Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARGUMENT
SYNTHESIS
What is an argument
Synthesis?
Written discussion that draws on multiple sources
Must infer relationships among sources
Before inferring relationships must be able to summarize
Must go beyond summary to make judgments (critique)
Must be able to apply source information to topic (analyze)
What is an argument
synthesis?
Purpose is to persuade
Elements of Argument
Claim
Proposition or conclusion that writer is trying to prove
Support
Facts, statistics, expert opinions
Assumption
Linking supporting evidence to claim
Argument Appeals
Logos
Ethos
Pathos
An effective argument will use all three!
2. thesis statement
B. Claim 1
1. argue
2. expert opinion
3. argue
4. expert opinion
5. argue
6. expert opinion
7. assumption
1. background information
2. According to popular media, the American Dream means providing for family,
striving for equality, and getting rich quick.
B. Cinderella Man providing for family
1. looking for work at the docks
2. find scholarly source about employment
3. we dont steal
APA
What is APA?
The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a
method for source documentation that is used in most social
sciences courses. The social sciences place emphasis on the
date a work was created, so most APA citation involves
recording the date of a particular work in the physical text.
The date is usually placed immediately after the authors
name in the References page at the end of an essay.
Formatting Differences
APA uses a title page.
Your turn!
Create a title page for your analysis essay
Your turn!
Create a an APA style header for your title page
Exercise 64-1
1. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by Peter Greasley
published in 2000.
a. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are so
inclined to find the sessions impressive that few can blame them for
leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction. (p. 26).
b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are so
inclined to find the sessions impressive that few can blame them for
leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction (p. 26).
Exercise 64-1
1. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by Peter Greasley
published in 2000.
b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are
so inclined to find the sessions impressive that few can blame them for
leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction (p. 26).
In APA style, the period comes after the parenthetical citation.
Exercise 64-1
2. The student is summarizing information from page 176 of a 1980 book
with two authors, Marks and Kammann.
a. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure
occurs when people choose source material and authorities that
reflect what they already believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).
b. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure
occurs when people choose source material and authorities that
reflect what they already believe (Marks and Kammann, 1980, p.
176).
Exercise 64-1
2. The student is summarizing information from page 176 of a 1980
book with two authors, Marks and Kammann.
a. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure
occurs when people choose source material and authorities that
reflect what they already believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p.
176).
In an APA parenthetical citation for a work with two authors, an
ampersand (&) is placed between the authors names.
Exercise 64-1
3. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article published in 2000 by
Paul Kurtz.
a. Kurtz has observed that science has been investigating our ability to
communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has
attempted to discover empirical evidence in support of the claim
(2000, p. 29).
b.
Kurtz (2000) has observed that science has been investigating our
ability to communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has
attempted to discover empirical evidence in support of the claim
(p. 29).
Exercise 64-1
3. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article published in 2000 by
Paul Kurtz.
b. Kurtz (2000) has observed that science has been investigating our
ability to communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has
attempted to discover empirical evidence in support of the claim (p.
29).
In APA style, when the authors name is given in a signal phrase, the
name is followed by the date in parentheses.
Exercise 64-1
4. The student is summarizing information from a 2001 article by Gary E. R.
Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher
Barnetsen. This is the first citation of the source in the paper.
a. Schwartz et al. (2001) insisted that the study had eliminated fraud and
coincidence as possible explanations for the success of the mediums
tested.
b.
Exercise 64-1
4. The student is summarizing information from a 2001 article by Gary E.
R. Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher
Barnetsen. This is the first citation of the source in the paper.
Exercise 64-1
5. The student is quoting from page 27 of an article by two authors,
Wiseman and OKeeffe, that was published in 2001.
a. According to Wiseman and OKeeffe (2001). The Schwartz et al.
studies suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1)
the potential for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriate control
group, and (3) inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage (p.
27).
Exercise 64-1
5. The student is quoting from page 27 of an article by two authors,
Wiseman and OKeeffe, that was published in 2001.
a. According to Wiseman and OKeeffe (2001). The Schwartz et al.
studies suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1)
the potential for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriate control
group, and (3) inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage (p.
27).
In APA style, the word and joins two authors names in a signal phrase;
the ampersand (&) is used in a parenthetical citation.
Exercise 64-1
6. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article, Talking to the
Dead, by Leon Jaroff. The list of references contains another article,
The Man Who Loves to Bust Quacks, also written by Jaroff and also
published in 2001.
a. Jaroff (2001b) claimed that the medium used a sophisticated form of
the game Twenty Questions, during which the subject, anxious to hear
from the dead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium or the
departed, is supplying the answers (p. 52).
b. Jaroff (2001) claimed that the medium used a sophisticated form of
the game Twenty Questions, during which the subject, anxious to hear
from the dead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium or the
departed, is supplying the answers (Talking to the Dead, p. 52).
Exercise 64-1
6. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article, Talking to the
Dead, by Leon Jaroff. The list of references contains another article,
The Man Who Loves to Bust Quacks, also written by Jaroff and also
published in 2001.
Exercise 64-1
7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by
Travis Dacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page
numbers.
Exercise 64-1
7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by
Travis Dacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page
numbers.
a. Dacolias (1998) noted, Cold reading is a technique used by tarot
card readers, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men
to get people to believe that the cold reader knows all about them,
even though they have never met (para. 1).
In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but
not page numbers, the parenthetical citation includes the
abbreviation para. and the paragraph number.
Exercise 64-1
7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by
Travis Dacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page
numbers.
a. Dacolias (1998) noted, Cold reading is a technique used by tarot
card readers, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men
to get people to believe that the cold reader knows all about them,
even though they have never met (para. 1).
In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but
not page numbers, the parenthetical citation includes the
abbreviation para. and the paragraph number.
Exercise 64-1
8. The student is summarizing information from an undated online article
by Ray Hyman. The article has no paragraph or page numbers.
a. Hyman pointed out that no medium has ever managed to
demonstrate psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions,
even though large cash prizes have been offered to anyone who
succeeds.
b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has ever managed to
demonstrate psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions,
even though large cash prizes have been offered to anyone who
succeeds.
Exercise 64-1
8. The student is summarizing information from an undated online article
by Ray Hyman. The article has no paragraph or page numbers.
Exercise 64-1
9. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the National Science Board.
No individual author is given. The entry in the list of references begins like this:
National Science Board.
a.
b.
Exercise 64-1
9. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the National Science Board. No
individual author is given. The entry in the list of references begins like this: National
Science Board.
a.
The National Science Board is listed as the author in the reference list, so it appears with
the date in the signal phrase. Anonymous is not used in this case.
Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your
attributive tag or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the
abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name
(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.
Exercise 64-1
10. The student is summarizing information that begins on page 29 and
continues on page 30 in a 2000 article by Paul Kurtz. The student
provides a page reference for this summary because the article is long.
Exercise 64-1
10. The student is summarizing information that begins on page 29 and
continues on page 30 in a 2000 article by Paul Kurtz. The student
provides a page reference for this summary because the article is long.
a. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the
dead were aided at the end of the twentieth century by mass media
exposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29-30).
When information is taken from more than one consecutive page in the
source, the range of pages is given.
Citation Differences
The last page is titled References not Works Cited. It is centered at
the top of the page. Do not bold, underline, or use quotation marks.
Only the first word of a title is capitalized. Also capitalize the first word
after a dash or colon.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter
works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Citation Differences
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Books: author name, publication year, work title, publication city, and
publisher
If you are citing an article from a database that is available in other
places, such as a journal or magazine, include the homepage's URL.
You may have to do a web search of the article's title, author, etc. to
find the URL.
For Tuesday
APA Assignment