs old
- Private school under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
- education with much religion and overly strict discipline
- whipped by the teacher to make students learn lessons or to behave well.
Early Schooling
- First teacher ----Mother
- Learned Latin alphabet and the Catholic prayers

- private tutors: Maestro Celestino and later on by Maestro Lucas Padua

- later his father hired Leon Monroy---first lessons in Latin
- Died after 5 months
- June 1870--Jose left Calamba for Bian (Binyang)
- Jose live with his aunt and cousin Leandro
- Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
- described as tall, thin, long-necked man, with a sharp nose and a body bent slightly forward.
- Usually wore sinamay
Painting lessons in Bian
- Juancho
- old painter lived near the school
- father-in-law of Maestro Cruz
- give Jose lessons in drawing and painting with Jose Guevara
Best student in school
- best in Spanish and Latin
- best in drawing and painting
End of Bian schooling
- Maestro Cruz wrote to his father that Jose should be sent to College in Manila
- December 17, 1871---Jose left Bian onboard the steamer Talim
- Frenchman Arturo Camps ---friend of his father took care of him while onboard the Talim
Injustice to Rizal's Mother
- Doa Teodora was arrested on malicious charge that she aided Jose Alberto, her brother, to poison
the latter's wife.
- Alberto had gone to Europe for a business trip-----his wife abandoned their conjugal home and lived
with another man.
- Teodora persuaded her brother to forgive his wife to avoid family scandal
- The unfaithful wife connived with the lieutenant of the guardia civil to fabricate unfounded pieces
of evidence that her husband attempted to poison her, with Teodora as an accomplice
- This lieutenant, in one occasion , was refused by Don Francisco to be given a fodder--a kind of feed
for a horse.
- the Judge---was not accorded greater respect than the Filipino guests in the Rizal home
- Teodora was sent to the provincial jail in Santa Cruz, capital of Laguna
- Teodora walk on foot from Calamba to Sta cruz, a distance of more than 50 km.
- The case reached the SC ( Royal Audiencia)
Martyrdom of Gom-bur-za-----Feb. 17
- Paciano, a student of Father Burgos in College of San Jose
- Filipinization of the Parishes
- Jan 20, 1872-Cavite Mutiny
TRIUMPHS IN ATENEO
June 10, 1872------entrance exam on the College of San Juan de Letran
-Dominican-owned college.

Ateneo Municipal---formerly Escuela Pia (Charity School) under the supervision of the Spanish
Jesuits---rival of Letran
- Jose accompanied by Paciano matriculated at the Ateneo
- Father Magin Ferrando, college registrar, at first refused to admit him because: (1) he was late for
registration and (2) he was sickly and undersized --------he was then 11 yrs old
- Manuel Xerez Burgos, nephew of father Burgos, intercession was the reason of the reluctant
admission of Rizal to Ateneo.
- Jose adopted the surname Rizal because their family name Mercado had come under suspicion of
the Spanish authorities.
- Ateneo then was located in Intramuros, within the walls f Manila and Jose first boarded outside
Intramuros on Caraballo St, a boarding owned by a spinter named Titay who owed the Rizal family
an amount of 300 pesos.
Jesuits system of Education
- Advanced from that of other colleges
- Students are divided into 2 groups
Roman Empire --Internos(boarders)
Carthaginian Empire --Externos(non-boarders)
- Empires ranks
Emperor - best student
Tribune - second best
Decurion - 3rd best
Centurion - 4th best
Standard-bearer - 5th best
- Any student could challenge any officer in his empire to answer questions on the day's lesson. An
opponent could lose his position if he committed 3 mistakes.
First year in Ateneo
- June 1872---Heard mass at the college chapel and go to his class--Spaniards, mestizos and Filipinos.
- Fr Jose Bech---first professor
(Wenceslao Retana--Fr Candido Bech)
- at the end of the month Jose became the Emperor--being the brightest that he was awarded a
religious picture
- he took private lessons in Spanish in Sta Isabel College during noon recess-------3 pesos
- he placed second at the end of the year although his grades were excellent because he resented more
remarks of his professor.
- Summer vacation then was not enjoyable to him since his mother was in jail
Second year (1873-74)
- Boarded inside Intramuros
- studied harder and became an Emperor in the class
- At the end of the year he received a gold medal
- Jose gladdened his mother's heart with his scholastic triumphs
- Teodora's dream was interpreted by Jose that she would be released from prison in three months'
time.
Teenage interest in reading
- love stories and romantic tales
- first favorite novel was The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas
- persuaded his father to buy him the historical work of Cesar Cantu entitled Universal History.

- Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor--German Scientist-traveler---he was impressed with
this book because (1) Jagor's keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization and (2) his
prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her
as colonizer.
Third year in Ateneo (1874-75)
- his mother visited him after the opening of the classes to tell him that she was released from prison,
just as Jose told her.
- He won only 1 medal at the end of the year
- He was beaten in Spanish subject by a Spaniard classmate who naturally could speak Spanish.
Fourth year
- Fr Francisco Sanchez, one of his professors whom he described as a model of rectitude, solicitude
and devoted to his pupils' progress, inspired him to study harder and write poetry.
- He won 5 medals at the end of the school term
Last year in Ateneo (1876-77)
- He excelled in all subjects
- The most brilliant Atenean of his time
- Commencement day---March 23, 1877--16 years old--Degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest
honors
Extra-curricular activities at Ateneo
Marian Congregation
Ateneo Academy of Spanish Literature
Ateneo Academy of Natural Sciences
Poetry writing under Father Sanchez
Painting under Agustin Saez
Sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus
Engaged in gymnastics and fencing
Sculptural works in Ateneo
- Image of Our Virgin Mary on a piece of Batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his pocket knife
- Sacred Heart of Jesus requested by Father Lleonart to be carved by Jose
Poems written in Ateneo
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
Through Education our Motherland Receives Light
The Intimate Allegiance Between Religion and Good Education
First Romance of Rizal
- 16 yrs old
- Segunda Katigbak ---14 yrs old Batanguea from Lipa
-engaged to her townmate, Manuel Luz
- Urge Rizal to draw Segunda--"When she looked at me, and I blushed"
- Weekly visit at La Concordia College--Olympia's boarding
- Monday in December 1877 -- Last talk about having a Christmas vacation in Calamba
- "see you pass Calamba on your way to Lipa"

- A cavalcade of carromatas from Bian passed by---Segunda smiling and waving her hankerchief--Jose doffed his hat but say nothing.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
- Teodora's opposition to higher education
- April 1877 --Jose nearly 16 years old matriculated in the UST taking Philosophy and Letters
because
1. His father liked it
2. he was still uncertain as to what career to follow
(1878-79) - took up medicine enrolling simultaneously in preparatory medical course and regular first
year medical course.
Reason for studying medicine:
1. He wanted to be a physician so that he might cure his mother's failing eyesight
2. Father Pablo Ramon, Rector in Ateneo, finally answered his letter recommending him to take
medicine
1877-78 --Jose studied in ateneo and took up vocational course leading to the title of Perito
Agrimensor (expert Surveyor)
- 17 y.o passed the final exam ---Nov. 25, 1881 issued license
Romance with other girls
- Miss L --Calamba
-the sweet memory of Segunda was still in his heart and his father objected the match
2nd yr at UST --Boarded in the home of Da Concha Leyva neighbor of Capitan Juan and Sanday
Valenzuela---Leonor Valenzuela (Orang)----invisible ink using a common table salt and water
Leonor Rivera (April 11, 1867)--Taimis---Cousin from Camiling, Tarlac
To the Filipino Youth
- 1879---Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic literary lyceum)
- Jose, 18 y.o. submitted a poem entitled "A La Juventud Filipina"
- Considered classic in Phil Lit because
1. It is the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino whose merit was recognized by
Spanish literary authorities
2. It gives for the first time a nationalistic concept that the Philippines is the "Fatherland of the
Filipinos"
The Council of Gods
1880 - another literary contest to commemorate the 4th centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spanish
grorified man-of-letters
- Rizal submitted an allegory in prose ntitled "El Consejo de los Dioses"
Unhappy Days at UST
- Rizal found UST's atmosphere to be suffocating to his sensitive spirit because
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him

2. Filipino students were racially discriminated

3. method of instruction was obsolete and repressive
SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN
- was kept secret to avoid detection by the colonial officials and the friars.
- only Uncle Antonio Rivera, Paciano and his sisters and close friends knew the plan.
- Paciano gave Jose 700 and Saturnina gave him diamond ring---35 pesos monthly allowance
- Passport named Jose Mercado
- cryptic telegram by Manuel T. Hidalgo from Manila announcing that Spanish steamer Salvadora
was scheduled to sail for Singapore
- May 1, 1882, he left Calamba by carromata reaching Manila after 10 hours of travel
- Jesuit fathers gave him letters of recommendation to the members of their society in Barcelona
- Farewell meeting with Leonor
- nocturnal drive with his sister Soledad in Manila on his last night there.
- May 3, 1882--embarkation date
- he was the only Filipino onboard
- almost all of the passengers spoke ill of the country to which they had gone
Singapore
- 5 days of sailing---English Colony--Singapore
- He was impressed with its progress and with the confidence which the natives of Singapore seemed
to have in their government
- After 2 days of staying in Hotel de Paz, he doarded the Djemnah, a French Steamer, which was
sailing to Europe
- Djemnah was larger and cleaner than Salvadora
- when he tried to speak with the French passanger, he was amazed that they could not understood
him
--Point de Galle---Colombo Ceylon--crossed Indian Ocean to Cafe Guardafui, Africa---Aden---Suez
City---Port Said---Naples---Marseilles---Train to Barcelona
- In barcelona he wrote an essay entitled Amor Patrio (Love of Country)--his first article written in
Spanish soil under his pen name Laong Laan which appeared in Diariong Tagalog on August
20,1882---Tagalog text translated by MH del Pilar-----sent this article to Basilio Teodoro in Manila-editorial staff
- Francisco Calvo, editor asked him to send some articles---Los Viajes (Travels)
Rizal moves to Madrid
- receives anews that Cholera was ravaging Manila
- Paciano"s letter dated Sept., 15, 1882
- Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio)--unhappiness of Leonor Rivera
- Paciano advised him to finish his medical course in Madrid
-1882 went to Madrid
Life in Madrid
- Nov. 3, 1882 enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid)--Medicine
and Philosophy and Letters
- also studied painting, sculpture, French language, German and English, Fencing and Shooting--attended operas and concerts---visited arts, galleries and museums and read books on all subjects.
- Lived frugally---except on Spanish Lottery--3 pesetas on lottery ticket---etc.

Romance
- Saturday visit on the house of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey, liberal-minded Spanish and Civil Governor
of Manila during Gen Carlos Ma. De la Torre's administration.
- Consuelo Ortega y Rey
- August 22, 1883, he wrote a lovely poem entitled A la Seorita C.O. y R.
-he did not allow the romance because:
1. Engaged to Leonor Rivera
2. Eduardo de Lete, his friend , was deeply inlove with Consuelo
- 1883 he made quick trip to Paris
They Asked me for Verses
- 1882 joined Cirulo Hispano-Filipino
- Requested him to write a poem--Me Piden Versos
Rizal became a Mason
- Masons were one of the liberal and republican elements in Spain--freely attacked the government
- 1883- joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Madrid---Masonic name Dimasalang
-Join for 2 reasons
1. the bad friars in the Philippines--by their abuses--unworthy of their calling
2. he needed the help of the Masons to fight the bad friars
- Nov 15, 1890 became Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad
- Feb 15, 1892- became Master Mason in Le Grand Orient France in Paris
Financial Worries
- things were worse in Calamba
- allowance decreased and at times none at all
Salute to Luna and Hidalgo
- Fine arts exposition in Madrid in 1884 Luna won 1st--Spoliarium- Hidalgo for 2nd--Christian
Virgins Exposed to the Populace----Rizal was invited to give principla speech.
Studies completed - Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid--June 21, 1884
- Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters--June 19, 1885
Paris to Berlin
-

After completing his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, Rizal decided to go Paris
to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.
On his way he visited Maximo Viola at Barcelona, befriended Seor Eusebio Corominas
Editor of newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, its
owner.
October 1885in Paris4 monthsworked as assistant to Dr Louis de Weckert, a leading
French opthalmologist.-----during off days he visited the home of the Pardo de Taveras
(Trinidad, Felix and Paz) and Juan Lunas studio
He discussed with Luna various problems on the art and improved his own painting technique
Rizal studied music because many of his school mates in Ateneo were taking music
lessons----letter to Enrique Lete on Nov 27, 1878---he could not sing well
It is said that he composed 3 musical pieces namely:

10

1. The song entitled Leonor which he composed before his departure for Spain
2. El Canto del Prisionero a danza---composed during his exile in Dapitan
3. Alin Mang Lahi---a patriotic hymn
Heidelberg
- Feb 8, 1886 he arrived in Heidelberg, historic city in Germany----Lived with German law
students---usually play chessbecame member of the Chess Players Club----attended
several lectures in law
- Later lived with a protestant Lutheran minister, Pastor Karl Ullmer---discussed on merits of
Catholicism and Protestantism.
- Worked in the clinic of Dr Javier Galezowsky, polish opthalmologist and studied under Dr
Otto Becker, great German authority and ophthalmology.
- Neckar River---light blue forget-me-not---April 22, 1886---wrote To the Flowers of
Heidelberg
- July 31, 1886wrote first letter in German to professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of
the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria---Blumentritts studies on Phil languages---send 2 books
with the letterArithmetica (Spanish and Tagalog) by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez.
- Aug 6, 18865th centenary celebration of Univ of Heidelberg2 days before his departure
- Aug 8, 1886left for Leipzig---attended lectures on history and psychology, befriended Prof
Friedrich RatzelGerman HistorianTranslated Schillers William Tell from German to
Tagalog and also Hans Andersens Fairy Tales
- October 29, 1886left for Dresden
Berlin
- enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and absence of race prejudice
- met Dr Feodor Jagor----introduction letter by Blumentritt to Jagor
- worked in the clinic of Dr R Schulzer, German ophthalmologist and attended lectures in the
University of Berlin---took private lessons of French under Madame Lucie Gerdolle
- he became a member of Anthropological Society and the Geographical Society of Berlin.
- Tgalische Verskunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) scholarly paper he wrote in response to Dr
Virchows invitation
- Spent leisure moments touring Berlin observing their customs, dresses, homes and
occupations of the peasants
Rizals life in Berlin
- Lived here for 5 reasons
1. to gain further knowledge on ophthalmology
2. to further his studies in on sciences and languages
3. to observe the conditions of the German nation
4. to associate with famous German scientists and scholars
5. to finish his novelNoli Me Tangere
-

Germna womenletter to Trinidad on March 11, 1886---serious, diligent, educated and

friendlynot gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome like Spanish womenGermans were also
not particular with dresses but with education
German customsChristmas celebration and self-introduction to strangers in a social
gathering
Darkest winter in Berlin (1886)diamond ring pawned, books sold to second hand
bookstore, eat only one meal a day

11

NOLI ME TANGERE (FEB 21, 1887)

-

Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowebrutalities of American slave-owners and the
conditions of the unfortunate Negro slaves.
Reunion of Filipinos in the house of the Paternos in Madrid on Jan 2, 1884Rizal proposed
the writing of a novel about the Phil by a group of Filipinos did not materialize
1884 began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about of it
1885 in Paris, he almost finished the other half---finished the last 4 th of the novel in Germany.
December 1886pennilesswrote to Fernando Canon of his misfortune
Mid DecemberTelegram from Barcelona that Dr. Maximo Viola, his friend from a rich
family in Bulacan, will visit him to Berlin300 pesos(advanced by Viola) for 2,000 copies
cost of printingNoli was printed in Berlin on 1887
As token of appreciation, he gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around
the pen that he used in writing the novel and the dedicatory autograph as follows: To my
dear Friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my workJose Rizal, March 29,
1887, Berlin
March 29, 1887Noli came off the press
Noli Me TangereLatin phrase meaning Touch Me NotTaken from the Bible---letter to
Felix R Hidalgo in French said Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the Gospel of Saint
Luke, signify do not touch me ---(mistaken for) Gospel of St Johnchapter 20, verses 13
to 17---Accordingly, on the First Easter Sunday, St Mary Magdalene visited the Holy
Sepulcher, and to her Our Lord Jesus, just arisen from the dead, said: touch me not; I am not
yet ascended tomy Father, but go to my brethen, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father,
and your Father; and to my God and your God.
Dedicated to the Philippines---To my Country
Friends of Rizal hailed the novel, praising it in glowing colors
Rizals enemies condemned it

Elias and Salome

- originally intended to follow chapter XXIVin the woods----economicto save printing expenses
TOUR TO EUROPE
-

May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train---spring time---to Dresden (one of the best
cities in Germany) for the regional floral expositionmet Dr Jagor during the exposition and
the latter advised them to wire Blumentritt of their coming because the old professor was of a
nervous disposition and he might suffer a shock at their sudden visit------Teschen (now
Decin, Czechoslovakia)- they wire Blumentritt
1:30 pm of May 13, 1887 arrived at Leitmeritz, Bohemia while Blumentritt was waiting
carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal.
Blumentritt helped Rizal and Viola get a room at Hotel Krebsthey stayed in Leitmeritz
from May 13 to May 17, 1887.
Rizal memories in Leitmeritz includes:
1. Hospitality of the Blumentritt family
2. the burgomaster (town mayor) and his friends admiration to Rizals talent in learning
german for 11 months.
3. meeting to the Tourists Club of LeitmeritzRizal spoke extemporaneously in perfect
German applauded by the audience.
4. a farewell dinner to reciprocate Blumentritts hospitality on their last day in Leitmeritz

12

5. May 17, at 9:45 am Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz

-

Prague---letters of recommendation to Dr. wellkomm, professor of natural history in the

University of Prague.-----Brunn-----May 20, the two arrived at the city of Vienna, capital of
Austria-Hungary which is famous in song and story.---- in Vienna, he received his lost
diamond stickpin.
May 25, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of Danube
River going to Lintz----paper napkins were used by the passenger which is more hygienic and
economical than cloth napkins.
Lintz---Munich---Nuremberg (one of the oldest cities in Germany)----Ulm---Stuttgart--Baden---Rheinfall----Switzerland---Bassel---Bern---Lausanne---Geneva
June 19, 1887Rizals 26th birthday that he treated Viola a nice meal.
They stayed for 15 days in Geneva and on June 23, they parted ways---Viola returned to
Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour----Italy, where he visited Turin, Milan, Venice and
FlorenceJune 27 he reached Rome and on 29th he visited Vatican City
After a week of sojourn in Rome, he prepared to return in the Philippines as he had already
written his father (June 29, 1887) that he was coming home.

Back to Calamba
- After the publication of Noli, Paciano ( his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (brother in law),
chengoy and other friends warned Rizal not to return home
- He was determined to return to Philippines for 4 reasons:
1. to operate on his mothers eyes
2. to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants
3. to find out for himself for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting
Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines
4. to find out why Leonor Rivera had remained silent
-

Rizal left Rome for Marseilles, then boarded Djemnah on July 3, 1887, the steamer then has
about 50 passengers.----Saigon on July 30 where he transferred to steamer Hayfong which
was bound to Manila.
August 6, he arrived in Manila---he found Manila the same as when he left it five years
ago.----August 8, he reached Calamba.
His family became worried about his safety.
In Calamba he establish a medical clinic----he removed a double cataract from his mothers
eyes----Doctor Uliman (because he came from Germany)
Her opened a gymnasium for young folksas to discourage gambling and cockfights
He failed to see Leonor Rivera during his 6 months stay in the Philippines because the girls
mother was bitterly opposed to Rizal---custom of the times that marriages must be arranged
by parents

Storm over Noli

- Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero to come to Malacaan.--Somebody had whispered to the governors ear that the novel contained subversive ideas
- Rizal appeared in Malacaan and denied the accusation explaining that he merely exposed the
truth, but he did not advocate subversive ideas----pleased by his explanation, the gov gen
asked for a copy of the book, but unfortunately he had no copy because the only copy he
brought home was given to a friend.
- Rizal visited the Jesuit Fathers to ask for a copy but they would not part with it---Father
Faura ventured an opinion that everything in it was the truth, but added: you may lose
your head for it.-----Rizal found a copy from a friend and gave it to the Gov Gen.

13

Young Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade was assigned as bodyguard of Rizal.
Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican) sent a copy of the Noli to Father
Rector Gregorio Echavarria of the UST for examination by the committee of the faculty.--Their report submitted to Archbishop Payo stated that Noli was heretical, impious, and
scandalous in the religious order, and anti patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to
the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order.
Gov. Gen Terrero, dissatisfied with the report sent the novel to the Permanent Commission of
Censorship which was composed of priests and laymen---Their report, drafted by Fr Salvador
Font (Augustinian Cura of Tondo), found that the novel contain subversive ideas against the
church and Spain, and recommended that the importation, reproduction, and circulation of
this pernicious book in the Islands be absolutely prohibited.-----published in newspaper
which made Rizal and his friends uneasiness.
The banning of Noli only served to make it popular---Everybody wanted to read it.---Gov
Gen Terrero refuse mass imprisonment and execution.

Attackers of Noli-----war of words

- Father Fontprinted reports and circulated its copies
- Augustinian Friar, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Friar of Guadalupe, published in 188 a pamphlet
entitled Caiingat Cayo(beware) ---attacked the Noli and warned the readers that if they read it
they commit mortal sins inasmuch as the said book is full of heresy.
- Vicente Barrantes, Spanish writer---criticism of the novel was published in Madrid
newspaper, La Espaa ModernaJanuary, 1890
- Noli reached the session hall of the Spanish Cortes.
Defenders of the Noli
- Marcelo H del Pilar under pen-name Dolores Manapat, published a pamphlet entitled Caiigat
Cayo (Be as Slippery as an Eel) as an answer to Fr Rodriguez Caiigat Cayo.
- Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizals beloved Jesuit professordefended Noli in public
- Rev Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, writing under pen-name Justo
Desiderio Magalang, wrote a defense of the Noli, published in Singapore as an appendix to a
pamphlet dated July 18, 1888, which runs as follows:
1. Rizal cnnot be an ignorant man, as Fr Rodriguez alleged, because he was a graduate
of Spanish universities and was a recipient of scholastic honors.
2. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because what
Rizal attacked in the Noli were the bad Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad
and corrupt friars and not the Church.
3. Fr Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since he had
read the novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin.
-

The price of Noli rise up---letter to Fernando Canon from Geneva, June 13, 1887, the price he
set per copy was five pesetas (one peso) but the price later rose to 5o pesos per copy.

Calambas Agrarian Trouble

- Gov Gen Terrero---order to investigate(Dec 30, 1887) to be able to remedy iniquities that
might be present in connection with land taxes and with tenant relations.
- One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican Order
owned since 1833
- The Calamba folks solicited the advice of Rizal, and Rizals findings, which was submitted to
the Government, runs as follows:
1. The hacienda of the Doinican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba,
but also the Town of Calamba

14

2. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary
increase of the rentals paid by the tenants
3. the hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for th celebration of the town
fiesta, for the education of children, and for the improvement of the agriculture
4. Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said
lands for flimsy reasons
5. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals could
not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.
----No action had taken place
- assistance for protection of Calamba tenants did not materialize and they were abandoned by
the government to their fate.
- Rizal was compelled to leave because
1. His presence to Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and
friends
2. He could better fight his enemies and serve his countrys cause with greater efficacy
by writing in foreign countries.
- A poem for Lipa----Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor)---elevation to villa (city)
HONGKONG, MACAO, AND JAPAN (1888)
-

February 3, 1888 Rizal left Manila for Hongkong

On crossing China Sea, he did not get off his ship when it made a brief stopover at Amoy for
3 reasons:
1. he was not feeling well
2. it was raining hard
3. he heard that the city was dirty
In Hong Kong, Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel where he was welcomed by Filipino exiles of
1872
Jose Sainz de Varanda---former secretary of Gov Terrero---said to have shadowed Rizals
movement in HK to spy the latter.
Feb 18, Rizal, with Jose Maria Basa, boarded a ferry steamer Kiu-kiang for Macao and saw
Sainz de Varanda as one of the passenger.
In Macao Rizal stayed at the home of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, last Filipino delegate to
the Spanish Cortes---in Macao he usually visited different historical places.----February 21,
Rizal and Basa returned to Hongkong.
Experiences in HK:
1. Noisy celebration of the Chnese New YearFebruary 11-13
2. Boisterous Chinese theatre, with noisy audience and noisier music
3. The marathon lauriat party, where the guests were served numerous dishes----the
longest meal in the world.
4. The Dominican Order was the richest religious order in HK.
5. HK cemeteries belonging to the Protestants, Catholics, and Muslims.

February 22, 1888 Rizal left HK on board the Oceanic, an American steamer FOR Japan

15

RIZAL IN JAPAN
-

February 28, 1888 Rizal arrived in Yokohama and on next day proceeded to Tokyo---Tokyo
Hotel---visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation who invited him to
stay on the said legation.
Rizal realized that the Spanish Diplomatic authorities were eyeing on his movement but he
accepted the invitation of Caballero for 2 reasons:
1. He could economize his leaving expenses by staying at the legation
2. he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities.
March 7, he stayed in the Spanish Legation where he befriended Caballero
Rizal was enbarrased because he did not know Japanese language as much as he looked like a
Japanese----decided to study Japanese language and could speak it fairly after a few days
Rizal on his sojourn to Japan once met the Tokyo Musicians at the park playing a classical
work of Strauss, a European composer---impressed by the performance---amazed that the
musicians could speak in Tagalog---Filipinos played the principal instruments and other
Japanese members played the secondary instruments.
Rizals impression of Japan
1. The beauties of the country
2. The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people
3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women
4. There were very few thieves in Japan
5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets
6. the popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaws drawn by men
one of the big stores which dealt on Western goods in Yokohama(owned by Usui-San, a
former samurai) where he met O-Sei-San---Seiko Usui (23 yrs old)---could speak English,
Japanese and French.
April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer bound for US----met Tetcho
Suehiro---jailed 2 for writing articles against the government-----parted at London----Suehiro
became a prominent journalist and member of Japanese parliament later on.
Onboard Belgic he met Mrs Emma Jackson, a Filipina married to an Englishman with her
children---one of her children used to converse with Rizal.

RIZAL IN LONDON
-

Rizal lived in London from May 1888 to March 1889

He chose this country for 3 reasons
1. To improve his knowledge of the English language
2. To study and annotate Morgas Succesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he
heard to be available in the British Museum.
3. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
On board City of Rome , he won many friends, he entertained the American and European
passengers with his skill with the yo-yo as an offensive weapon.
May 24, 1888 Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England.
May 25 Rizal went to London---stayed as guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
exile of 1872 and a practicing lawyer in London.--- end of May he boarded at Primrose Hill
Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the ministry of Foreign affairs, who
gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British Museum---Rost called Rizal a
pearl of man (una perla de hombre)
News from home:

16

1. injustices committed by the Spanish authories on the Filipino people and the Rizal
family
Persecution of the Filipino patriots of Manila and the surrounding towns who signed
the Petition of 1888
The Calamba agrarian trouble of 1888---tenants being persecuted by hacienda
management.
Manuel T Hidalgo (Husband of Saturnina) was exile to Bohol.
Mariano Herbosa (husband of Lucia) was denied Christian burial---he had not
confessed since his marriage.
Laureano Viado, his friend, a medical student at UST, was imprisoned---copy of Noli
was found in his possession
2. The good news of Rev. Vicente Garcias defense of Noli.
Annotating Morgas Work
- Succesos de las Islas Filipinas (Mexico, 1609)---according to Rizal, Morgas work is an
excellent book.
- Refuse Mariano Ponces urge for him to edit a newspaper----La Solidaridad
Other memoirs
- September 1888, he visited Paris for a week to search for more historical materials in the
Bibliotheque Nationaleentertained by Juan Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera
- December 11,1888, went to Spain visiting Madride and Barcelona---met MH del Pilar and
Mariano Ponce
- December 23spent Christmas and new year with the Becckets
- Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beccket sistersGertrude or
Gettie----but could not give up his loyalty to Leonor rivera---drove Rizal to paris in 1889
leaving London because he could not marry Gertrude
Writings in London
- Fray Rodriguez attacks on Noli under a leaflet entitled Cuestiones de Sumo Interest, Rizal
wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del fray Rodriguez.-----in his wiring he demonstrated 2
things: his profound knowledge of religion and his biting satire
- Letter to the Yoyng Women of Malolos---Feb. 1889---requested by MH del Pilar
- Specimens of Tagal Folklore and Two Eastern Fables----requested by Dr. Rost, editor of
Trubners RecordJournal devoted to Asian Studies
La Solidaridad
- Jan. 12, 1889---Rizal was in LondonSpanish friend in Madrid founded a society, called
Asociacion-Hispano-Filipina for the purpose of working for the needed reforms which were
the very aims for which the Propaganda Movement was being waged.
- Lopez Jaenafounded the La Solidaridad on Feb. 15, 1889---this periodical became the
organ of the Propaganda-----Rizal congratulated Jaena and he became an active contributor of
the La Solidaridad using pen-names Dimas Alang and Laong Laan
- Before leaving London he carved several sculptures:
1. Prometheus Bound
2. The Triumph of Death over Life
3. The triumph of science over death
4. composite carvings of the heads of the 3 Beckett sisters---farewell gift
March 1889---Rizal Departed for Paris
DIFFICULTY OF FINDING LIVING QUARTERS

17

-In March, 1889, it was extremely difficult for a visitor to find living quarters because of international
exposition.
-The great disgust of Rizal, the French landlords raised the rent of living quarters.
- For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of his friend Valentine Ventura, at No.45 Rue Maubeuge
-He lived in a little room, together with two other Filipinos- Capitan Justo Trinidad former
gobernadorcillo of Santa Ana, Manila and Jose Albert a young student from Manila.
LIFE IN PARIS
-He spent most of his time in the reading room of Bibliotheque Nationale and in his living quarters
rewriting and polishing the manuscript.
-In his spare hours, Rizal used to dine at the homes of his friends-the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas
the Ramirezes, and the Rochas.
-He was a good friend of the three Pardo de Taveras Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Dr. Felix
Pardo de Tavera and Paz Pardo de Tavera the wife of Juan Luna.
-According to Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera, Rizal was very fond of Philippines dishes.
-Rizal was also frequent visitor of the Boustead family at No.3 Rue de Bassins.
-Mr. Edward Boustead- born in Philippines- son of French business man of Singapore- he had two
attractive daughters- Nelly (Nellie) and Adelina.
-In Paris, Rizal continued his study of languages. He perfected his French so that he could speak
and write like a French man.
-He prepare a volume French exercises as text book for students of French language.
-He attended certain lectures on oriental language in University of Paris -- Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo
de Tavera
-Sunday- he attended fencing lessons at studio of Luna.
-He made two statues-The beggar and The maid with a basket whom he sent to Blumentritt
together with the artistic wallet (petaca) made of Philippine vine (Nito).
The Kidlat Club:
-March 1889, Rizal organized his paisanos into a society called Kidlat Club.
-Members were Antonio and Juan Luna, Lauro Dimayuga, Baldomero Roxas, Gregorio Aguilera,
Fernado Canon, Gregorio Pautu and Julio Llorente.
-Kidlat Club was founded by Rizal
Indios Bravos:
-Rizal acts as their guide and interpreter because he speaks French fluently.
-In one of their sight seeing trip, they saw Buffalo Bills troupe and were impressed by the
American Indians, wearing war paints and feathers, proudly riding their horses like centaurs.
-Thus a new society of Filipinos- Indios Bravos- was born in Paris. It replaced the Kidlat Club.
Annotated Edition of Morga Published
-January 1890 was the publication of his annotated edition of Morga sucesos, which he wrote in
the British Museum.
-It was printed by Garnier Freres. He dedicated this historical work to the Filipinos.
-The prologue was written by Professor Blumentritt upon the request of Rizal.
-Rizals error namely:
1. Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in the life of
present standards.
2. Rizals attacks on the church were unfair in unjustified because the abuses of the friars
should not be construed to mean that Catholicism bad.
-Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people.

18

-In his historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of
Spain.
International Association of Filipinologists:
-Rizal proposed to establish an International Association of Filipinologists.
-He first broached this idea to Blumentrittin a letter dated in January 14, 1889.
-The aim of the association is to study the Philippines from the Scientific and Historical point of
view.- Rizal was the secretary of the association.
-August 1889, Rizal scheduled the holding of the Inaugural convention of the International
Association of Filipinologists in Paris. Unfortunately their inaugural convention did not materialized
Filipino College in Hongkong:
-Another magnificent project of Rizal in Paris was to establish a modern college in Hongkong.
-He wrote to his friend, Jose Maria Basa , to train and educate men of good family and financial
means in accordance with the demand of modern times and circumstances.
-Mr. Cunanan, a rich Filipino resident in Paris promise to help him raise 40,000 as initial capital
for the college,
-Unfortunately, this project of Rizal to establish a modern college in Hongkong did not
materialized.
Por Telefono
-1889, he wrote another satirical work entitled Por Telefono as a reply to another slanderer, Fr.
Salvador Font, who masterminded the banning of his Noli.
-Por Telefono was published in booklet form in Barcelona,1889.
-Rizal received the printed copies from Mariano Ponce as revealed to his letter to the latter, dated
August 13, 1889, In paris.
-This satirical pamphlet under authorship of Dimas Alang
Rizal and the Boustead Sisters:
-Rizal had another romantic affair in Paris-with Adelina the younger sister of vivacious Nelly.
Nelly was attracted to Antonio Luna.
-Nelly was attracted by the talented Rizal, with whom she was infatuated but Rizal however, love
Adelina. Luna was madly in love with Nelly but the latter was not reciprocating his affection.
-On November 16, 1889, Luna wrote to Rizal, announcing his trip to Barcelona to seek a duel
with Mir Deas- a Spanish newspaperman. Luna added in the letter, he (Rizal) must inform Nelly that
he truly loves her.
-Later, in 1891, when Rizal was grieving over Leonor Riveras coming marriage to an English
man, Mr. Henry C. Kipping. His marriage proposal did not prosper for three reasons:
1. Adelina was not sure he loved her because of his broken engagement with Leonor Rivera.
2. Rizal refused to accept the condition that he become a protestant like her.
3. Adelinas mother opposed the match because Rizal was not rich enough to support a family in
style.
Christmas in Paris:
-December 25, 1889, was a wintry in Paris.
-Rizal and Jose Albert who were living frugally in a small room accupied by Capitan Justo
Trinidad planned to have a sumptuous Christmas dinner.
-shortly after New Year Rizal made a brief visit to London.
-Biographers did not know the purpose of his visit. It is due to two reasons:
1. To compare his printed his annotated edition of Morgas Sucesos with the original copy in the
British Museum.

19

2. To visit Gertrude Beckett for the last time.

-By the middle of January 1890, he was back in Paris. He complained of a terrible headache. At
the time epidemic of Influenza was raging in Europe. Fortunately he was not stricken with flu.
MISFORTUNE IN MADRID (1890)
1890 arrived in Madrid
Reason:
To seek justice for his family and the Calamba tenants.
Fought two duels with Antonio Luna and Wenceslao E. Retana.
Top of his Misfortune
Leonor Riveras marriage to a British Engineer.
Rizal was engaged for eleven years.
Failure to get justice for family
Rizal sought the help of Filipino colony (The Association Hispano Filipina) and the liberal
Spanish newspaper (La Justicia, El Globo, La Republica, El Resumen)
Marcelo H. del Pilar acted as his lawyer and Dr. Dominador Gomer secretary of the
Association Hispano Filipino.
Rizal called Minister of Colonies
(Seor Fabie) In order to protest the injustices committed by Gov. General Valeriano and
Dominicans against Calamba folks.
- Acting came out of Rizals interview with Minister Fabie as El Resumen.
Sympathized with the Filipino cause said:
- To cover the ears open the purse and fold the arms - this is the colonial policy.
Silvestre Ubaldo Rizals brother in-law
Rizal received a copy of the ejectment order by the Dominican from Ubaldo
He learned the deportation of Paciano (Rizal), Antonio (Lopez), Silvestre (Ubaldo), Teong
(Mateo) (arrested) in Calamba and were shipped out of Manila on Sept 6, 1890, said by the
Saturnina.
His parents had been ejected from their home and lived in Narcisas house (wife of Antonio)
Blumentritt urged Rizal to see Queen Regent Maria Cristina ruler of Spain during the
minority of Alfonso XIII Rizal has no power or gold to see the majesty.
Rizals Eulogy to Panganiban
Rizal heard the news about Panganiban
Jose Ma. Panganiban Rizals friend
- died on August 19, 1890 in Barcelona Rizals co worker in Propaganda Movement
- (Cause) after lingering illness.
Aborted duels with Antonio Luna
August 1890- Rizal attended Social Reunion of the Filipinos in Madrid
Luna was bitten because of his frustration with Nellie Bousted (romance)
Luna blamed Rizal because of jealousy, his alcohol-befogged mind could not control, and
Luna uttered certain unsavory remarks about Nellie.
Rizal heard him he could not tolerate any slur against the honor of any woman.
Rizal challenged Luna to a duel.

20

 Rizal was better with pistol shot than Luna but Luna, as the challenge forty had the choice of
weapons.
Luna have to choose the sword so Rizals life would be in danger.
When he becomes sober he apologized Rizal and the two became friends.
Rizal challenges Retana to Duel
Retana, Wenceslao E. a talented Spanish scholar
- He attacked Filipinos including Rizal in various newspapers in Madrid
- He wrote an article La Epoca, an anti-Filipino in Madrid
- He asserting that the family and friends of Rizal had not paid their rents so that they
were ejected from their lands in Calamba by the Dominicans.
- Rizal sent to Retana with his challenge to a duel.
- Retana at once published a retraction and an apology in the newspaper.
- Rizal was his superior in both pistol and sword.
- Retana developed a great admiration he wrote the first book- length biography of a
greatest Filipino hero.

Infidelity of Leonor Rivera

1890 at Teatro Apolo in Madrid Rizal lost his gold watch chain with locket containing
the picture of Leonor Rivera (this is a bad omen)
December 1890 Rizal received letter from Leonor, announcing her coming marriage to an
Englishman (the choice of her mother)
February 15, 1891 Blumentritt consoled Rizal by letter.
Rizal and Del Pilar Rivalry
1890 Arose rivalry between Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Del Pilar the fearless lawyer-journalist gaining prestige in Madrid for his editorials in La
Solidaridad.
Pablo Rianzares first proprietor
- Replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena its editor.
- Rizals leadership declined.
- The editorial policy of La Solidaridad under del pilars management enhanced the
cleavage between Rizal and Del Pilar. Rizal and his close friends objected to the
periodicals editorial policy which was occasionally contrary to Rizals political views.
January 1, 1891- New Years Day about ninely met to patch up their differences and to
intensify the campaign for reform.
La Solidaridad was under the control of the responsible was abandoned.
Rizal Abdicates His Leadership
February 1891 Election day between the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas. Fassion ran high,
inflaming animosity and disunity in the rank of compatriots.
1st day of selection Rizal win.
2nd day of selection Rizal won but he did not reach the required two thirds.
3rd day of balloting Rizals victory because of his countrymen Mariano Ponce appeal no to vote
Rizal.
Adios Madrid
Rizal wrote a brief note thinking his compatriots for electing aim as responsible.

21

 1882-1885 he was happy during his sojourn.

1890-1891 unhappy on his second visit and it was the last day he saw Madrid.

22

EL FILIBUSTERISMO
> Rizal begun writing El Filibusterismo in Calamba, October 1887.
> March 29, 1891 he finished the manuscript in Biarritz after toiling on it in three years.
>From Brussels, Rizal moved to Ghent, where printing was cheaper.
>September 18, 1891 El Filibusterismo came off the press.
PRIVATIONS ON GHENT
>July 5, 1891 Rizal and Jose Alejandrino left of Brussels for Ghent because of two reasons:
(1). the cost of living was lower and
(2). the printing is much cheaper.
>Rizal and Alejandrino stayed at the cheapest boarding house in 32 Rue de Flandre-in 3 mos.
They lived frugally in Ghent. (July to September)
PRINTING OF El FILIBUSTERISMO
>after few days, establishing himself in Ghent, Rizal searched for a printing shop that could
give him the lowest quotation for the publication of his novel.
> F. MEYER-VAN LOO PRESS, No. 66 Viaanderen Street. Publisher.
>Rizal became desperate because of many reasons.
>August 6, 1891-the printing had to be suspended, as Rizal feared.
>at the same day he wrote to Basa in Hongkong to tell Basa that the printing of El Fili will
have to suspend because of lack of fund.
El FILIBUSTERISMO Comes Off the Press
>in his morbid moments of despair, Rizal almost burned the manuscript of El Filibusterismo.
>help came from an unexpected source Valentin Ventura.
>September 18, 1891 El Filibusterismo came off the press.
>Rizal sent two copies, one for Basa and the other for Sixto.
>Filipino patriots in foreign lands & in the Phil. praised the novel to the skies.
>they published a tribute La Publicidad, a Barcelona newspaper.
>practically all copies of the first edition (Ghent edition) of El Filibusterismo were placed in
wooden boxes and shipped to Hongkong
DEDICATED TO GOM-BUR-ZA
>Evidently, Rizal had not forgotten the martyrdom of GOMBURZA; w/c Paciano related to
him when he was a mere lad in Calamba. Martyrdom of GomBurZa occurred on Feb. 17,
1872
THE MANUSCRIPT AND THE BOOK
>the original manuscript was Rizals own handwriting is now preserved in Filipiniana
Division.
>the manuscripts do not appear in the printed book, namely foreword and warning.
Inscription on Title Page
>the title page of El Filibusterismo contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The inscription was not found in the published English translation.
SYNOPSIS OF El FILIBUSTERISMO
>the novel is bitter cry of a suffering soul. It has little humor, less idealism and less romance
as what we found in Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary more tragic than the first
novel.
Noli & Fili Compared

23

>Noli is a romantic novel; it is a work of the heart a book of feeling; it has freshness,
color, humor, lightness, and wit.
>El Fili is a political novel; it is a work of the head a book of the thought; it contains
bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow.
>Rizal considered Noli as superior to the El Fili; thereby agreeing with M. H. del Pilar and
Retana.
>Blumentriit, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Dr. Rafael Palma said that Fili is superior to Noli.
RIZALS UNFINISHED THIRD NOVEL
>September 22, 1891 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt. He is thinking to write a third novel.
>October 18, 1891 Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for
Hongkong. During the voyage he wrote the third novel. In Hongkong he continued it but did
not finish it because his tagalong was in adequate for literary purposes.
>the unfinished third novel has no title:
44 pages (33 cm. x 21cm.) in Rizal handwriting.
>the story of unfinished novel:
>It begins with the solemn burial of Prince Tagulima, son of Sultan Zaide to ternate, on
Malapad-na-Batoon the bank of Pasig River.
>Zaide of his family was prisoner by the Spaniards during the wars in the Moluccas and
brought to Manila. The old Sultan, his children ad followers were promised good treatment,
but the Spaniards forgot their promise and let them die one by one in misery.
>Rizal was fortunate not to finish this novel, because it would have caused greater scandal &
more Spanish vengeance on him.
RIZALS OTHER UNFINISHED NOVEL
>Makamisa (novel in tagalong) written in sarcastic style the manuscript consist of 20 pages,
34.2 cm. x 22 cm.
>Dapitan (novel in ironic Spanish) during his exile in Dapitan consists of 8 pages, 23 cm. x
16 cm.
>consist of 147 pages, 8 x 6.5 a novel in Spanish about the life in Pili, town in Laguna (no
title). Characters: Padre Agaton; Capitan Panchong and Capitana Barang; their daughter
Cecilia; Isagani lover of Cecilia, Capitan Crispin, political rival of Panchong and Dr. Lopez, a
free thinker.
Chapter 21
EXILE IN DAPITAN
Arrival in manila
July 26, 1892 - Rizal and his sister arrived in manila at Sunday noon steamer CEBU.
They were met by a platoon carabineers and their commander for inspection proceeding.
Two Rizals registered at oriente hotel in binondo (best hotel in manila)
4:00 pm - Rizal went to malacaan to pay a courtesy call on Governor Despujol.
7:00 pm - He returned to malacaan and able to have interview with the GovernorGeneral.
Apolinario Mabini, Andres Bonifacio, Ambrosio Salvador, Timoteo Paez, Pedro Serrano
Laktaw and Deodato Arellano He explain the aims of The Liga Filipina which he
proposed to established.
The Founding of the Liga Filipina
He became a sensation among the Filipinos who were all eager to see him and talk with
him - Spaniards were worried, fearful of his great popularity.

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Rizals movement was spies by the governor and the Filipino who seen with him was
under suspicion.
July 3, 1892 a week after his arrival from Hongkong, he founded The Liga Filipina in
the home of Doroteo Ongjunco, Ilaya Street, Tondo, and Manila.
President
Fiscal
Treasurer
Secretary

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Officers of New Civic Association

Ambrosio Salvador
Agustin De La Rosa
Bonifacio Arevalo
Deodato Arellano

Aims of the Liga Filipina

To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.
Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
Defense against all violence and injustice.
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce.
Study and application if reforms.

Deportation to Dapitan
July 7, 1892 Rizal was summoned to malacaan.
Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) this article was a satire and against the rich Dominicans who
amassed Fabulous wealth Contrary to their Vow of Poverty. This was authorship of
father Jacinto and was printed in Imprenta De Los Amigos, Manila.
Don Ramon Despujol He escorted Rizal to fort Santiago for being under arrest.
On the same day, Rizal was deported to an island in the south was published by the
Gaceta De Manila(A newspaper in manila)
Reasons of Rizal Deportation
1. Rizal had published books and articles abroad which showed Disloyalty to Spain and
which were frankly anti-catholic and imprudently anti-friar.
2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila there was found in one of the packages a
bundle of handbills entitled pobres frailes in which the patient and humble generosity of
Filipino is satirized, and which accusation is published against the customs of religious
orders.
3. His Novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the memory of three traitors (Gomez,
Burgos, and Zamora) and on the title page he wrote that in view of the vices and errors of
the Spanish administration, The only salvation for the Philippines was separation from
the mother country.
4.
The end which he pursues in his efforts the writings is to tear from the Loyal
Filipino breasts treasures of our holy catholic faith.

July 14, 1892 Rizal brought under a heavy guard steamer CEBU
July 15, 1892 1:00 am the steamer left manila mindoro and panay
July 17, 1892 7:00 pm, Sunday Rizal reaches Dapitan with Captain
Delgas and Captain Ricardo Carcinero He began to Exile in Dapitan that Day until July
31, 1896.

Rizal in Dapitan

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A letter from Fr. Pablo Pastells (Superior of the Jesuit society in the Philippines) to Fr.
Antonio Obach (Jesuit Missionary of Dapitan) The letter Contains the following
Conditions
1. That Rizal publicity retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that
were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution.
2. That he perform the church rites and make general confession of his past life.
3. That henceforth he conducts himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject
and a man of religion.
A Don Ricardo Carcinero A poem which he wrote as birthday gift to the captain
Carcinero on August 26, 1892.
May 4, 1892 Captain Carcinero Left Dapitan and Replaced by Captain Sitges, a more
severe Commandants.
Commandancia This is a house assigned to Rizal to live with and reported three times a
Day.

Rizal-Pastells debate on religion

Rizal had long and scholarly debate by correspondence with Father Pastells on Religion.
Rizal Letters
Pastells Replied
September 1, 1892
October 12, 1892
November 11, 1892
December 8, 1892
January 9, 1893
February 2, 1893
April 4, 1893
April 1893
January 20, 1892 Rizal wrote a Letter to Blumentritt.
Rizal could not be convinced by Pastells arguments; thus he lived in Dapitan beyond the
pale of his mother church.
Useful and peaceful life
In Dapitan, Rizal led an exemplary life, fruitful of achievements and idyllic in serenity.
December 9, 1893 Rizal wrote to blumentritt describing his life in Dapitan.
As Physician in Dapitan
Dr. Marquez, he wrote here the people are so poor that I have even to give medicine
gratis.
August 1893 its the third time when Rizal operated his mothers eyes, it was
successful.
Rizal told Hidalgo Now I understand very well why a physician should not treat the
members of his family.
Rizal fame as a physician. He had many patients who came from different parts of the
Philippines.
- Don Ignacio Tumurong A rich Filipino patient and able to see again because of
Rizal ophthalmic Skill; he paid P3,000.
- Another rich patient an English man; he paid P500.
- Don Florencio Azcarraga a rich hacendero of aklan; he paid a cargo of sugar.
Dr. Bantug A rizalists, States that Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the
use of our medicinal plants.
Rizal as Engineer
Perito Agrimensor Rizal obtained this Title of the Expert Surveyor, from Ateneo.

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Mr. H. F. Cameron An American engineer who praised Rizal because of a system of

waterworks.

Civic Projects for Dapitan

Rizals God-Given talents, he wrote to Father Pastells, I want to do all that I can for this
town.
He spent many months draining the marshes in order to get rid o the malaria that infected
Dapitan.
P500 was used to equip the town with its lighting system.
1894 Manila saw the first electric light.
Beautification of Dapitan with the help of Fr. Francisco Sanchez to remodeled the town
plaza in order to enhance its beauty.
Rizal and Fr. Sanchez made a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass
located in front of church.
Rizal as Educator
Rizal established a school which was attended by a group of select boys from prominent
families of Dapitan.
March 13, 1895 Letter to Blumentritt, He had 16 pupils in his school and that this
pupils did not pay any tuition.
Formal classes were conducted between 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm, Spanish and English was
being discussed alternately.
Rizal encourages them to play games in order to strengthen their bodies. They had
gymnastics, Boxing, Wrestling. Stone-throwing, Swimming, Arnis (native Fencing) and
Boating.
Himno A Talisay (Hymn to the Talisay Tree) this poem was made in honor of he Talisay
Tree and to his pupils To Sing.
Contribution to Science
Baroto accompanied by pupils, he explored the jungles and coasts, seeking specimens
of insects, shells and plants.
He sent it to the museum of Europe, especially in the DRESSED MUSEUM Scientific
books and surgical Instruments.
Rizal discovered Specimens Draco Rizali (A Flying Dragon); Apogonia Rizali (A small
beetle); Rhacophorus Rizali (A rare frog)
Rizal conducted studies such as Anthropological, Ethnographical, Archeological,
geological, Geographical.
Linguistics Studies
April 5 1896 Last year of exile in Dapitan and he wrote to Blumentritt, I knew already
Bisayan and I speak it quite well, it is necessary, however to know dialect of the
Philippines.
Rizal rank with the worlds great Linguists.
22 Languages Rizal knew
- Tagalog
- Ilocano
- Bisayan
- Subanun
- Spanish
- Latin

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- Greek
- Hebrew
- Catalan
- Japanese
- Russian

- English
- Sanskrit
- Italian
- Portugues

- French
- Dutch
- Chinese
- Swedish

- German

- Arabic

- Malayan

Artistic Works in Dapitan

He contributed his painting skill to the sisters of charity for preparing the sanctuary of the
Holy Virgin in their Private Chapel.
He made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan (the Dragon, the
Frog, and the Beetle)
1894 Some of his pupils secretly went to Dapitan in a boat From Talisay.
Mothers Revenge Statue he modeled representing the mother-dog-killing the crocodile.
Other sculptural works of Rizal in Dapitan were A Bust of Father Guerrico (one of his
ateneo Professors); A statue of a girl called The Dapitan Girl, a wood carving of
Josephine Bracken (his wife); and A bust of saint Paul (Given to Fr. Pastels).
Rizal as Farmers
He bought 16 hectares of land.
My Land it is very poetic and picturesque which he wrote to his sister Trinidad.
Later, he acquired more lands, 70 hectares containing 6,000 Hemp plant, 1,000 coconut
trees, and numerous fruit trees, sugar cane, corn, coffee and cacao.
He dreamed to establish an agricultural colony in the Sitio of Ponot near Sindangan bay.
He wrote to hidalgo, We will establish a new Kalamba.
Unfortunately, this colony did not materialized because he could not get the support of
the Government.
Rizal as Businessman
Ramon Carreon A Dapitan Merchant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing
copra, and Hemp industries.
January 19, 1893 he wrote to Hidalgo to help him buy a big net for trawl Fishing
(pukutan)
Hemp Industry the most profitable business venture of Rizal in Dapitan - $7 and 4
reales per picul and sold it in manila at $10 and 4 reales, giving him a profit of $3 per
picul.
Rizal as Inventor
1887 In Calamba, He invented the cigarette Lighter which he sent as a gift to
Blumentritt, he called it sulpukan.
In Dapitan, He invented machine for making Bricks.
November 20, 1895 letter to Blumentritt I have made a wooden machine for making
Bricks, and I believe it could make more or less 6,000 Bricks a day.
February 1895 his mother returned to Manila
Mi Retiro (My Retreat) this was made as response to the request of his mother about his
sirene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it on October 22, 1895. This is consider as one
of the best ever penned by Rizal.
Rizal and Josephine Bracken

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August 28, 1893 Death of Leonora Rivera

Josephine Bracken eighteen year old Irish girl was born on October, 1876.
Mr. George Taufer an American engineer who adopts Josephine Bracken and later
become blind.
Father Obach Parish Priest who refused to marry them the without permission of the
Bishop of Cebu.
He wrote poem for Josephine Bracken (No title)
Rizal lost his eight-month baby boy, who lived only for three hours named Francisco,
in honor to his Father.

Rizal and the Katipunan

July 7, 1892 Andres Bonifacio, A great plebeian who founded the secret Revolutionary
Society Called Katipunan.
Bitukang Manok a little river where in secret meeting of the Katipuneros held.
June 21, 1896 Dr. Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan to tell Rizal about the plan of the
Katipunan which is to launch a revolution for freedoms sake.
Rizal objected about the plan for 2 reasons
1. The people are not ready for a revolution.
2. Arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution.
Volunteers as Military Doctor in Cuba
Blumentritt told him of the deplorable health situation in war-ridden Cuba and advise him
to volunteer as army physician.
December 17, 1895 he wrote to Governor-General Ramon to offer his services as
military doctor in Cuba.
El Canto Del Viajero he wrote this when he receive the gladsome news from malacaan
that he was going to travel to Cuba. This is his heart-moving poem made by Rizal.
Goodbye to Dapitan
July 31, 1896 Rizal exile in Dapitan came to an end Espaa accompanied by
Josephine, Narcisa, angelica (Narcisas Daughter) his three nephews, and six of his loyal
pupils.
Judge Herrero Regidor Rizal former classmates who invited Rizal as a Honored Guest
in a Dinner.
August 6, 1896 Rizal arrived in Manila Bay. He found out that the steamer Isla de
Luzon had already left for Spain.
Rizal transferred to the Spanish Cruiser Castilla
Several times the gallant Spanish captain permitted Rizals wife, sisters and schoolboys
to visit him and ate on board. Josephine and the schoolboys were then staying with the
Rizal family in Manila.
THE TRIAL OF RIZAL
--September 2, 1896, a week after the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, he left Manila Bay
for Spain. --His destination was Cuba, where he hoped to contribute his medical skill to combat
the yellow fever epidemic.

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--He was jailed in Barcelona and later shipped back to Manila and imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
--Dec. 26, 1896, his trial by court martial was a farce. Governor Camilo G. de Polavieja who
ordered his execution on Dec. 30th.
Rescue Attempts by the Katipunan.
--As early as during Rizals exile in Dapitan the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society
founded by Bonifacio, was deeply concerned about his life.
--Dr. Pio Valenzuela, secret emissary of the Katipunan to Dapitan, told Rizal in the course of their
interview on the night of June 21, 1896, of the Katipunan plan to rescue him and smuggle him
board a ship to Japan.
--August, 1896, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other brave Katipuneros plotted to rescue
Rizal from the cruiser, Castilla, which was then anchored at Manila Bay. ---Rizal refused to be
rescued.
Last Trip to Spain
--On the 26th of August, Bonifacio and the Filipino patriots raised the Cry of Balintawak
--On August 29th, the Katipunan plot to rise in arms against Spain was discovered by Fr. Mariano
Gil, Augustinian parish priest of Tondo.
On August 30 he received a letter from Governor Blanco wishing him happiness.
-- two additional letters of recommendation for the Minister of War (Gen. Marcelo de Azcarraga,
Philippine born Spaniard) and the Minister of Colonies.
--September 3, 1896, Rizal left for Spain on board the steamer Isla de Panay.
Rizal in Singapore
--The steamer reached Singapore, British colony, on the night of September 7 th.
Arrest and Imprisonment
September 30, when the steamer had left Port Said and was cruising the Mediterranean Sea,
Rizal was placed under arrest by the ship skipper, Captain A. Alemany, upon telegraphic orders
from Manila.Rizal was bitterly disgusted at Spanish injustice.
October 6, 5:00 a.m., Rizal was moved ashore and jailed at Montjuich Castle.General
Despujol visited him in the prison cell.
Unsuccessesful rescue in Singapore
-- Form London, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatched frantic telegrams to an
English lawyer in Singapore named Mr. Fort to rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it
reached Singapore by a writ of habeas corpus.
Unfortunately the Singapore judge denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying
Spanish troops to the Philippines.
Back to Manila.
November 3, the steamer Colon arrived in Manila. Rizal under heavy guard, was brought to
Fort Santiago.
Many Filipino PatriotsDeodato Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon,
Domingo Franco, Timoteo Paez, etc.were brutally tortured to implicate Rizal. --- Rizals own
brother, Paciano was arrested and cruelty tortured.
Preliminary investigation.

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 Nov. 20, the preliminary investigation began. Rizal the accused appeared before the Judge
Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive.
2 kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal.
1. Documentary

2.) Testimonials

Documentary evidence consisted of fifteen exhibits:

1. A letter to Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, showing Rizals connection with the Filipino
reform campaign in Spain.
2. A letter of Rizal to his family, stating that the deportation s are good for they will encourage
the people to hate tyranny.
3. A letter from Marcelo H, del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda
campaign in Spain.
4. A poem entitled Kundiman allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, describing Rizal as the man to free the
Philippines from Spanish oppression.
6. A Masonic document, honoring Rizal for his patriotic services.
7. A letter signed Dimasalang to Tenlus, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos
who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities.
8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, soliciting the aid of the committee in the
patriotic work.
9. An anonymous and undated letter to the editor of Hongkong Telegraph, censuring the
banishment of Rizal to Dapitan.
10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, saying that the Filipino people look up to him (Rizal) as
their savior.
11. A letter of Rizal Segundo, informing an unidentified correspondent of the arrest and
banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.
12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta) recommending the
establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of the Filipino
people.
13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a reunion of the Katipunan on July 23,
1893, in which the following cry was uttered Long Live the Philippines! Long Live Liberty!
Long Live Dr. Rizal! Unity!
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same katipunan reunion.

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15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled Talisay.

---The testimonial evidence consists of the oral testimonies of Martin Constantion, Aguedo Del
Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano etc.
--- Dominguez made a brief resume of the charges and returned the papers to Governor Blanco
who there upon, transmitted them to the Judge advocate General, Don Nicolas de le Pea, for an
opinion.
---- Pea submitted the ff. recommendations:
1. The accused be immediately brought to trial.
2. He should be kept in prison,
3. An order of attachment be issued against his properties to the amount of one million pesos as
indemnity,
4. He should be defended on court by an army officer not by a civilian lawyer.
Rizal Chooses his defender.
--Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1 st Lt. of the Artillery. This name was familiar to him so, he chose
the Lt. to be his defender.-- (brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, Rizals body guard in Calamba
in 1887.)
Charges Read to Rizal.
1. He did not question the jurisdiction of the court.
2. He had nothing to amend , except that since his deportation to Dapitan in 1892 he had not
engaged in politics.
3. He did not admit the charges preferred against him

4. he did not admit the declarations of the witnesses against him.

Rizals Manifesto to His People.
--December 15,Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop the unnecessary
shedding of blood and achieve their liberties by means of education and industry.
Rizals Saddest Christmas.
--Dec. 25, 1896, what a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal---- saddest and last Christmas
of Rizal.
The Trial of Rizal.

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---The trial was an eloquent proof of Spanish injustice and misrule.--his case was prejudged; he
was considered guilty before the actual trial.
--Dec. 26, 1896, 8:00 a.m. the court martial of Rizal started in the military building called
Cuartel de Espaa. ---- composed of seven members of military courts.Dr. Rizal and Lt. Taviel
de Andrade, Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate), Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Atty.) and
the spectators.
Rizal was accused of three crimes:
1.rebellion,

2.sedition,

3. Illegal association.

---penalty for rebellion and sedition was from life imprisonment to death.
--- Penalty for organizing an illegal association was correctional imprisonment and a fine
of 325 to 3,250 pesetas.
---Defense Counsel Taviel de Andrade ended his defense with a noble, but futile, admonition to
the members of the military. The judges cannot be vindictive; the judges can only be just.
Rizal proved his innocence by twelve points:
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in
revolution.
2. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements.
3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he were guilty he could have
escaped in Singapore.
4. If he had a hand in the revolution, he could have escaped in a Mo0ro vinta and would not have
built a home, a hospital, and bought lands in Dapitan.
5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why was he not consulted by the revolutionist?
6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, but this is only a civic association not a
revolutionary society.
7. The Liaa Filipina did not live long, for after the first meeting he was banished to Dapitan and it
died out.
8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months later, he did not know about it.
9. If the Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionists, otherwise they would not have
supplanted it with the katipunan.
10. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizals letters, it was because they
were written in 1890 when his family was being persecuted, being disposed of houses,

33

warehouse, lands, etc, and his brother and all brothers-in-law were deported.
11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-military commanders and missionary
priests could attest.
12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by his one speech at the house of the Doroteo
Ongjungco, as alleged by witnesses whom he would like to confront. His friends knew his
opposition to armed rebellion.
--December 26, same day, the court decision was submitted to Governor Polavieja. --- Polavieja
sought the opinion of Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pea on the court decision. The latter
affirmed the death verdict.
Polavieja Signs Rizals Execution.
---December 28, Governor Polavieja approved the decision of the court martial and ordered the
execution of Rizal on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).
---Governor Polavieja won the eternal hatred of the Filipino people. --- He and Spanish officials
will remain as obnoxious villains in Philippine History.

34