Portal Frames - Steelconstruction

9/16/2016
PortalframesSteelconstruction.info
Portalframes
FromSteelconstruction.info
Portalframesaregenerallylowrisestructures,comprisingcolumnsandhorizontalorpitchedrafters,
connectedbymomentresistingconnections.Resistancetolateralandverticalactionsisprovidedbytherigidity
oftheconnectionsandthebendingstiffnessofthemembers,whichisincreasedbyasuitablehaunchor
deepeningoftheraftersections.Thisformofcontinuousframestructureisstableinitsplaneandprovidesa
clearspanthatisunobstructedbybracing.Portalframesareverycommon,infact50%ofconstructionalsteel
usedintheUKisinportalframeconstruction.Theyareveryefficientforenclosinglargevolumes,therefore
theyareoftenusedforindustrial,storage,retailandcommercialapplicationsaswellasforagricultural
purposes.Thisarticledescribestheanatomyandvarioustypesofportalframeandkeydesignconsiderations.
Multibayportalframeduringconstruction
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Portal_frames
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Anatomyofatypicalportalframe
Aportalframebuildingcomprisesaseriesof
transverseframesbracedlongitudinally.The
primarysteelworkconsistsofcolumnsandrafters,
whichformportalframes,andbracing.Theend
frame(gableframe)canbeeitheraportalframeor
abracedarrangementofcolumnsandrafters.
Thelightgaugesecondarysteelworkconsistsof
siderailsforwallsandpurlinsfortheroof.The
secondarysteelworksupportsthebuilding
envelope,butalsoplaysanimportantrolein
restrainingtheprimarysteelwork.
Theroofandwallcladdingseparatetheenclosed
spacefromtheexternalenvironmentaswellas
providingthermalandacousticinsulation.The
structuralroleofthecladdingistotransferloadsto
secondarysteelworkandalsotorestrainthe
flangeofthepurlinorrailtowhichitisattached.
Principalcomponentsofaportalframedbuilding
Crosssectionshowingaportalframeanditsrestraints
Overview_industrial_sh...
Portalframedstructuresoverview
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Typesofportalframes
Manydifferentformsofportalframesmaybeconstructed.Frametypesdescribedbelowgiveanoverviewof
typesofportalconstructionwithtypicalfeaturesillustrated.Thisinformationonlyprovidestypicaldetailsandis
notmeanttodictateanylimitsontheuseofanyparticularstructuralform.
Pitchedroofsymmetric
portalframe
Generallyfabricatedfrom
UBsectionswitha
substantialeaveshaunch
section,whichmaybecut
fromarolledsectionor
fabricatedfromplate.25to
Pitchedroofsymmetricportal
35marethemostefficient
frame
spans.
LancashireWasteDevelopment
Portalframewithinternal
mezzaninefloor
Officeaccommodationis
oftenprovidedwithina
portalframestructureusing
apartialwidthmezzanine
floor.
Theassessmentofframe
stabilitymustincludethe
effectofthemezzanine
guidanceisgiveninSCI
P292.
Portalframewithinternal
mezzaninefloor
WatersMeetingHealthCentre,
Bolton
(ImagecourtesyBDStructuresLtd.
andKloecknerWestok)
Craneportalframewith
columnbrackets
Whereatravellingcraneof
relativelylowcapacity(up
tosay20tonnes)is
required,bracketscanbe
fixedtothecolumnsto
supportthecranerails.Use
ofatiememberorrigid
columnbasesmaybe
necessarytoreducethe
eavesdeflection.
Thespreadoftheframeat
craneraillevelmaybeof
criticalimportancetothe
functioningofthecrane
requirementsshouldbe
agreedwiththeclientand
withthecrane
manufacturer.
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Tiedportalframe
Inatiedportalframethe
horizontalmovementofthe
eavesandthebending
momentsinthecolumns
andraftersarereduced.A
tiemaybeusefultolimit
spreadinacrane
supportingstructure.
Thehighaxialforces
introducedintheframe
whenatieisused
necessitatetheuseof
secondordersoftware
whenanalysingthisformof
frame.
Monopitchportalframe
Amonopitchportalframe
isusuallychosenforsmall
spansorbecauseofits
proximitytootherbuildings.
Itisasimplevariationof
thepitchedroofportal
frame,andtendstobe
usedforsmallerbuildings
(upto15mspan).
Proppedportalframe
Wherethespanofaportal
frameislargeandthereis
norequirementtoprovidea
clearspan,apropped
portalframecanbeusedto
reducetheraftersizeand
alsothehorizontalshearat
Proppedportalframe
thefoundations.
RebottlingPlant,Hemswell
(ImagecourtesyofMetsecplc)
Mansardportalframe
Amansardportalframe
maybeusedwherealarge
clearheightatmidspanis
requiredbuttheeaves
heightofthebuildinghasto
beminimised.
Curvedrafter
portalframe
Portalframesmaybe
constructedusingcurved
rafters,mainlyfor
architecturalreasons.
Becauseoftransport
limitationsrafterslonger
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than20mmayrequire
splices,whichshouldbe
carefullydetailedfor
architecturalreasons.
Thecurvedmemberis
oftenmodelledforanalysis
asaseriesofstraight
elements.Guidanceonthe
stabilityofcurvedraftersin
portalframesisgivenin
SCIP281.
Alternatively,theraftercan
befabricatedasaseriesof
straightelements.Itwillbe
necessarytoprovidepurlin
cleatsofvaryingheightto
achievethecurvedexternal
profile.
Cellularbeam
portalframe
Raftersmaybefabricated
fromcellularbeamsfor
aestheticreasonsorwhen
providinglongspans.
Wheretransportlimitations
imposerequirementfor
splices,theyshouldbe
carefullydetailed,to
preservethearchitectural
features.
Thesectionsusedcannot
developplastichingesata
crosssection,soonly
elasticdesignisused.
Cellularbeamportalframe
Hayesgardencentre
(ImagecourtesyofKloeckner
Westok)
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Designconsiderations
Inthedesignandconstructionofanystructure,alargenumberofinterrelateddesignrequirementsshouldbe
consideredateachstageinthedesignprocess.Thefollowingdiscussionofthedesignprocessandits
constituentpartsisintendedtogivethedesigneranunderstandingoftheinterrelationshipofthevarious
elementsofthestructurewithitsfinalconstruction,sothatthedecisionsrequiredateachstagecanbemade
withanunderstandingoftheirimplications.
Choiceofmaterialandsection
SteelsectionsusedinportalframestructuresareusuallyspecifiedingradeS275orS355steel.
Inplasticallydesignedportalframes,Class1plasticsectionsmustbeusedathingepositionsthatrotate,Class
2compactsectionscanbeusedelsewhere.
Framedimensions
Acriticaldecisionattheconceptual
designstageistheoverallheight
andwidthoftheframe,togive
adequateclearinternaldimensions
andadequateclearanceforthe
internalfunctionsofthebuilding.
Clearspanandheight
Theclearspanandheightrequired
bytheclientarekeytodetermining
thedimensionstobeusedinthe
design,andshouldbeestablished
earlyinthedesignprocess.The
clientrequirementislikelytobethe
cleardistancebetweentheflanges
ofthetwocolumnsthespanwill
thereforebelarger,bythesection
depth.Anyrequirementfor
brickworkorblockworkaroundthe
columnsshouldbeestablishedas
thismayaffectthedesignspan.
Dimensionsusedforanalysisandclearinternaldimensions
Whereaclearinternalheightis
specified,thiswillusuallybemeasuredfromthefinishedfloorleveltotheundersideofthehaunchor
suspendedceilingifpresent.
Mainframe
Themain(portal)framesaregenerallyfabricatedfromUBsectionswithasubstantialeaveshaunchsection,
whichmaybecutfromarolledsectionorfabricatedfromplate.Atypicalframeischaracterisedby:
Aspanbetween15and50m
Anclearheight(fromthetopofthefloortotheundersideofthehaunch)between5and12m
Aroofpitchbetween5and10(6iscommonlyadopted)
Aframespacingbetween6and8m
Haunchesintheraftersattheeavesandapex
Astiffnessratiobetweenthecolumnandraftersectionofapproximately1.5
Lightgaugepurlinsandsiderails
Lightgaugediagonaltiesfromsomepurlinsandsiderailstorestraintheinsideflangeoftheframeat
certainlocations.
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Haunchdimensions
Theuseofahaunchattheeavesreducestherequireddepthofrafter
byincreasingthemomentresistanceofthememberwheretheapplied
momentsarehighest.Thehaunchalsoaddsstiffnesstotheframe,
reducingdeflections,andfacilitatesanefficientboltedmoment
connection.
Theeaveshaunchistypicallycutfromthesamesizerolledsectionas
therafter,oroneslightlylarger,andisweldedtotheundersideofthe
rafter.Thelengthoftheeaveshaunchisgenerally10%oftheframe
span.Thehaunchlengthgenerallymeansthatthehoggingmomentat
theendofthehaunchisapproximatelyequaltothelargestsagging
momentclosetotheapex.Thedepthfromtherafteraxistothe
undersideofthehaunchisapproximately2%ofthespan.
Typicalhaunchwithrestraints
Theapexhaunchmaybecutfromarolledsectionoftenfromthe
samesizeastherafter,orfabricatedfromplate.Theapexhaunchis
notusuallymodelledintheframeanalysisandisonlyusedtofacilitateaboltedconnection.
Positionsofrestraints
Duringinitialdesigntherafter
membersarenormallyselected
accordingtotheircrosssectional
resistancetobendingmomentand
axialforce.Inlaterdesignstages
stabilityagainstbucklingneedsto
beverifiedandrestraintspositioned
judiciously.
Thebucklingresistanceislikelyto
bemoresignificantintheselection
ofacolumnsize,asthereisusually
lessfreedomtopositionrailstosuit
thedesignrequirementsrail
positionmaybedictatedbydoorsor
windowsintheelevation.
Generalarrangementofrestraintstotheinsideflange
Ifintroducingintermediatelateralrestraintstothecolumnisnotpossible,thebucklingresistancewilldetermine
theinitialsectionsizeselection.Itisthereforeessentialtorecogniseatthisearlystageifthesiderailsmaybe
usedtoproviderestrainttothecolumns.Onlycontinuoussiderailsareeffectiveinprovidingrestraint.Siderails
interruptedby(forexample)rollershutterdoors,cannotbereliedonasprovidingadequaterestraint.
Wherethecompressionflangeoftherafterorcolumnisnotrestrainedbypurlinsandsiderails,restraintcanbe
providedatspecifiedlocationsbycolumnandrafterstays.
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Actions
AdviceonactionscanbefoundinBSEN1991[1],andonthecombinationsofactionsinBSEN1990[2].Itis
importanttorefertotheUKNationalAnnexfortherelevantEurocodepartforthestructurestobeconstructed
intheUK.
Permanentactions
Permanentactionsaretheselfweightofthestructure,secondarysteelworkandcladding.Wherepossible,unit
weightsofmaterialsshouldbeobtainedfrommanufacturersdata.Whereinformationisnotavailable,these
maybedeterminedfromthedatainBSEN199111[3].
Serviceloads
Serviceloadswillvarygreatlydependingontheuseofthebuilding.Inportalframesheavypointloadsmay
occurfromsuspendedwalkways,airhandlingunitsetc.Itisnecessarytoconsidercarefullywhereadditional
provisionisneeded,asparticularitemsofplantmustbetreatedindividually.
Dependingontheuseofthebuildingandwhethersprinklersarerequired,itisnormaltoassumeaservice
loadingof0.10.25kN/m2onplanoverthewholeroofarea.
Variableactions
Imposedroofloads
Imposedloadsonroofs
ImposedloadsonroofsaregivenintheUKNAtoBSEN199111[4],and
Roofslope, qk(kN/m)
dependontheroofslope.Apointload,Qkisgiven,whichisusedforlocal
<30
0.6
checkingofroofmaterialsandfixings,andauniformlydistributedload,qk,tobe
30<<60 0.6[60)/30]
appliedvertically.Theloadingforroofsnotaccessibleexceptfornormal
>60
0
maintenanceandrepairisgiveninthetableontheright.
Itshouldbenotedthatimposedloadsonroofsshouldnotbecombinedwitheithersnoworwind.
Snowloads
Snowloadsmaysometimesbethedominantgravityloading.TheirvalueshouldbedeterminedfromBSEN
199113[5]anditsUKNationalAnnex[6]thedeterminationofsnowloadsisdescribedinChapter3ofthe
SteelDesignersManual.
Anydriftconditionmustbeallowedfornotonlyinthedesignoftheframeitself,butalsointhedesignofthe
purlinsthatsupporttheroofcladding.Theintensityofloadingatthepositionofmaximumdriftoftenexceeds
thebasicminimumuniformsnowload.Thecalculationofdriftloadingandassociatedpurlindesignhasbeen
madeeasierbythemajorpurlinmanufacturers,mostofwhomofferfreesoftwaretofacilitaterapiddesign.
Windactions
WindactionsintheUKshouldbedeterminedusingBSEN199114[7]anditsUKNationalAnnex[8].This
Eurocodegivesmuchscopefornationaladjustmentandthereforeitsannexisasubstantialdocument.
Windactionsareinherentlycomplexandlikelytoinfluencethefinaldesignofmostbuildings.Thedesigner
needstomakeacarefulchoicebetweenafullyrigorous,complexassessmentofwindactionsandtheuseof
simplificationswhicheasethedesignprocessbutmaketheloadsmoreconservative.Freesoftwarefor
establishingwindpressuresisavailablefrompurlinmanufacturers.
FormoreadvicerefertoChapter3oftheSteelDesignersManualandSCIP394.
Windloadingcalculator
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Craneactions
Themostcommonformofcraneageisthe
overheadtyperunningonbeamssupportedbythe
columns.Thebeamsarecarriedoncantilever
bracketsor,inheaviercases,byprovidingdual
columns.
Inadditiontotheselfweightofthecranesand
theirloads,theeffectsofaccelerationand
decelerationhavetobeconsidered.Forsimple
cranes,thisisbyaquasistaticapproachwith
amplifiedloads
Forheavy,highspeedormultiplecranesthe
allowancesshouldbespeciallycalculatedwith
referencetothemanufacturer.
Gantrygirderscarryinganoverheadtravellingcrane
Accidentalactions
Thecommondesignsituationswhicharetreatedasaccidentaldesignsituationsare:
Driftedsnow,determinedusingAnnexBofBSEN199113[5]
TheopeningofadominantopeningwhichwasassumedtobeshutatULS
Eachprojectshouldbeindividuallyassessedwhetheranyotheraccidentalactionsarelikelytoactonthe
structure.
Robustness
Robustnessrequirementsaredesignedtoensurethatanystructuralcollapseisnotdisproportionatetothe
cause.BSEN1990[2]setstherequirementtodesignandconstructrobustbuildingsinordertoavoid
disproportionatecollapseunderaccidentaldesignsituations.BSEN199117[9]givesdetailsofhowthis
requirementshouldbemet.
Formanyportalframestructuresnospecialprovisionsareneededtosatisfyrobustnessrequirementssetby
theEurocode.
FormoreinformationonrobustnessrefertoSCIP391.
Fire
IntheUnitedKingdom,structuralsteelinsingle
storeybuildingsdoesnotnormallyrequirefire
resistance.Themostcommonsituationinwhichit
isrequiredtofireprotectthestructuralsteelworkis
wherepreventionoffirespreadtoadjacent
buildings,aboundarycondition,isrequired.There
areasmallnumberofother,rare,instances,for
examplewhendemandedbyaninsurance
provider,wherestructuralfireprotectionmaybe
required.
Whenaportalframeisclosetotheboundary,
thereareseveralrequirementsaimedatstopping
firespreadbykeepingtheboundaryintact:
Collapsemechanismofaportalwithaleantounderfire,
boundaryconditionongridlines2and3.
Theuseoffireresistantcladding
Applicationoffireprotectionofthesteeluptotheundersideofthehaunch
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Theprovisionofamomentresistingbase(asitisassumedthatinthefireconditionraftersgointo
catenary)
ComprehensiveadviceisavailableinSCIP313.
Combinationsofactions
BSEN1990[2]givesrulesforestablishingcombinationsofactions,withthevaluesofrelevantfactorsgivenin
theUKNationalAnnex[10].BSEN1990[2]coversbothultimatelimitstate(ULS)andserviceabilitylimitstate
(SLS),althoughfortheSLS,onwardreferenceismadetothematerialcodes(forexampleBSEN199311[11]
forsteelwork)toidentifywhichexpressionshouldbeusedandwhatSLSlimitsshouldbeobserved.
Allcombinationsofactionsthatcanoccurtogethershouldbeconsidered,howeverifcertainactionscannotbe
appliedsimultaneously,theyshouldnotbecombined.
GuidanceontheapplicationofEurocoderulesoncombinationsofactionscanbefoundinSCIP362and,
specificallyforportalframes,inSCIP399.
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FrameanalysisatULS
Attheultimatelimitstate(ULS),themethodsofframeanalysisfallbroadlyintotwotypes:elasticanalysisand
plasticanalysis.
Plasticanalysis
Thetermplasticanalysisisusedtocoverboth
rigidplasticandelasticplasticanalysis.Plastic
analysiscommonlyresultsinamoreeconomical
framebecauseitallowsrelativelylarge
redistributionofbendingmomentsthroughoutthe
frame,duetoplastichingerotations.Theseplastic
hingerotationsoccuratsectionswherethe
bendingmomentreachestheplasticmomentor
resistanceofthecrosssectionatloadsbelowthe
fullULSloading.
Therotationsarenormallyconsideredtobe
localisedatplastichingesandallowthecapacity
ofunderutilisedpartsoftheframetobe
mobilised.Forthisreasonmemberswhereplastic
hingesmayoccurneedtobeClass1sections,
whicharecapableofaccommodatingrotations.
Bendingmomentdiagramresultingfromtheplasticanalysis
ofasymmetricalportalframeundersymmetricalloading
Thefigureshowstypicalpositionswhereplastichingesforminaportalframe.Twohingesleadtoacollapse,
butintheillustratedexample,duetosymmetry,designersneedtoconsiderallpossiblehingelocations.
Elasticanalysis
Atypicalbendingmomentdiagramresultingfromanelasticanalysisofaframewithpinnedbasesisshownthe
figurebelow.Inthiscase,themaximummoment(attheeaves)ishigherthanthatcalculatedfromaplastic
analysis.Boththecolumnandhaunchhavetobedesignedfortheselargebendingmoments.
Wheredeflections(SLS)governdesign,theremaybenoadvantageinusingplasticanalysisfortheULS.If
stiffersectionsareselectedinordertocontroldeflections,itisquitepossiblethatnoplastichingesformandthe
frameremainselasticatULS.
Bendingmomentdiagramresultingfromtheelastic
analysisofasymmetricalportalframeunder
symmetricalloading
Portalframeanalysissoftware
(FastrakmodelcourtesyofTrimble)
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Inplaneframestability
Whenanyframeisloaded,itdeflectsanditsshapeunderloadisdifferentfromtheundeformedshape.The
deflectionhasanumberofeffects:
Theverticalloadsareeccentrictothebases,whichleadstofurtherdeflection
Theapexdrops,reducingthearchingaction
AppliedmomentscurvemembersAxialcompressionincurvedmemberscausesincreasedcurvature
(whichmaybeperceivedasareducedstiffness.)
Takentogether,theseeffectsmeanthataframeislessstable(nearercollapse)thanafirstorderanalysis
suggests.Theobjectiveofassessingframestabilityistodetermineifthedifferenceissignificant.
Secondordereffects
Thegeometricaleffectsdescribedaboveare
secondordereffectsandshouldnotbeconfused
withnonlinearbehaviourofmaterials.Asshownin
thefiguretherearetwocategoriesofsecondorder
effects:
Effectsofdisplacementsoftheintersections
ofmembers,usuallycalledPeffects.BS
EN199311[11]describesthisastheeffect
ofdeformedgeometry.
Effectsofdeflectionswithinthelengthof
members,usuallycalledPeffects.
Secondorderanalysisisthetermusedto
describeanalysismethodsinwhichtheeffectsof
increasingdeflectionunderincreasingloadis
consideredexplicitlyinthesolution,sothatthe
resultsincludethePandPeffects.
PandPeffectsinaportalframe
Firstorderandsecondorderanalysis
Foreitherplasticanalysisofframes,orelasticanalysisofframes,thechoiceoffirstorderanalysisorsecond
orderanalysisdependsontheinplaneflexibilityoftheframe,characterisedbythecalculationofthecrfactor.
Calculationofcr
Theeffectsofthedeformedgeometry(Peffects)areassessedinBSEN199311[11]bycalculatingthe
factorcr,definedas:
where:
Fcristheelasticcriticalbucklingloadforglobalinstabilitymode,basedoninitialelasticstiffnesses
FEdisthedesignloadonthestructure.
crmaybefoundusingsoftwareorusinganapproximation(expression5.2fromBSEN199311[11])aslong
astheframemeetscertaingeometriclimitsandtheaxialforceintherafterisnotsignificant.Rulesaregivenin
theEurocodetoidentifywhentheaxialforceissignificant.Whentheframefallsoutsidethespecifiedlimits,as
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isthecaseforverymanyorthodoxframes,thesimplifiedexpressioncannotbeused.Inthesecircumstances,
analternativeexpressionmaybeusedtocalculateanapproximatevalueofcr,referredtoascr,est.Further
detailsaregiveninSCIP399.
Sensitivitytoeffectsofthedeformedgeometry
ThelimitationstotheuseoffirstorderanalysisaredefinedinBSEN199311[11],Section5.2.1(3)andthe
UKNationalAnnex[12]SectionNA.2.9as:
Forelasticanalysis:cr10
Forplasticanalysis:
cr5forcombinationswithgravityloadingwithframeimperfections,
providedthat:
a)thespan,L,doesnotexceed5timesthemeanheightofthecolumns
b)hrsatisfiesthecriterion:(hr/sa)2+(hr/sb)20.5inwhichsaandsbarethehorizontaldistancesfromthe
apextothecolumns.Forasymmetricalframethisexpressionsimplifiestohr0.25L.
cr10forcombinationswithgravityloadingwithframeimperfectionsforcladstructuresprovidedthat
thestiffeningeffectsofmasonryinfillwallpanelsordiaphragmsofprofiledsteelsheetingarenottaken
intoaccount
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Design
Oncetheanalysishasbeencompleted,allowingforsecondordereffectsifnecessary,theframemembers
mustbeverified.
Boththecrosssectionalresistanceandthebucklingresistanceofthemembersmustbeverified.Inplane
bucklingofmembers(usingexpression6.61ofBSEN199311[11])neednotbeverifiedastheglobalanalysis
isconsideredtoaccountforallsignificantinplaneeffects.SCIP399identifiesthelikelycriticalzonesfor
memberverification.SCIP397containsnumericalexamplesofmemberverifications.
Crosssectionresistance
Memberbending,axialandshearresistancesmustbeverified.Iftheshearoraxialforceishigh,thebending
resistanceisreducedsocombinedshearforceandbendingandaxialforceandbendingresistancesneedto
beverified.Intypicalportalframesneithertheshearforcenortheaxialloadissufficientlyhightoreducethe
bendingresistance.Whentheportalframeformsthechordofthebracingsystem,theaxialloadintherafter
maybesignificant,andthiscombinationofactionsshouldbeverified.
Althoughallcrosssectionsneedtobeverified,thelikelykeypointsareatthepositionsofmaximumbending
moment:
Inthecolumnattheundersideofthehaunch
Intherafteratthesharpendofthehaunch
Intherafteratthemaximumsagginglocationadjacenttotheapex.
Memberstability
Thefigureshowsadiagrammatic
representationoftheissuesthat
needtobeaddressedwhen
consideringthestabilityofa
memberwithinaportalframe,inthis
examplearafterbetweentheeaves
andapex.Thefollowingpoints
shouldbenoted:
Purlinsprovideintermediate
lateralrestrainttooneflange.
Dependingonthebending
momentdiagramthismaybe
eitherthetensionor
compressionflange
Restraintstotheinsideflange
canbeprovidedatpurlin
positions,producinga
torsionalrestraintatthat
location.
Inplane,nomemberbuckling
checksarerequired,astheglobal
analysishasaccountedforall
significantinplaneeffects.The
analysishasaccountedforany
significantsecondordereffects,and
frameimperfectionsareusually
accountedforbyincludingthe
Diagrammaticrepresentationofaportalframerafter
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equivalenthorizontalforceintheanalysis.Theeffectsofinplanememberimperfectionsaresmallenoughto
beignored.
Becausetherearenominoraxismomentsinaportalframerafter,Expression6.62simplifiesto:
Rafterdesignandstability
Intheplaneoftheframeraftersaresubjecttohighbendingmoments,whichvaryfromamaximumhogging
momentatthejunctionwiththecolumntoaminimumsaggingmomentclosetotheapex.Compressionis
introducedintheraftersduetoactionsappliedtotheframe.Theraftersarenotsubjecttoanyminoraxis
moments.Optimumdesignofportalframeraftersisgenerallyachievedbyuseof:
AcrosssectionwithahighratioofIyytoIzzthatcomplieswiththerequirementsofClass1or2under
combinedmajoraxisbendingandaxialcompression.
Ahaunchthatextendsfromthecolumnforapproximately10%oftheframespan.Thiswillgenerally
meanthatthemaximumhoggingandsaggingmomentsintheplainrafterlengthareofsimilarmagnitude.
Outofplanestability
Purlinsattachedtothetopflangeoftherafterprovidestabilitytothememberinanumberofways:
Directlateralrestraint,whentheouterflangeisincompression
Intermediatelateralrestrainttothetensionflangebetweentorsionalrestraints,whentheouterflangeisin
tension
Torsionalandlateralrestrainttotherafterwhenthepurlinisattachedtothetensionflangeandusedin
conjunctionwithrafterstaystothecompressionflange.
Initially,theoutofplanechecksarecompletedtoensurethattherestraintsarelocatedatappropriatepositions
andspacing.
Gravitycombinationofactions
Thefigureshowsatypicalmomentdistributionforthegravitycombinationofactions,typicalpurlinandrestraint
positionsaswellasstabilityzones,whicharereferredtofurther.
Purlinsaregenerallyplacedatupto1.8mspacingbutthisspacingmayneedtobereducedinthehigh
momentregionsneartheeaves.
InZoneA,thebottomflangeofthehaunchisincompression.Thestabilitychecksarecomplicatedbythe
variationingeometryalongthehaunch.Thebottomflangeispartiallyorwhollyincompressionoverthelength
ofZoneB.InZoneC,thepurlinsprovidelateralrestrainttothetop(compression)flange.
Theselectionoftheappropriatecheckdependsonthepresenceofaplastichinge,theshapeofthebending
momentdiagramandthegeometryofthesection(threeflangesortwoflanges).Theobjectiveofthechecksis
toprovidesufficientrestraintstoensuretherafterisstableoutofplane.
GuidanceondetailsoftheoutofplanestabilityverificationcanbefoundinSCIP399.
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Typicalpurlinandrafterstayarrangementforthegravitycombinationof
actions
Theupliftcondition
Intheupliftconditionthetopflange
ofthehaunchwillbein
compressionandwillberestrained
bythepurlins.Themomentsand
axialforcesaresmallerthanthose
inthegravityloadcombination.As
thehaunchisstableinthegravity
combinationofactions,itwill
certainlybesointheuplift
condition,beingrestrainedatleast
aswell,andunderreducedloads
InZoneF,thepurlinswillnot
restrainthebottomflange,whichis
incompression.
Theraftermustbeverifiedbetween
torsionalrestraints.Atorsional
restraintwillgenerallybeprovided
adjacenttotheapex.Therafter
maybestablebetweenthispoint
andthevirtualrestraintatthepoint
ofcontraflexure,asthemoments
Typicalpurlinandrafterstayarrangementfortheupliftcondition
aregenerallymodestintheuplift
combination.Iftherafterisnot
stableoverthislength,additionaltorsionalrestraintsshouldbeintroduced,andeachlengthoftherafter
verified.
Inplanestability
Noinplanechecksofraftersarerequired,asallsignificantinplaneeffectshavebeenaccountedforinthe
globalanalysis.
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Columndesignandstability
Themostheavilyloadedregionoftherafteris
reinforcedbythehaunch.Bycontrast,thecolumn
issubjecttoasimilarbendingmomentatthe
undersideofthehaunch,butwithoutany
additionalstrengthening.
Theoptimumdesignformostcolumnsisusually
achievedbytheuseof:
AcrosssectionwithahighratioofIyytoIzz
thatcomplieswithClass1orClass2under
combinedmajoraxisbendingandaxial
compression
Aplasticsectionmodulusthatis
approximately50%greaterthanthatofthe
rafter.
Thecolumnsizewillgenerallybedeterminedat
thepreliminarydesignstageonthebasisofthe
requiredbendingandcompressionresistances.
Typicalportalframecolumnwithplastichingeatundersideof
haunch
Whethertheframeisdesignedplasticallyor
elastically,atorsionalrestraintshouldalwaysbe
providedattheundersideofthehaunch.Thismaybefromasiderailpositionedatthatlevel,orbysomeother
means.Additionaltorsionalrestraintsmayberequiredbetweentheundersideofthehaunchandthecolumn
basebecausethesiderailsareattachedtothe(outer)tensionflangeunlessrestraintsareprovidedtheinner
compressionflangeisunrestrained.Asiderailthatisnotcontinuous(forexample,interruptedbyindustrial
doors)cannotbereliedupontoprovideadequaterestraint.Thecolumnsectionmayneedtobeincreasedif
intermediaterestraintstothecompressionflangecannotbeprovided.
Thepresenceofaplastichingewilldependonloading,geometryandchoiceofcolumnandraftersections.In
asimilarwaytotherafter,outofplanestabilitymustbeverified.
Outofplanestability
Ifthereisaplastichingeattheundersideofthehaunch,thedistancetotheadjacenttorsionalrestraintmustbe
lessthanthelimitingdistanceLmasgivenbyBSEN199311[11]ClauseBB.3.1.1.
Itmaybepossibletodemonstratethatatorsionalrestraintisnotrequiredatthesiderailimmediatelyadjacent
tothehinge,butmaybeprovidedatsomegreaterdistance.Inthiscasetherewillbeintermediatelateral
restraintsbetweenthetorsionalrestraints
Ifthestabilitybetweentorsionalrestraintscannotbeverified,itmaybenecessarytointroduceadditional
torsionalrestraints.Ifitisnotpossibletoprovideadditionalintermediaterestraints,thesizeofthemembermust
beincreased.
Inallcases,alateralrestraintmustbeprovidedwithinLmofaplastichinge.
Whentheframeissubjecttouplift,thecolumnmomentwillreverse.Thebendingmomentswillgenerallybe
significantlysmallerthanthoseundergravityloadingcombinations,andthecolumnislikelytoremainelastic
Inplanestability
Noinplanechecksofcolumnsarerequired,asallsignificantinplaneeffectshavebeenaccountedforinthe
globalanalysis.
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Bracing
Bracingisrequiredtoresistlongitudinalactions
duetowindandcranes,andtoproviderestraintto
members.
Itiscommontousehollowsectionsasbracing
members.
Bracing.video
Bracinginaportalframe
(ImagecourtesyofWilliamHaleyEngineeringLtd.)
Bracingarrangementinatypicalportalframe
Verticalbracing
Commonbracingsystems
Theprimaryfunctionsofverticalbracinginthesidewallsoftheframeare:
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Totransmitthehorizontalloadstotheground.Thehorizontalforcesincludeforcesfromwindandcranes
Toprovidearigidframeworktowhichsiderailsandcladdingmaybeattachedsothattherailscaninturn
providestabilitytothecolumns
Toprovidetemporarystabilityduringerection.
Thebracingmaybelocated:
Atoneorbothendsofthebuilding
Withinthelengthofthebuilding
Ineachportionbetweenexpansionjoints(wheretheseoccur).
Wherethesidewallbracingisnotinthesamebayastheplanbracingintheroof,aneavesstrutisessentialto
transmittheforcesfromtheroofbracingintothewallbracing.Aneavesstrutisalsorequired:
Toensurethetopsofthecolumnsareadequatelyrestrainedinposition
Toassistinduringtheconstructionofthestructure
Tostabilisethetopsofthecolumnsifafireboundaryconditionexists
Portalisedbays
Whereitisdifficultorimpossibleto
bracetheframeverticallyby
conventionalbracing,itisnecessary
tointroducemomentresisting
framesintheelevationsinoneor
morebays.
Inadditiontothegeneral
serviceabilitylimitondeflectionof
h/300,wherehistheheightofthe
portalisedbayitissuggestedthat:
Thebendingresistanceofthe
Longitudinalstabilityusingportalisedbays
portalisedbay(notthemain
portalframe)ischeckedusing
anelasticframeanalysis
Deflectionundertheequivalenthorizontalforcesisrestrictedtoh/1000,wheretheequivalenthorizontal
forcesarecalculatedbasedonthewholeoftheroofarea.
Bracingtorestrainlongitudinalloadsfromcranes
Ifacraneisdirectlysupportedbytheframe,thelongitudinalsurgeforcewill
beeccentrictothecolumnandwilltendtocausethecolumntotwist,unless
additionalrestraintisprovided.Ahorizontaltrussatthelevelofthecrane
girdertopflangeor,forlightercranes,ahorizontalmemberontheinsideface
ofthecolumnflangetiedintotheverticalbracingmaybeadequatetoprovide
thenecessaryrestraint.
Forlargehorizontalforces,additionalbracingshouldbeprovidedintheplane
ofthecranegirder.
Additionalbracingintheplane
ofthecranegirder
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Planbracing
Planbracingislocatedintheplane
oftheroof.Theprimaryfunctionsof
theplanbracingare:
Totransmitwindforcesfrom
thegablepoststothevertical
bracinginthewalls
Totransmitanyfrictionaldrag
forcesfromwindontheroofto
theverticalbracing
Toprovidestabilityduring
erection
Toprovideastiffanchoragefor
thepurlinswhichareusedto
restraintherafters.
Inordertotransmitthewindforces
efficiently,theplanbracingshould
connecttothetopofthegable
posts.
Planviewshowingbothendbaysbraced
Restrainttoinnerflanges
Restrainttotheinnerflangesofraftersorcolumnsisoftenmostconvenientlyformedbydiagonalstrutsfrom
thepurlinsorsheetingrailstosmallplatesweldedtotheinnerflangeandweb.Pressedsteelflattiesare
commonlyused.Whererestraintisonlypossiblefromoneside,therestraintmustbeabletocarry
compression.Intheselocationsanglesectionsofminimumsize4040mmmustbeused.Thestayandits
connectionsshouldbedesignedtoresistaforceequalto2.5%ofthemaximumforceinthecolumnorrafter
compressionflangebetweenadjacentrestraints.
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Connections
Themajorconnectionsinaportalframearetheeavesandapexconnections,whicharebothmomentresisting.
Theeavesconnectioninparticularmustgenerallycarryaverylargebendingmoment.Boththeeavesand
apexconnectionsarelikelytoexperiencereversalincertaincombinationsofactionsandthiscanbean
importantdesigncase.Foreconomy,connectionsshouldbearrangedtominimiseanyrequirementfor
additionalreinforcement(commonlycalledstiffeners).Thisisgenerallyachievedby:
Makingthehaunchdeeper(increasingtheleverarms)
Extendingtheeavesconnectionabovethetopflangeoftherafter(anadditionalboltrow)
Addingboltrows
Selectingastrongercolumnsection.
ThedesignofmomentresistingconnectionsiscoveredindetailinSCIP398.
Typicalportalframeconnections
Eavesconnection
Apexconnection
Haunched_connections...
Haunchedconnections
Columnbases
Inthemajorityofcases,anominallypinnedbaseisprovided,becauseofthedifficultyandexpenseofproviding
arigidbase.Arigidbasewillinvolveamoreexpensivebasedetail,butmoresignificantly,thefoundationmust
alsoresistthemoment,whichincreasescostssignificantlycomparedtoanominallypinnedbase.
Ifacolumnbaseisnominallypinned,itisrecommendedthatthebasebemodelledasperfectlypinnedwhen
usingelasticglobalanalysistocalculatethemomentsandforcesintheframeunderULSloading.
Thestiffnessofthebasemaybeassumedtobeequaltothefollowingproportionofthecolumnstiffness:
10%whenassessingframestability
20%whencalculatingdeflectionsunderserviceabilityloads.
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Typicalnominallypinnedbase
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References
1.^BSEN1991,Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures,BSI
2.^2.02.12.22.3BSEN1990:2002+A1:2005,EurocodeBasisofstructuraldesign,BSI
3.^BSEN199111:2002Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures.Generalactions.Densities,selfweight,
imposedloadsforbuildings,BSI
4.^NAtoBSEN199111:2002,UKNationalAnnextoEurocode1.Actionsonstructures.General
actions.Densities,selfweight,imposedloadsforbuildings,BSI
5.^5.05.1BSEN199113:2003+A1:2015Eurocode1.Actionsonstructures.Generalactions.Snowloads,
BSI
6.^NAtoBSEN199113:2003+A1:2015,UKNationalAnnextoEurocode1.Actionsonstructures.
Generalactions.Snowloads,BSI
7.^BSEN199114:2005+A1:2010Eurocode1.Actionsonstructures.Generalactions.Windactions,
BSI
8.^NAtoBSEN199114:2005+A1:2010UKNationalAnnextoEurocode1.Actionsonstructures.
Generalactions.Windactions,BSI
9.^BSEN199117:2006Eurocode1.Actionsonstructures.Generalactions.Accidentalactions,BSI
10.^NAtoBSEN1990:2002+A1:2005UKNationalAnnexforEurocode.Basisofstructuraldesign,BSI
11.^11.011.111.211.311.411.511.6BSEN199311:2005+A1:2014,Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures.
Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings,BSI
12.^NAtoBSEN199311:2005+A1:2014,UKNationalAnnextoEurocode3:Designofsteelstructures
Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings,BSI
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Furtherreading
SteelDesigners'Manual7thEdition.(http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd
1405189401.html)EditorsBDavison&GWOwens.TheSteelConstructionInstitute2012,Chapters3
and4
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Resources
SCIP292InplaneStabilityofPortalFramestoBS59501:2000,2001
SCIP281DesignofCurvedSteel,2001
SCIP313SingleStoreySteelFramedBuildingsinFireBoundaryConditions,2002
SCIP362SteelBuildingDesign:ConciseEurocodes,2009
SCIP391StructuralRobustnessofSteelFramedBuildings,SCI,2001
SCIP394WindActionstoBSEN199114,SCI,2013
SCIP397ElasticDesignofSinglespanSteelPortalFrameBuildingstoEurocode3,2013
SCIP398JointsinSteelConstruction:MomentresistingJointstoEurocode3,2013
SCIP399DesignofsteelportalframebuildingstoEurocode3,2015
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Seealso
Thermalperformance
Introductiontoacoustics
Steelworkspecification
Steelconstructionproducts
Designcodesandstandards
Memberdesign
Conceptdesign
Fabrication
Bracedframes
Allowingfortheeffectsofdeformedframegeometry
Modellingandanalysis
Structuralrobustness
Structuralfireresistancerequirements
Singlestoreybuildingsinfireboundaryconditions
Momentresistingconnections
Continuousframes
Singlestoreyindustrialbuildings
Retailbuildings
Buildingenvelopes
Designsoftwareandtools
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Externallinks
Trimble(http://www.tekla.com/uk)
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CPD
Analysisanddesignofportalframes
Retrievedfrom"http://www.steelconstruction.info/Portal_frames"
Category:Design
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