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HOMOGENOUS REACTION
Growth Kinetics
Introduction
- Quantifying cell concentration:
- direct: no suspended solid and interference compounds.
cell mass concentration preferred dry weight, optical density
(600-700nm Wave Length)
cell number density: hemocytometer, plate counts, etc.
(turbidity)
phase
Lag phase
description
rate of growth is
zero; cell use to
adapt their new
environment
Acceleration phase growth rate start
Growth phase
Growth rate
achieve max
Decline phase
growth rate slow
due to nutrient
exhaustion or buid
up of inhibitory
product
Stationary phase
growth ceases
Death phase
cell lose viability
and lyse
Specific growth
rate
0
< max
max
< max
=0
< max
Diauxic growth
Diauxic growth:
caused by a shift in metabolic pathways in the middle of a growth cycle
After once carbon source is exhausted, the cells adapt their metabolic
activities to utilize the second carbon source
The first carbon source is more readily utilizable than the second and
the presence of more readily available carbon represses the synthesis of
the enzymes required for the metabolism of the second substrate
X
nett , or X X 0e net t
X0
ln X / X 0
net
ln 2
net
0.693
net
Balanced growth
rz z
Stationary Phase:
With the exhaustion of nutrients (S0) and build-up of waste and
secondary metabolic products
The growth rate equals the death rate.
There is no net growth in the organism population.
cells may have active metabolism to produce secondary metabolites.
Endogenous metabolism of energy stores can result in maintaining cell
viability
dX
k d X
dt
kd is the rate constant for endogenous metabolism.
The rate describing the conversion of cell mass into maintenance energy
or the loss of cell mass due to cell lysis:
Removal of inhibitory compounds will result in further growth if additional
substrate is provided
Primary metabolites are growth-related: ethanol by S. cerevisae.
Secondary metabolites are non-growth-related: antibiotics, pigments.
Death Phase:
The living organism population decreases with time, due to a lack of nutrients and
toxic metabolic by-products.
The rate of death usually follows:
dN
'
k d N
dt
'
kd is the first - order death rate constant.
Growth-associated
Mixed-growth-associated
Non growth-associated
Lactic acid fermentation, xanthan gum, and some secondary metabolites from cell
culture are examples of mixed-growth-associated products
Ks s
Where
s = concentration of growth limiting substrate
max= maximum specific growth rate (T -1)
Ks = substrate constant
rp q p x
Where rp= volumetric rate of formation (eg: kg m-3 s-1)
x = biomass concentration
qp= specific rate of product formation (T-1)
rp YPX r x m p x
rp= volumetric rate of product formation (eg: kg m-3 s-1)
YPX= theoretical or true yield of product from biomass
rx= volumetric rate of biomass formation
mp= specific rate of product formation due to maintenance (T-1)
x= biomass concentration
Since
rx = x
rp (YPX m p ) x
q p YPX m p
constant qp
Where,
rs = q s x
entering the cell is used for growth and maintenance functions. Rates of
these cell activities are related as;
= r / Y + ms x
s
x
xs
Where,
rx = volumetric rate of biomass production
Yxs = true yield of biomass from substrate
ms = maintenance coefficient
x = biomass concentration
(eq. 11.74)
Expressions for observed yield coefficients can be obtained by applying Eq. (11.48):
YXS = -dX = rX
dS
(11.77)
rS
YPX = -dP = rP
(11.78)
dX rX
YPS = -dP = rP
dS
where
X, S , P
(11.79)
rS
= masses of cells, substrate and product
gives:
YXS = ____
[(/YXS) + mS]
(11.80)
(11.81)
If Yxs and mS are relatively constant, plot of l/Y'xs versus 1/, gives a straight line with
mS may be reduced by :
and .
To increase the observed yield of product, mP should be increased and
decreased.
Eq. (11.82) does not apply to products not directly coupled with energy
metabolism
(11.83)
rd kd N
Where,
rd = cell death
N = no of viable cell
kd = specific death constant
rd kd x
Where;
dN
rd
kd N
dt
In N = In N0 - kdt