Unit 03

1.

November

DIVISIBILITY.
One number is Divisible by other if you divide one number by another the

result is a whole number, so the remainder is . We have an exact division.

You can distribute equally 250 Books in 5 shelves.
250 5 = 50

250 is divisible by 5, because 250 5 = 50 is an exact

division.

If we want to distribute 250 books in 4 shelves:

250 4 = 62.5
250 is not divisible by 4, because 62.5 is not a whole
number.
When we have an exact division, the dividend is called Multiple of the divisor
and the quotient. And the quotient and divisor are called Divisors of the dividend.
40 8 = 5

40 is multiple of 5 and multiple of 8

8 and 5 are divisors of 40
Two or more numbers are Factors of a number if their product is the number.
The number is a multiple of each factor. Each factor is a divisor of the number.
5 and 8 are factors of 40
MATH VOCABULARY: Divisible, Factor, Multiple, Divisor.
Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.1

Unit 03

2.

November

MULTIPLES AND DIVISORS OF A NUMBER.

The Multiples of a natural number can be obtained by multiplying by any

other natural number :

=
Imagine the number 3, we can find out infinite multiples just by multiplying 3 for any
natural number.
3 1 = 3; 3 2 = 6; 3 3 = 9; ; 3 100 = 300; ; 3 5,000 = 15,000,
3, 6, 9,..., 300,..., 15,000,... are multiples of 3
Any natural number is always multiple of itself and multiple of 1.
=
To obtain the Divisors of a natural number we look for all the possible exact

divisions.

Look for the divisors of 30

30 1 = 30 1 30 30

30 2 = 15 2 15 30

30 3 = 10 3 10 30

30 4 = 7.5 ,
30 5 = 6 5 6 30

Any natural number is always divisor of itself. And is divisor of any number.
=
Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.2

Unit 03

3.

November

DIVISIBILITY RULES.
You can use simple divisibility tests to find if one number is divisible by

another, without having to do too much calculation.

Here are some simple hints:

Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.3

Unit 03

4.

November

PRIME NUMBERS AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS.

A Prime number is a number with only two factors: itself and .
The first five prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11.
is not a prime number because it has only one factor. A Composite number

has factors in addition to and itself.

8 = 4 2 8

The numbers and are neither prime nor composite. A Prime factor is a

factor of a number which is also prime.

8 = 4 2 2 4
4.1.

SIEVE OF ERATOSTHENES.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.4

Unit 03

November

MATH VOCABULARY: Prime Number, Composite Number, Prime Factor, Sieve of

Eratosthenes.

5.

PRIME FACTOR DECOMPOSITION.

Any number greater than can be written as a product of its prime factors.

This is called the Prime Factor Decomposition of the number. There is only one prime
factor decomposition for any number.
Here are two common methods to find the prime factor decomposition of a
number.

MATH VOCABULARY: Prime Factor Decomposition, Prime Factorization.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.5

Unit 03

6.

November

HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) AND LEAST COMMON

MULTIPLE (LCM).
The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest

number that is factor of all of them.

The HCF of 12 and 18 is 6.
The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest
number that is multiple of all of them.
The LCM of 12 and 18 is 36.
Here are three common methods for finding LCM and HCF:
6.1.

METHOD I.
To find the HCF of two or more numbers:

List all the factors of each number.

Identify the largest factor that is in all of these lists.

12 = {1, 2, 3,4, 6, }

24 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, , 24}
12 24 = 12

To find the LCM of two or more numbers:

List the first few multiples of each number.

Identify the smallest multiple that is in all of those lists.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.6

Unit 03

November

12 = {12, , 36, 48, , 1,200, . . . }

24 = {, 48, , 96, . . . }
12 24 = 24

6.2.

METHOD II.
You can find the HCF and LCM by writing the prime factor decomposition for

each number in a Venn diagram.

Find the HCF and LCM of 36 and 28.
Find the prime factor decomposition of each number:
36 = 22 32 28 = 22 7
Write these prime factors in a Venn Diagram.

The common factors are in the middle (the intersection).

The HCF of 36 and 28 is the product of the numbers in the intersection:
Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.7

Unit 03

November

(28,36) = 2 2 = 4
The LCM is the product of all the numbers in the diagram:
(28,36) = 22 32 7 = 252
6.3.

METHOD III.
To find the HCF of two or more numbers:

Find the prime factor decomposition of each number.

Multiply the common factors with the lowest exponents.

28 = 22 7 126 = 2 32 7
(28,126) = 2 7 = 14
To find the LCM of two or more numbers:

Find the prime factor decomposition of each number.

Multiply the common factors and the non-common factors with the highest
exponents.
28 = 22 7 126 = 2 32 7
(28,126) = 22 32 7 = 252

MATH VOCABULARY: Highest Common Factor (HCF), Least Common Multiple (LCM),
Venn Diagram.

Axel Cotn Gutirrez

Mathematics 1 ESO

3.8