YUKI ASAI

Staff of General Affairs Section, Bureau of

Sewerage, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

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History of sewerage
Roles of sewerage
System of sewerages in Tokyo
Present condition of the
preparation of sewerages

1603 Beginning of Tokyo

1603 Edo became the

central city of Japan.
Sumida River served as a
lifeline for unloading
cargoes from all around the
nation in Edo.

RYOGOKU-FIREWORKS
(UKIYO-E)

Edo culture such as

funaasobi (boating)
and hanabi (fireworks)
flourished.

1867 Birth of the Meiji government

Dispatch of missions to developed countries in the West.

A sewerage system is a necessary facility for a

modern city.
Outbreak of cholera
Hundred of thousands of people were dead in a year.

Measures for controlling the epidemic were

urgently required.
Meiji government decided to prepare sewerages.

THE DEATH TOLL FROM THE CHOLERA

1884 Construction of the

Kanda sewerage

1922 Mikawashima sewage

treatment plant

1922 Mikawashima sewage treatment

system (Mikawashima treatment plant)

Mikawashima
sewage treatment plant today

Sewage treatment plant in the prewar period

High economic growth

and water contamination
The population of Tokyo decreased
to 3.2 million after the war.
1954 7,350,000 people (the level of the prewar period)
1962 10,000,000 people

Rapid urbanization

1964
TOKYO OLYMPIC GAMES

Contamination of rivers in the 60s

Fishermen's demonstration action

1961 Fireworks and intercollegiate boat

race were cancelled.

Dissemination of sewerages
and restoration of clear streams
1970 Revision of the Sewerage Law
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government prescribed
the
establishment of sewerages as a top
priority measure.
The rate of dissemination in the 50s About 10%
The rate of dissemination exceeded 50% in the 70s.

1994

Fishes returned to the rivers in

the central part of Tokyo.

Dissemination of sewerage and

improvement to water quality

1978 Fireworks and intercollegiate boat

race were resumed.

They color the night sky

beautifully

Outbreak of cholera

Increase in flood damage

Increasing interest in
living environments
Aggravation of the
water quality of rivers
Arrival of the age of energy
saving and recycling
Heightening of interest in
environments having more
latitude

Public health
Countermeasures against floods

Adoption of flush toilets

Conservation of water quality

Effective use of resources

Creation of water cycles
and water environments

2 Roles of sewerage
Improvement of living environments
(discharge of sewage)
Countermeasures against floods
Conservation of water quality
Effective use of sewerage resources
and facilities
Creation of water cycles and water
environments

Improvement of living environments

(discharge of sewage)

Role of sewerage (2)

Adoption of flush toilets

Role of sewerage (3)

Countermeasures against
floods

Causes of floods
Rapid
urbanization

Decreasing
green areas
and open
spaces

Decrease in the
rate of infiltration
of storm water

Occurrences
of floods

Surface runoff increases and underground infiltration

decreases.
1954
Evaporation 32%

Change in the
runoff of storm
water

1954

1,873 Rainfall

Artificial
runoff 146

Home, office and factory

(in t)

Ground surface

Surface runoff
14%

Infiltration
54%

Wet weather
runoff 266

River flow
rate 1,406
Ground water
runoff 993

Groundwater

Base runoff 993

Evaporation 22%
1,870 Rainfall

1993

Home, office and factory

Artificial
runoff 77

(in t)

Ground surface

1993

Infiltration
28%
Groundwater

Surface runoff Wet

weather
runoff 918
48%
River flow
rate 1,448
Ground water runoff 453
Base runoff 453

Flooding into a subway (Fukuoka City)

Source: Fukuoka City

Role of sewerage (4)

Conservation of water quality

Averse effects of water contamination

At a source of tap water

Stoppage of taking in of water and
occurrence of an offensive odor

In agricultural water

Damage to crops

In fisheries

Occurrence of red tides

At a beach

Increase of coliform bacillus

Role of sewerage (5)

Effective use of sewerage resources and facilities

Recycled water (treated water)

Water resources of cities
Sludge Fertilizers, construction materials
Digestion gas Power generation fuel
Heat Air conditioning
Use of facilities
Use of a part above a treatment plant (park
and
others), pipes (spaces for storing optical
fibers)

Cleaning water for toilets

Cleaning water for electric rail cars

UCHIMIZU for the Intense heat

Use of sludge
Recycling of sludge

Burnt and hardened

sludge (super ash)

Sewer pipes made of

sludge

Recycling of sludge
Asphalt
Private
asphalt
factory

Aggregate

Burning and
hardening sludge

Stone dust
(filler)

Asphalt pavement
Asphalt mixture containing incinerated ash

Use of digestion gas

Power generation using digestion gas produced
from sewerage sludge (methane gas)
1. Effective use of energy
2. Economization of electric charges

Digestive gas
tank

Use of a part above a sewage treatment plant

Soccer field

Baseball park

Use of a part above a sewer treatment plant

Sludgelite, eggs and chicken

Morigasaki Wastewater
Treatement Center

The roof covered with sand

Whole view of the rooftop of the Morigasaki Wastewater Treatment Center

Use of sewage pipes

(Laying of optical fibers)

Robot

Laying of
optical fibers
by using a
robot

Optical
fiber cable
Optical
fiber cable
laid in a pipe

Role of sewerage (6)

Creation of water cycles
The role of
conserving and
creating a
healthy water
cycle, a good
water cycle


Ratio of recycled water to water of rivers
Shin Kashi-river
Shimo-bashi

Kenagawa-river

Shin Kashi-river
Arakawa-river
Shakuji-river

Sumida-river
Kanda-river

Sumida-river

Furukawa-river

Nogawa-river

Kanda-river
Yanagi-bridge

Meguro-river
Tachiai-river
Uchi-river

Tama-river

*The numerals in the graphs are ratios of sewage (1995) Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Nakagawa-river

Arakawa-river

Sumidagawa
Ryogoku
bridge

Restoration of clear streams

Dry river

Restoration of
clear streams

 System of sewerages in Tokyo

Two discharge methods

1

Combined sewer system

Separate sewer system

Two discharge methods

Combined sewer
system
Sanitary sewage +
storm water
Sewerages in the center of Tokyo 82%

Separate sewer
system

Sanitary sewage Storm water

wastewater
House inlet

Drainage branch pipe

Separate sewer system

wastewater
Public inlet
Public sewerage
sanitary sewer

Public sewerage
storm water sewer
House inlet

Rain
Drainage main

House inlet

Drainage
branch pipe

Private storm water

Public storm
sewer

Rain

 Separate sewer system

Since sewage and storm water use
separate pipes, there is no sanitary
sewage runoff.
The necessity for two pipes makes the
construction of the system difficult in
urban areas.

System of sewerage
Combined sewer system
Rain
Washroom
Washroom

Toilet
Toilet

Kitchen
Kitchen

Drain pipe
House inlet
L side ditch

Public inlet

Sewerage pipe

Leading to a
sewage treatment
plant

System of sewerages in Tokyo

Combined sewer system
Since a single pipe suffices for a sewer
system, the construction is simple.
Discharge of sewage in a wet weather
aggravates the water quality.

Discharge in a wet weather

(combined sewer system)

Oil ball (oil mass)

The condition of deposited refuse

on riverbeds after a rainfall

Improvement of sewerages
Problems with the
combined sewer system
The combined sewer system adopted in the
early days of the preparation of sewerages
collect household sewage and storm water by a
single sewer for treatment. On a stormy day,
sewage the sewer fails to handle is directly
discharged into rivers and the sea.

Shift to a
separate sewer
system

Storm water sewer

A shift is being made to the

separate sewer system that
collects sewage and storm water
by separate pipes and removed.

Manhole

Household wastewater
Sewage treatment plant

Storm water sewer

Sanitary sewer

Combined sewer
Sewage
treatment plant

Intercepting
sewer
Storm outfall chamber

Combined sewer
Sewage
treatment plant

Prepared by the Ministry of

Land, Infrastructure and
Transport

Improvement of the
combined sewer system
A storm water reservoir to reserve sewage due
to an early rainfall is to be prepared.

Improvement of storm
water discharge chamber

Installation of storm
water reservoir
Strengthening of
intercepting sewer

Intercepting
sewer

1 Public sewerage
2 River basin sewerage

3 Municipal sewerage

Kinds of sewerage
Public sewerage

Wastewater
treatment plant

Kinds of sewerage
River basin sewerage
Urbanization control area

Urbanization control area

Urbanization promotion area

Environmental
protection

Specific environment
protection sewerage
connected to a regional
sewerage system

Wastewater
treatment plant

Combined household
treatment tank

Public sewerage

Community plant

Specific environment
protection sewerage
connected to a regional
sewerage system

Agricultural promotion area

River basin sewerage
Urbanization
promotion area

Rural community sewerage

River basin related public

sewerage

River basin related public

sewerage

River

Kinds of sewerage
Municipal sewerage

 Present condition of the

preparation of sewerages

Condition of the preparation of

sewerages in Japan
Condition of the preparation of
sewerages in the center of Tokyo

Condition of the preparation

of sewerages in Japan

Hokkaido

Over 73.7%
Under 73.7%
Aomori

Akita
Iwate

Yamagata
Miyagi

Okinawa

Niigata
Ishikawa

Toyama

Tochigi
Gunma

Ibaraki
Saitama
Yamanashi
Kanagawa
Chiba

Nagano
Fukui
Tottori

Shimane
Hiroshima
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
Oita
Ehime
Miyazaki
Kagoshima

Shiga

Nara
Tokushima
Wakayama
Kagawa
Kochi

Saga
Nagasaki
Kumamoto

Kyoto
Okayama Hyogo
Osaka

Gifu

Mie

Fukushima

Aichi Shizuoka

Tokyo

Data on sewerages in the 23 wards of

Tokyo

Projected sewered area

57,839ha
Sewered population
8,690,000
Sewered rate
100%
Sewered total extension
15,830km
Wastewater treatment plant
1
Pumping station
Volume of wastewater treatment
4,635,019(per day)
Volume of sludge treatment 189,266per day)
Weight of sludge incineration
2,398t(per day)

Terima kasih

Thank you