STEP 1

Sub febris fever

: situation when the temperature of body is 38 celcius and it
was approaching fever
Malaise
: a feeling of general discomfort,illness or lack of
wellbeing
Infectious disease
: disease caused by phatogenic microorganism and can be
spread directly or indirectly from one person to another,
Coughing
: reflects that keeps your throat and airways clear
Symptoms
: any subjective
evidence of disease or of a patients
condition
Follow up
: continue action to control from know the development of
treatment
Preventive
: a process for the prevention of a disease
Promotive effort
: the way to increase health for individual,family,communities
and society

STEP 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What are the characteristic of infectious disease?

What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
Why health promotive important?
How the phase of cough reflect?
What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
7. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?
8. What are the symptoms of infectious disease?
9. What bactery that cause infectious in this scenario?
10. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
11. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
12. What is the function of natural history of disease?
13. What is the relationship between natural history someones disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?
14. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
15. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?

STEP 3
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
1. What are the characteristic or symptom of infectious disease?
Reduction in activity
Fever
Invisible from naked eye

2.

3.

4.
5.

spread
What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
Air
Direct contact with patient
Bactery or virus
Decreases of someones immun
Vector
Environment
What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
Increasing cost
Increasing mortality
Decresing quality of an hospital
How the phase of cough reflect?

What are the kind of infectious disease?

Infection by virus
Infection by bactery
Infeection by spore
Infection by parasit

6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE
7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
8. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?
Background of education,economic,social,environment,cultural
9. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
Keep environment health
Keep health ourself
Consume nutrition food
Immunization for the baby
10. Why health promotive is important?
11. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?
Prognosis
NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
12. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
The progression of a disease process in an individual overtime,in the abscence of
treatment
13. What is the function of natural history of disease?
To know progression of a disease

 To make a diagnosis
To give the right treatment
14. What is the relationship between natural history someones disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?

LEARNING ISSUE
1. What are the characteristic or symptom of infectious disease?
2. What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
3. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
4. How the phase of cough reflect?
5. What are the kind of infectious disease?
6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
8. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?
9. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
10. Why health promotive is important?
11. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?
12. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
13. What is the function of natural history of disease?
14. What is the relationship between natural history someones disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?

STEP 7
INFECTIOUS DISEASE

1. What are the characteristic or symptom of infectious disease?

Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and
symptoms common to many infectious diseases include:

Fever

Loss of appetite

Fatigue

Muscle aches

When to see a doctor

You should seek medical attention if you:

Have been bitten by an animal

Are having trouble breathing

Have been coughing for more than a week

Have severe headache with fever or seizures with fever

Experience a rash or swelling

Have unexplained fever that lasts more than a week or two

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infectious-diseases/DS01145/DSECTION=symptoms

Disease

Symptoms

Time from School Action and

Exposure Comments on
to Illness Communicability

Chickenpox

Fever, general feeling 2-3 weeks

of illness, rash
resembling water
blister appearing after
3 to 4 days. Scabs
appear later.

1. Exclude from
school until
blisters are dry
and crusted.
2. It is also
contagious 5 days
before blisters

Source of
Infection and
How it
spreads

Virus spread by
direct contact.

appear.
3. DO NOT give
Aspirin.

Cold Sores
(Herpes
Simplex)

Watery blisters usually 2 to 14

on lips but may occur days
anywhere on skin or
mouth. May be
confused with
Impetigo.

1. May attend school Virus spread by

direct contact
2. Will usually heal with infected
within 2 weeks. persons.

Common
Cold

Symptoms include
12 hrs to 3
watery eyes, sneezing, days
running nose, general
feeling of illness.

1. Recommend that
child remain at
home for first 1 to
2 days of cold or
longer if
symptoms are
severe.
2. Communicable
for 24 hours
before and for 5
days after nasal
discharge.

Virus spread
directly
through
droplets from
coughing.
sneezing or
speaking;
indirectly
through articles
freshly soiled
by discharges
of infected
person.

3. DO NOT give
aspirin.

The Flu
(Influenza)

Chills, body ache,

24 to 72
headache, fever, sore hrs
throat, followed by
cough, runny nose and
possibly stomachache.

1. Exclude from
school until child
feels well, usual 2
to 7 days.
2. DO NOT give
aspirin.

Impetigo

Blisters or fluid filled 1 to 6 days

sacs covered with
occasionall
honey colored crusts. y longer
May be confused with

Virus spread
directly
through
coughing,
sneezing and
contact with
nose or throat
discharges.
May be spread
through the air.

1. Exclude from
Bacteria spread
school until
by direct
lesions are dry or contact with
written permission persons or with

cold sores.

Pinworms

Itching of anal area.

from physician.

articles freshly
soiled with
2. Contagious until discharges
sores are healed. from nose or
throat of
patient; may
also be spread
through the air.
usually caused
by Group A
Beta
Streptococcus.

3 to 6
weeks

Lice
Infestation of the head eggs hatch
(Pediculosis) hair or other hairy
in 1 week
parts of the body or of
clothing with lice or
nits. Nits or eggs are
tiny white or brownish

1. May attend
school. Contact
doctor for
diagnosis and
treatment.

Worms are
transferred
directly from
other infected
persons,
especially
2. Communicable as children by
long as worms are hand from anus
to mouth. Good
present in the
hand washing
intestine.
after using
bathroom is
3. Exclude from
IMPORTANT.
school until 24
Indirectly
hours after
treatment begins. transferred
through
clothing,
bedding, food
or other articles
contaminated
with eggs of
parasite.
Pinworms of
animals are
NOT transmitte
d to humans.

1. Exclude until lice

and nits are
treated with
approved
shampoo. School
to re- examine

Head to head
contact. Use of
others combs,
hates, blankets,
pillows, etc.

rice-shaped particles
stuck to hair, close to
scalp.

student prior to
returning to class.
If not clear of nits
parent will be
called to pick
child up from
school. Retreat
with approved
shampoo in 7 to
10 days.
2. Considered
communicable
until treated.
3. Advise exam of
household
contacts for nits
and lice.
4. House must be
thoroughly
cleaned.
5. Notify school.

Pink Eye
Redness of
24 to 72
(Conjunctiviti conjunctiva (white of hrs
s)
eye). May or may not
have drainage. Eye
irritation.

1. Refer for medical Most are

diagnosis and
caused by
treatment.
virus; some
bacterial. May
2. Communicability be spread
depends on cause. through handeye contact.
3. Exclude from
school if pus
present exclude
until after
treatment begins.
4. If no pus present no exclusion.

Ringworm
Body (Tinea
Corporis)

Ring-shaped or
1 to 3
irregular skin patch
weeks
with raised pimple-like
or scaly borders. May

1. Exclude from
school 24 hours
after treatment

Contact with
human or
animal infected
with fungus or

show central clearing.

May become inflamed
and crusted.

Scabies

begins.
2. Communicable
until clear.

Raised red skin

1 to 2
possibly blisters or
months
pustules or scabs.
Intense itching - most
severe at night.
Common sites are
hands, arms, at or
above wristline,
thighs.

Strep Throat Fever, sore throat,

1 to 3 days
headache, nausea,
vomiting. (If
associated with rash it
is called Scarlet
Fever.)

its spores, and

by contact with
contaminated
articles.

1. Exclude from
school 24 hours
after treatment
begins.

Mite
transferred by
direct contact
with an
infected
2. Communicable person, and to
a limited
until treated.
extent,
3. Family should be undergarments
or soiled sheets
examined.
freshly
4. House should be contaminated
by an infected
thoroughly
person.
cleaned.

1. If diagnosed by
doctor as strep,
exclude from
school until 24
hours after
antibiotic
treatment is
started and until
clinically well.

Bacteria spread
directly from
nose and throat
discharges of
infected
persons.

2. Communicable
until 24 hours
after treatment is
started.

Reye
Syndrome

Child has recently

been ill with viral
infection (cold, flu,
chickenpox).

STAGE 1
This is a
reportable
disease. Please
Persistent or
inform Health
continuous
Office

1 to 7 days
following
viral
infection
(cold, flu,
chickenpox
)

1. If one or more
symptoms
appears, call
physician
immediately.

Usually
follows viral
infection. It is
not contagious.
Cause
unknown. No
2. Go to emergency prevention.
room of hospital. Requires
immediate
attention at
3. DO NOT give

personnel.

vomiting

Signs of brain
dysfunction:
Listlessness
Loss of pep
and energy

Drowsiness

aspirin or aspirin onset of

substitutes.
symptoms.
Most common
in children.
4. Exclude from
school until
clinically well.

STAGE 2

Personality
changes:
Irritability
Aggressive
behavior

Disorientation
Confusion
Irrational
behavior

Delirium,
convulsions

http://www.minnetonka.k12.mn.us/services/health/Pages/InfectiousDiseaseSymptoms.as
px
2. What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
Infectious diseases can be caused by:

Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat,
urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.

Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases ranging
from the common cold to AIDS.

Fungi. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm or athlete's foot, are caused by fungi.
Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.

Parasites. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite.

Other parasites may be transmitted to humans from animal feces.

Direct contact
An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with a person or
animal who has one. Three ways infectious diseases can be spread through direct contact are:

Person to person. The most common way for infectious diseases to spread is through
the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This
can occur when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, coughs on or kisses
someone who isn't infected. These germs can also spread through the exchange of
body fluids from sexual contact or a blood transfusion. The person who passes the
germ may have no symptoms of the disease, but may simply be a carrier.

Animal to person. Pets can carry many germs. Being bitten or scratched by an
infected animal can make you sick and, in extreme circumstances, can be fatal.
Handling animal waste can be hazardous, too. For example, you can acquire a
toxoplasmosis infection by scooping your cat's litter box.

Mother to unborn child. A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious
diseases to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta. Germs in the
vagina can be transmitted to the baby during birth.

Indirect contact
Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs can linger on
an inanimate object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle. When you touch a
doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for example, you can pick up the
germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing your
hands, you may become infected.
Insect bites
Some germs rely on insect carriers such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks to move from
host to host. These carriers are known as vectors. Mosquitoes can carry the malaria parasite
or West Nile virus, and deer ticks may carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
Food contamination
Another way disease-causing germs can infect you is through contaminated food and water.
This mechanism of transmission allows germs to be spread to many people through a single
source. E. coli, for example, is a bacterium present in or on certain foods such as
undercooked hamburger or unwashed fruits or vegetables.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infectious-diseases/DS01145/DSECTION=causes
3. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
4. How the phase of cough reflect?
The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a
closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the
glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. Coughing can happen voluntarily
as well as involuntarily.
Chung KF, Pavord ID (April 2008). "Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic
cough". Lancet 371 (9621): 136474. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4

5. What are the kind of infectious disease?

Infectious Disease Types
Hepatitis
Hepatitis, a viral infection refers to a condition in which the liver gets inflamed. Skin
discoloration (yellow) and dark urine are some of the most common symptoms of
hepatitis. Treating hepatitis at the earliest is necessary. This is because, if hepatitis B or
C left untreated can cause irreversible liver damage.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is nothing but the infection of the lungs. The disease is typically marked by
inflammation of the lungs and is often the result of bacterial or viral infection. People
who have contracted this infection often complain about breathing problems and chest
pain. Blood tests and chest X-rays are the diagnostic tools used to confirm the presence
of pneumonia. In rare cases, seasonal flu or common cold aggravate and cause
pneumonia.
Tuberculosis (TB)
This is yet another infectious disease that is typically marked by frequent episodes of
coughing. Tuberculosis is basically a bacterial infection of the lungs and symptoms are
usually noticed when the disease reaches the advanced stage. Being an airborne
infection, it can affect anyone, irrespective of age. As the disease progresses, cough
worsens and produces blood. This bad cough usually persists for more than 3 weeks and
causes chest pain.
Oral Thrush
Oral thrush is classified as a fungal infection. This condition is the result of overgrowth
of fungus in the lining of the mouth. Oral thrush triggers an uncomfortable feeling
inside the mouth. This happens because white lesions develop on the tongue and in
severe cases these open wounds are also seen on the gums and the tonsils. Oral thrush is
frequently diagnosed in infants but in most cases, it is a minor issue. However, to reduce
the pain around the mouth the doctor may prescribe some anti fungal infections.
Malaria
Malaria is classified as a parasitic infection. The parasite enters our body through
mosquito bites. In other words, the mode of transmission is contact with the mosquito. A
person affected with malaria typically experiences high fever and excessive sweating.
Dengue Fever
This is a viral infection caused by mosquito bites. The mosquito Aedes aegypti acts as
the virus carrier and when it bites, the virus gets transmitted into the body. The viral
infection causes a sudden increase in body temperature that usually ranges between 104105 degree Fahrenheit. Other than high fever, the patient may also show red rash on
many areas of the skin.

Cholera
Cholera is categorized as a bacterial infectious disease that affects intestines. In this
condition, the bacterium resides in the small intestine and secretes a toxin. This
eventually causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. Drinking contaminated water or eating
unhygienic food is the main culprit behind cholera. Watery diarrhea caused due to
cholera can make the person dehydrated. So taking fluids from time to time is necessary
to prevent dehydration.
Identifying the infection is necessary before giving any medications. A bacterial
infection is usually treated with antibiotics whereas people suffering from fungal
infections are given anti fungal medicines. In case of parasitic infections like malaria,
antimalarial medications are commonly prescribed to reduce the severity of symptoms.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-infectious-diseases.html
6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
non-infectious cannot be spread from person to person.
Infectious can be spread from person to person. This would include Viruses,
Fungi, and STD's
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens , which are disease causing
organisms. The major groups of pathogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoans and multi-cellular parasites.
Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens but can be caused by
physiological malfunction, environmental (or chemical) factors, heredity
(e.g. faulty gene/chromosome combinations), unknown causes or a
combination of factors.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_difference_between_infectious_diseases_and_
non-infectious_diseases
PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE

7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a

community?

Primary prevention seeks to prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction: by
altering behaviours or exposures that can lead to disease, or by enhancing resistance to the
effects of exposure to a disease agent. Examples include smoking cessation and vaccination.
Primary prevention reduces the incidence of disease by addressing disease risk factors or by
enhancing resistance. Some approaches involve active participation, as with regular tooth
brushing and flossing to prevent dental caries. Other approaches are passive: adding fluoride
to the municipal drinking water to harden tooth enamel and prevent caries. Primary
prevention generally targets specific causes and risk factors for specific diseases, but may
also aim to promote healthy behaviours, improve host resistance, and foster safe
environments that reduce the risk of disease, for instance, thorough cleaning of operating
rooms to prevent post-operative infection..
Secondary prevention includes procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological
changes and thereby control disease progression. Screening procedures (such as
mammography to detect early stage breast cancer) are often the first step, leading to early
interventions that are more cost effective than intervening once symptoms appear. Routine
blood sugar testing for people over 40 would be an example relevant to detecting Catherines
diabetes early. Screening is usually undertaken by health professionals, either at the level of
individual doctor-patient encounters (e.g., routine blood pressure checks) or via public health
screening programs (e.g., mammography screening).
http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter4BasicConceptsInPreventionSurveillanceAndHeal
thPromotion/Thestagesofprevention

8. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?

9. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
Wash your hands frequently. Did you know that microbes can live on
inert surfaces anywhere from a few minutes to several months? Imagine
these disease-causing microbes living on your computer keyboard, your
light-switch, or even on the pedestrian-crossing button next to the
crosswalk!
Don't share personal items. Toothbrushes, towels, razors, handkerchiefs,
and nail clippers can all be sources of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses,
and fungi). In kindergarten, you were taught to share your toys, but keep
your hands to yourself. Now try to remember to keep personal items to
yourself as well!
Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. In a similar vein, good
personal hygiene includes not only personal cleanliness, but also the age-old
practice of covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Why is this
important if you arent sick? For most infections, the disease-causing
microbe has already started growing and dividing long before any symptoms
begin to show. Coughing or sneezing can spread these germs through
microscopic droplets in the air. The current recommendation is to cover your
mouth with your arm, sleeve, or crook of the elbow, rather than using your
hands.
Get vaccinated. Your immune system is designed to have a memory of
previous infections. When your body encounters a microbe that has
previously caused an infection, it enhances its production of white blood
cells and antibodies to prevent infection a second time. However, by getting
vaccinated, you trick your body into thinking that it has been infected by a
particular microbe, hence enhancing its own defenses against subsequent
infection.
Use safe cooking practices. Food-borne illnesses frequently arise from
poor food preparation and dining habits. Microbes thrive on virtually all food
items, and more so on foods left at room temperature. Refrigeration slows or
stops the growth of most microbes. Promptly refrigerate foods within 2 hours
of preparation. Use separate cutting boards for raw meats and vegetables,
keep clean countertops, and wash all fruits and vegetables well prior to
eating.
Be a smart traveler. Infectious diseases can easily be picked up while
traveling, particularly when traveling to underdeveloped countries. If your
travel destination is one where water is questionable, make sure to use a
safe water source such as bottled water for drinking and brushing your
teeth. Eat foods that have been cooked, and avoid raw vegetables and
fruits. Finally, be sure to update all immunizations that are advised or
required for your travel destination.
Dont pick your nose (or your mouth or eyes either). Not only is it a
social taboo, but it also leads to the spread of a number of infections. Look
around, and youll notice how many people have their hands next to their
faces. Many microbes prefer the warm, moist environment inside your nose,

as well as other mucous-covered surfaces such as your eyes and mouth.

Infections can be easily prevented by avoiding touching of these areas.
Exercise caution with animals. Infections that can spread from animals
to people are called zoonotic diseases and are more common than most
people realize. If you have pets, make sure they get regular check-ups and
that their vaccinations are up-to-date
Watch the news. A good understanding of current events can help you to
make wise decisions about traveling or other recreational activities
http://infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/prevention/a/prevention_tips.htm

10. Why health promotive is important?

Health promotion improves the health status of individuals, families, communities,
states, and the nation.
Health promotion enhances the quality of life for all people.
Health promotion reduces premature deaths.
By focusing on prevention, health promotion reduces the costs (both financial and
human) that individuals, employers, families, insurance companies, medical
facilities, communities, the state and the nation would spend on medical treatment.
http://www.publichealth.uga.edu/hpb/what-health-promotion-behavior
11. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?
You'll need regular checkups (such as every two months for the first year) after
treatment for laryngeal cancer. Checkups help ensure that any changes in your health are
noted and treated if needed.
http://www.medicinenet.com/larynx_cancer/page2.htm
NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
12. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
The natural history of disease refers to a description of the uninterrupted progression of
a disease in an individual from the moment of exposure to causal agents until recovery
or death. Knowledge of the natural history of disease ranks alongside causal
understanding in importance for disease prevention and control. Natural history of
disease is one of the major elements of descriptive epidemiology
Bhopal, R. S. (2002). Concepts of Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. What is the function of natural history of disease?
To prevent disease we must understand the natural history of the condition, its
distribution in the population, and how to detect early cases. The metaphor of the
"iceberg of disease" has been used to suggest that for every case that comes to a
clinician, there are likely to be many more people with pre-clinical disease in the
community. Bear in mind that the cases of disease that you will see in your training in a
university hospital represent only a small fraction of the cases who are seen by a doctor
and these, in turn, represent a fraction of the people with the condition.
http://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Nat_hist_e.htm

14. What is the relationship between natural history someones disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?