DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

NAME

DESCRIPTION/LOCATION

A. SALIVARY GLANDS

- outgrowths of oral epithelium

- 5 pairs in cat
- on muscles of head and throat

1. parotid gland (largest)

- ventrad and craniad of base of

pinna of ear, just under the skin

2. submaxillary gland

- at angle of jaw near posterior

margin of masseter

3. sublingual gland

- at the beginning of submaxillary

duct

4. molar gland *

- between skin and external surface

of mandible, in front of masseter

5. infraorbital gland *

- floor of orbit

FUNCTION
- secrete amylase

B. ORAL CAVITY

1. lips

- opening for food intake

2. cheeks

3. vestibule

- between teeth & lips

4. hard palate

- anterior roof of oral cavity

- supported by premaxilla, maxilla,
palatine bones

5. soft palate

- posterior roof of oral cavity

6. nasopalatine duct *

- opening at anterior end of hard

palate behind incisors

7. frenulum

8. tongue

- connects mouth & nasal cavity by

incisive foramina
- attaches tongue to floor of oral
cavity

- floor of oral cavity

- fusion of 4 components (primary
tongue, tuberculum impar, 2 lateral
lingual swellings)

- guides food for swallowing

8.1. fungiform papillae

- remainder of tongue

8.2. filiform papillae

- anterior tongue

8.3. vallate papillae

- 4 to 6 in V-shaped row

8.4. foliate papillae

C. PHARYNX

- posterior & dorsal to soft palate

- nasopharynx - dorsal to soft palate
(uppermost part)
- oropharynx - behind oral cavity
- laryngopharynx - connects to
esophagus

- passageway for air & food, leads

to esophagus

1. isthmus of fauces

- opening formed by free border of

soft palate

- leads into cavity of pharynx

2. glottis

- large opening at top of larynx

3. epiglottis

- base of tongue

- guards entrance to respiratory tract

4. tonsillar fossa

- sides of anterior of free border of

soft palate

- contains palatine tonsil

4.1. palatine tonsil

- in tonsillar fossa

- produce antibody against infection

4.2. glossopalatine arch

- anterior to tonsillar fossa

4.3. pharyngopalatine arch

- posterior to tonsillar fossa

5. posterior nares / choanae *

- anterior end of nasopharynx

6. auditory/Eustachian tube *

- oblique slits on lateral wall of

nasopharynx

D. HYOID APPARATUS *

- derived from 2nd & 3rd gill arches - supports base of tongue
- for origin & insertion of muscles

1. anterior posterior horns *

- sides of body of hyoid

- chain of 4 bony pieces (hypo-,
cerato-, stylo-, tympanohyal)

2. body *

- external surface at base of tongue

E. LARYNX / VOICEBOX

- posterior to body of hyoid

- connects pharynx with cavity of

middle ear

- articulates with tympanic bulla

- create sound

1. thyroid cartilage

- ventral wall of larynx

- supports ventral wall of larynx

2. cricoid cartilage

- posterior to thyroid cartilage

- supports larynx

3. arytenoids

- anterior of dorsal cricoid

- supports dorsal rim of glottis

4. vocal cords

- create sound

4.1. true vocal cords

- on glottis from arytenoids to

thyroid cartilage

4.2. false vocal cords

- lateral to true vocal cords, from

tips of arytenoids to base of
epiglottis

F. TRACHEA / WINDPIPE

- posterior to larynx

- transports oxygen to lungs

1. thyroid gland

- sides of trachea

- secretes T3 & T4

2. isthmus *

- ventral side of trachea

- connects caudal end of lobes of

thyroid gland

G. ESOPHAGUS

- ventral to dorsal aorta, in

mediastinum

- passageway of bolus to stomach

H. LUNGS

- provide oxygen to blood

1. right lung (larger)

- anterior, middle, posterior (medial

& lateral)

2. left lung

- anterior, middle, posterior

3. alveoli *

- minute air-cells compose lung

- exchange of CO2 & O2

4. radix / root of the lung *

5. pulmonary ligament *

- connects lung & dorsal thoracic

wall

6. pleural cavity / sac

- two on lateral thoracic region

6.1. parietal pleura

- lines inside of pleural cavity

6.2. visceral pleura

- fused to surface of lung

7. mediastinal septum *

- partition from heart to median

ventral line

- contains lungs

7.1. mediastinum

- space b/n two walls of mediastinal

septum

7.2. caval fold *

- dorsally directed fold of

mediastinal septum

7.3. postcaval vein *

- from liver to heart

I. HEART

- median region under sternum

- surrounded by 3 layers: visceral,
parietal pericardium, parietal pleura
of mediastinal septum

- pumps blood

1. pericardial sac or parietal

pericardium

- attached to heart only at anterior

end

- incloses heart

- supports postcaval vein

1.1. parietal pericardium

1.2. visceral pericardium *

- surface of heart

2. parietal pleura of mediastinal

septum *

- outermost layer that surrounds

heart
- fused to pericardial sac

3. thymus gland

- ine median ventral line anterior to

heart
- derived from entodermal lining of
gill pouch

4. dorsal aorta

- arches from heart to left to

diaphragm
- outside pleura, in mediastinum

J. DIAPHRAGM (only mammals)

Origin: ribs, sternum, vertebrae

Insertion: central tendon
Penetrations: esophagus, aorta,
postcaval vein

- separates thoracic and abdominal

cavity, controls breathing

K. LIVER (5 lobes accdg to

Hyman)

- posterior to diaphragm

- produces bile, detox, protein

synthesis

1. right lobe

- median & lateral (2 lobules)

2. left lobe

- median & lateral

3. caudate lobe

- b/n liver & stomach, b/n 2 layers

of lesser omentum

L. GALLBLADDER (in cystic

fossa)

- imbedded in right median lobe

- stores bile

M. STOMACH

- dorsal and to the left of liver

- storage of food for digestion

- produce T-cells

1. cardiac end (cardia)

gastroesophageal/cardiac sphincter

- region of junction b/n stomach &

esophagus

2. fundus

- saclike bulge left of cardia

3. body

- remainder of stomach

4. pyloric end (pylorus) pyloric

sphincter

- region of junction b/n stomach &

small intestine

5. greater curvature (original dorsal - larger, convex posterior surface of

surface)
stomach
6. lesser curvature (original ventral
surface)

- shorter, slightly concave anterior

surface of stomach

7. rugae (folds) *

- ridges in wall of stomach

N. SPLEEN

- left border of stomach, inclosed on - stores & filters blood

ventral wall of greater omentum

O. SMALL INTESTINE

- posterior to liver

1. duodenum

- bound to liver by hepatoduodenal

ligament

- to increase surface area

- final stage of digestion, absorption

2. jejunum (largest portion)

3. ileum

4. villi (projections)

- in wall of small intestine

5. ileocolic valve

- junction of large & small intestine

P. PEYER'S PATCHES (LYMPH

NODULES)

- thick oval spots on surface of

intestine

- immune surveillance of intestinal

lumen

Q. PANCREAS

- in mesoduodenum, extends to
dorsal wall of greater omentum

- secrete insulin, glucagon,

pancreatic juice

R. CAECUM (no vermiform

appendix in cat)

- projection at junction b/n small &

large intestine

- prevents reflux into ileum

S. LARGE INTESTINE / COLON

- passageway for feces

1. ascending

2. transverse (right to left)

3. descending

- sigmoid colon

T. RECTUM

- terminal portion of descending

colon

U. ANUS

V. CAVITIES, LIGAMENTS &

MESENTERIES
1. peritoneum (peritoneal cavity) *

- membrane that lines peritoneal

cavity

1.1. parietal peritoneum *

- inside of body wall

1.2. visceral peritoneum (serosa) *

- surface of viscera

2. mesenteries / ligaments

- double-walled membrane from

body wall to viscera

2.1. dorsal mesentery (mammals)

2.1.1. mesentery proper (small

intestine)

- part of dorsal mesentery

2.2. ventral mesentery (liver,

urinary bladder)
3. mesogaster

- from dorsal wall to stomach

4. greater omentum

- covers intestine ventrally

4.1. lesser peritoneal sac *

- cavity b/n two layers of folded

mesogaster

- supports the remainder of small

intestine

5. lesser omentum /
gastrohepatoduodenal ligament

- from lesser curvature of stomach

to posterior surface of liver

5.1. gastrohepatic ligament

- from lesser curvature to liver

5.2. hepatoduodenal ligament

- from liver to first part of small

intestine

5.3. foramen epiploicum *

- dorsal to hepatic portal vein,

posterior to its branches to right
lateral lobe of liver

6. gastrosplenic / gastrolienal
ligament *

- greater omentum b/n spleen &

stomach

7. gastrocolic ligament *

- b/n mesogaster & mesentery of

intestine

8. falciform ligament *

- b/n median lobes of liver to

median ventral line

9. coronary ligament (liver to

diaphragm) *

- anteriorly & dorsally continuous

w/ falciform

- attaches liver to central tendon of

diaphragm

10. mesoduodenum

- part of dorsal mesentery

- supports duodenum

11. duodenorenal ligament

- from duodenum to right kidney

- attaches duodenum to right kidney

- entrance into cavity of omentum

W. DUCTS

1. common bile duct (cystic +

hepatic)

- in hepatoduodenal ligament passes

to intestine

1.1. cystic duct

- from gallbladder

1.2. hepatic ducts

- from lobes of liver

- from right lateral lobe is large

2. pancreatic duct (two: principal & - joins common bile duct to

accessory)
duodenum
3. ampulla of Vater (surrounded by
sphincter of Oddi)

- swollen chamber where bile &

pancreatic ducts unite

** hepatic portal vein

- to the right & dorsal to bile duct,

in hepatoduodenal ligament

** mesocolon

- fused to mesogaster

- mesentery of colon

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
NAME

DESCRIPTION/LOCATION

A. KIDNEY (mammals are

- dorsal wall of peritoneal cavity
metanephroi) (right anterior to left) (retroperitoneal)
1. hilus

- concave part of kidney

2. renal sinus

- cavity w/in hilus

3. renal pelvis

- expanded beginning of ureter

4. renal papilla

- kidney substance into pelvis

5. cortex (renal corpuscles &

convoluted tubules)

- peripheral part of kidney

FUNCTION
- filter waste & excess sodium

6. medulla (collecting tubules, loop - central part of kidney

of Henle)
7. renal pyramid (1) (collecting
tubule + renal papilla)

- w/in renal medulla

B. URETER (METANEPHRIC
DUCTS)

- dorsal to horns of uterus (female)

- dorsal to ductus deferens (male)

- carries urine to bladder

C. URINARY BLADDER

- posterior end of peritoneal cavity,

ventral to rectum & uterus (female)

- temporary storage of urine

1. apex / vertex

- free anterior end of urinary bladder

2. fundus

- posterior part of urinary bladder

3. median ligament (median

umbilical fold in human)

- from ventral surface of urinary

bladder to median ventral line

4. lateral ligament

- sides near exit of bladder from

peritoneal cavity

5. rectovesical pouch (male)

- b/n urinary bladder & rectum

6. vesicouterine pouch (female)

- b/n urinary bladder & uterus

D. URETHRA (neck of bladder)

- narrow stalk continuous to fundus

- transports urine from bladder to

external

note: collecting tubulues, pelvis, ureter - outgrowths from mesonephric duct

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
NAME

DESCRIPTION/LOCATION

FUNCTION

A. OVARIES

- sides of peritoneal cavity at

anterior end of coils of uterus

- stores egg

1. Graafian follicles *

- clear vesicles in ovaries

- contains egg or ovum

2. corpora lutea *

- hard lumps in ovary of pregnant

- follicles from w/c eggs of

pregnancy are discharged

3. mesovarium *

- extends to kidney, continuous w/

ligament of uterus

- suspends ovary

4. mesosalpinx *

- mesentery of oviducts

- partly incloses ovary

B. MULLERIAN DUCTS /
OVIDUCTS

- ducts of ovaries

- secrete oviductal fluid

1. uterine / fallopian tube

- uppermost portion of oviducts

2. ostium -> fimbriae (fringed

border of ostium)

- opening on lateral side of ovary

C. UTERUS / WOMB -> bipartite

type (cat)

- horn + body

1. horns -> mesometrium

(mesentery of horn of uterus)

- tube on sides of posterior

peritoneal cavity

2. body

- in median line, dorsal to bladder

where 2 horns unite

- accepts fertilized ovum, where

fetus forms & develops

3. broad ligament (mesovarium,

mesosalpinx, mesometrium) *
4. round ligament *

- from beginning of uterus or horn

posteriorly to body wall

D. CERVIX *

- lower end of uterus, projects into

vagina by a fold

E. VAGINA

- posterior to and continuous w/

body of uterus

F. CLITORIS (2 CAVERNOUS
BODIES)

- homologous to penis
- attached by ligament to ischium &
pubic symphysis

- passageway where babies are

delivered & accepts penis

G. UROGENITAL CANAL /
SINUS *

- common tube where urethra unites

w/ vagina

H. GLANS

- free posterior end of clitoris

I. ANAL GLANDS / SACS *

- sides of rectum close to anus

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

NAME

DESCRIPTION/LOCATION

FUNCTION

A. TESTES (2)

- lodged inside scrotum (2

compartments)

- produce sperm

1. vaginal sac *

- cavity of scrotum, part of

peritoneal cavity

2. tunica vaginalis *

- surface of testes, lines vaginal sac

3. mesorchium *

- b/n testes & wall of vaginal sac

4. gubernaculum *

- continuous w/ mesorchium
- homologous to round ligament of
uterus

- attaches posterior end of testis to

posterior scrotal wall

5. epididymis (head, body, tail)*

*Head derived from mesonephros

- head: anterior end of testis

- body: dorsal surface of testis
- tail: where gubernaculum attach

- head: receives invisible efferent

ductules from testis

6. ductus deferens

- dorsal surface of testis

- forms epididymidal duct

B. SPERMATIC CORD

- passes through inguinal canal

(ended by 2 inguinal rings: external
& internal)

C. UROGENITAL SINUS /
CANAL*

- common tube formed by 2 ductus

deferens

D. PROSTATE GLAND

- surrounds the junction b/n 2 ductus - secrete alkaline fluid

deferens

E. BULBOURETHRAL /
COWPER'S GLAND

- small swelling in urogenital canal

posterior to prostate gland

F. UROGENITAL OPENING *

- tip of glans of penis

G. PENIS

- terminal of urogenital canal

- contains ductus deferens, blood

vessel & nerves

- excrete pre-ejaculate

- intromittent organ

1. glans of penis (spines)

- pointed projection of penis

2. corpora cavernosa / cavernous

bodies *

- 2 cylindrical bodies in penis

3. cavernous urethra

- urogenital canal in corpora

cavernosa, dorsal side of penis

4. prepuce

- fold of skin around glans of penis

5. crura of penis

- diverged corpora cavernosa at

anterior end of penis, attached to
ischium