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Higher
Mathematics
Integration
Contents
Integration
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Indefinite Integrals
Preparing to Integrate
Differential Equations
Definite Integrals
Geometric Interpretation of Integration
Areas between Curves
Integrating along the y-axis
Integrating sinx and cosx
A Special Integral
Integrating sin(ax + b) and cos(ax + b)
1
RC
RC
A
RC
A
A
RC
RC
RC
RC
CfE Edition
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1
4
5
7
8
13
18
19
20
23
Higher Mathematics
Integration
Integration
1
Indefinite Integrals
RC
n
dx
x =
Stated simply: raise the power (n) by one (giving n + 1 ), divide by the new
power ( n + 1 ), and add the constant of integration (c ) .
EXAMPLES
1. Find x 2 dx .
x3
+ c = 13 x 3 + c .
3
2
x dx =
2. Find x 3 dx .
1
x 2
dx = + c = 2 + c .
2
2x
5
3. Find x 4 dx .
5
4
x dx =
x4
9
4 x 4 + c.
+
c
=
9
9
for integration.
hsn.uk.net
Page 1
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
differentiate
x2
integrate
n 1, a is a constant.
Stated simply: raise the power (n) by one (giving n + 1 ), divide by the new
power ( n + 1 ), and add on c.
EXAMPLES
4. Find 6 x 3 dx .
6x 4
dx
+c
6x =
4
= 32 x 4 + c .
3
5. Find 4 x
32
dx .
1
4x 2
x
dx
4
=
+c
12
32
=
8 x 2 + c
8
=
+ c.
x
Note
It can be easy to confuse integration and differentiation, so remember:
dx
x=
hsn.uk.net
1 x2 + c
2
k dx=
Page 2
kx + c .
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
Other variables
Just as with differentiation, we can integrate with respect to any variable.
EXAMPLES
6. Find 2 p 5 dp .
2 p 4
+c
dp
2 p =
4
1
=
4 + c.
2p
Note
dp tells us to integrate
with respect to p.
7. Find
p dx .
p dx
Note
Since we are integrating
with respect to x, we
treat p as a constant.
= px + c .
( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx .
Stated simply: integrate each term separately.
EXAMPLES
1
3 x 2 2 x 2 dx .
8. Find
3x 2 x
1
2
3x 3 2 x 2
3 +c
dx =
3
2
3
4x 2
=x
+c
3
=
x 3 34 x 3 + c .
3
5
9. Find
4 x 8 + 3 x + 7 dx .
4x
58
+ 3 x + 7 dx =
3x 2
3 + 2 + 7x + c
8
4x 8
=83 4 x 8 + 23 x 2 + 7 x + c
3
8
= 32
+ 32 x 2 + 7 x + c .
x
3
hsn.uk.net
Page 3
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
Preparing to Integrate
RC
1
1
=x 2
x
3
= 3x 2
2
x
1
= 14 x 5
5
4x
5
5 x 23 .
=
2
4
43 x
EXAMPLES
dx
for x 0 .
x2
1. Find
dx
1
2 is just a short way of writing 2 dx , so:
x
x
dx 1
=
dx
2 =
x2
x
dx
x 1
=
+c
1
1
=
+ c.
x
dx
2. Find
for x > 0 .
dx 1
=
1 dx
=
x x2
12
dx
x2
1
2
+c
= 2 x + c.
7
3. Find
2p
dp where p 0 .
7
dp = 72 p 2 dp
2
2p
1
7 p +c
=
2 1
7
=
+ c.
2p
hsn.uk.net
Page 4
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
3 x 5x
4. Find
dx .
4
3 x 5x
3 x 5 5 x dx
=
dx
4
4
3x 6
5x 2
+c
46 42
3 x6 5 x2 + c
= 24
8
=
= 18 x 6 58 x 2 + c .
Differential Equations
1 x3 + c
3
differentiate
x2
integrate
y =
or
f ( x ) = f ( x ) dx .
This will result in a general solution since we can choose the value of c.
y
If we have additional information about the function (such as a point its graph
passes through), we can find the value of c and obtain a particular solution.
hsn.uk.net
Page 5
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
EXAMPLES
So y = 13 x 3 5 x + 2 .
2. The function f , defined on a suitable domain, is such that
1
f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 + 23 .
x
Given that f (1) = 4 , find a formula for f ( x ) in terms of x.
f ( x ) = f ( x ) dx
1
= x 2 + 2 + 23 dx
x
(x
+ x 2 + 23 dx
= 13 x 3 x 1 + 23 x + c
1
= 13 x 3 + 23 x + c .
x
1
So f ( x )= 13 x 3 + 32 x + 4 .
x
hsn.uk.net
Page 6
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
Definite Integrals
RC
F (b ) F ( a )
1. Find
1 5x
dx .
3
5x 3
5
x
dx
=
1
3
1
3
5 ( 3 )3 5 (1)3
=
3
3
=5 32 53
= 45 53 = 43 13 .
2. Find
0 ( x
2
+ 3 x 2 ) dx .
x 4 3x 3
0 ( x + 3 x ) dx =
4 + 3
0
2
x4
= + x3
4
0
24
04
3
= + 2 + 03
4
4
= 16
+80
4
= 4 + 8 = 12.
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Page 7
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
4
3. Find 3 dx .
1 x
4
4
4
dx = 1 4 x 3 dx
3
1 x
4 x 2
=
2 1
4
2
= 2
x 1
2
2
= 2
4 ( 1)2
2 +2=
= 16
1 78 .
2
4 x 13 x 3
0 ( 4 x ) dx =
= 8 83 0
= 5 13 .
On the graph of y= 4 x 2 :
y
y= 4 x 2
The shaded area is given by
2
0 ( 4 x ) dx .
2
2 x
In general, the area enclosed by the graph y = f ( x ) and the x-axis, between
x = a and x = b , is given by
b
a f ( x ) dx .
hsn.uk.net
Page 8
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
EXAMPLE
1. The graph of =
y x 2 4 x is shown below. Calculate the shaded area.
y
=
y x 2 4x
4 5 x
O
5
x 3 4x 2
4 ( x 4 x ) dx =
3 2
4
5
53
43
2
= 2 ( 5 )2 2 ( 4 )
3
3
64
= 125
3 50 3 + 32
= 61
3 18
= 2 13 .
1
O
43
2
= 2 ( 4 ) 13 2
3
1
= 64
3 32 3 + 2
63 30 =
=
9.
21 30 =
3
In this case, the negative indicates that the area is below the x-axis, as can be
seen from the diagram. The area is therefore 9 square units.
hsn.uk.net
Page 9
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
=
y x 2 4x
O
1
53
= 2 ( 5 )2 13 2
3
1
= 125
3 50 3 + 2
124 48 =
=
6 32 .
3
Clearly this shaded area is not 6 23 square units since we already found it to
be 11 13 square units. This problem arises because Area 1 is above the x-axis,
while Area 2 is below.
1 ( x
4
4 x ) dx
and
4 ( x
5
4 x ) dx .
We then found the total shaded area by adding the two areas together.
We must take care to do this whenever the area is split up in this way.
hsn.uk.net
Page 10
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
EXAMPLES
y =3 2 x x 2
2
O 1
2x 2 x 3
3 ( 3 2 x x ) dx = 3 x 2 3 3
1
= 3 x x 2 13 x 3
=
=
13 ( 3 )3
= 3 1 13 + 9
= 10 23
2
2
3
1 ( 3 2 x x ) dx = 3 x x 13 x 1
2
(3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 13 ( 2 ) ) (3 (1) (1)
( 6 4 83 ) (3 1 13 )
2
=
=
= 2 83 2 + 13
13 (1)3
Remember
=
2 13 . So the area is 2 13 square units. The negative sign just
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Page 11
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
5
2
So the root is x = 4
To calculate the area from x = 2 to x = 4 :
4
x 3 2x 2
2 ( x + 2 x 24 ) dx = 3 + 2 24 x 2
4
= 13 x 3 + x 2 24 x
4
2
( 13 ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) 24 ( 4 )) ( 13 ( 2 )
( 643 + 16 96 ) ( 38 + 4 48)
3
=
=
+ ( 2 )2 24 ( 2 )
= 56
3 36
=
17 13
So the area is 17 13 square units.
To calculate the area from x = 4 to x = 5 :
5
2
3
2
4 ( x + 2 x 24 ) dx = 13 x + x 24 x 4
5
=
=
24 ( 4 )
= 61
3 15
= 5 13
hsn.uk.net
Page 12
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
square units.
The area is
O
y = g (x) b
( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx square units.
a
When dealing with areas between curves, areas above and below the x-axis do
not need to be calculated separately.
However, care must be taken with more complicated curves, as these may give
rise to more than one closed area. These areas must be evaluated separately.
For example:
y
y = g (x)
c
O a
x
y = f (x)
to each area.
a ( g ( x ) f ( x ) ) dx + b ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx .
hsn.uk.net
Page 13
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
EXAMPLES
y =3 2 x 2
3
3
3
3
x3
3 ( 9 x ) dx =
9 x 3
3
3
( 3 )3
( 3 )3
= 9 (3)
9 ( 3 ) 3
3
( 27 273 ) ( 27 + 273 )
= 27 9 + 27 9
= 36.
hsn.uk.net
Page 14
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
1 O
( upper lower ) dx
= ( x 7 x + 8 x + 16 ( 4 x + 4 ) ) dx
= ( x 7 x + 4 x + 12 ) dx
1
1
2
Note
The curve is at the top
of this area.
x 4 7x 3 4x 2
=
+
+ 12 x
3
2
4
1
4
3
2 4 7 23
( 1) 7 ( 1)
2
2
=
+ 2 2 + 12 2
+ 2 ( 1) + 12 ( 1)
3
3
4
4
( 4 563 + 8 + 24 ) ( 14 73 + 2 12 )
= 99
4
= 24 34 .
So the area is 24 34 square units.
hsn.uk.net
Page 15
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
Area from x = 2 to x = 6 :
6
( upper lower ) dx
= ( 4 x 4 ( x 7 x + 8 x + 16 ) ) dx
= ( x + 7 x 4 x 12 ) dx
2
2
6
Note
The straight line is at the
top of this area.
x 4 7x 3 4x 2
=
4 + 3 2 12 x
2
4
3
2
6
2 4 7 23 4 2 2
76 46
= +
12 6 +
12 2
3
2
3
2
4
4
= ( 324 + 504 72 72 ) 4 + 56
3 8 24
= 160
3
= 53 13 .
hsn.uk.net
Page 16
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
y =2
x
O
The cross-section is part of the parabola with equation y = x 2 4 x + 5 .
2
1 ( upper lower ) dx = 1 ( 2 ( x 4 x + 5) ) dx
3
( x
3
+ 4 x 3 ) dx
3
x 3 4x 2
=
3 + 2 3x
( 3 )3
(1)3
2
+ 2 (3) 3 (3)
+ 2 (1)2 3 (1)
=
3
3
= ( 9 + 18 9 ) 13 + 2 3
= 0 + 13 2 + 3
= 34
= 1 13 .
=
Volume cross-sectional area length
= 34 2
= 83= 2 32 .
hsn.uk.net
Page 17
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
RC
For some problems, it may be easier to find a shaded area by integrating with
respect to y rather than x.
EXAMPLE
y = 16
y=4
x
9 y = x2
x
x = 9y
x = 3 y .
x =3 y
16
16
3 y dy = 3 y 2 dy
y=4
y = 16
16
3 y 2
= 3
2 4
3
16
3
= 2 y
4
3
= 2 16 2 4
= 2 64 2 8
= 112.
Since this is half of the required area, the total shaded area is 224 square units.
hsn.uk.net
Page 18
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
RC
We know the derivatives of sin x and cos x , so it follows that the integrals are:
dx
cos x=
cos x + c .
sin x dx =
sin x + c ,
(5sin x + 2cos x ) dx .
5cos x + 2sin x + c .
(5sin x + 2cos x ) dx =
1. Find
2. Find
( 4cos x + 2sin x ) dx .
0
( )
( )
= 4 1 2 1 [ 2 ]
Note
2
2
It is good practice to
= 4 2 +2
rationalise the
) (
2
2
= 2 2 +2
2
2
denominator.
2 + 2.
1 sin x dx = 1 cos x 4
2
2
0
0
=
12 cos ( 4 ) + 12 cos ( 0 )
= 1 ( 0.654 + 1)
2
hsn.uk.net
Page 19
Remember
We must use radians
when integrating of
differentiating
trigonometric functions.
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
A Special Integral
RC
n
( ax + b )
n +1
( ax + b )
=
dx
a ( n + 1)
+c ,
where a 0 and n 1 .
Stated simply: raise the power (n ) by one, divide by the new power and also
divide by the derivative of the bracket ( a ( n + 1)) , add c.
EXAMPLES
1. Find
( x + 4)
( x + 4)
dx =
dx .
( x + 4 )8
+c
8 1
8
( x + 4)
=
+ c.
8
2. Find ( 2 x + 3 )2 dx .
( 2x + 3)
dx=
( 2 x + 3 )3
+c
32
3
(2x + 3)
=
+ c.
6
1
dx where x 95 .
3
5x + 9
3. Find
1
1
=
dx
1 dx
3
5x + 9
+
x
5
9
)3
(
(5x + 9 ) 3 dx
1
=
=
(5x + 9 ) 3
2 5
3
5x + 9
10
3
+c
+c
2
3 3 5x + 9 + c .
= 10
hsn.uk.net
Page 20
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
4. Evaluate
Integration
3 x + 4 dx where x 34 .
3
3 x + 4 dx = ( 3 x + 4 ) 2 dx
0
(3x + 4 )2
= 3
2 3 0
3
2
=
2
=
2 13
2 4
9
9
= 29
( 3 x + 4 )
9
0
3
( 3 ( 3 ) + 4 ) 2
9
3
13 8
(3 (0) + 4 )
Note
Changing powers back
to roots here makes it
easier to evaluate the
two brackets.
Remember
To evaluate 43 , it is
easier to work out 4
first.
Warning
Make sure you dont confuse differentiation and integration this could lose
you a lot of marks in the exam.
Remember the following rules for differentiation and integrating expressions
n
of the form ( ax + b ) :
d ax + b )n = an ( ax + b ) n 1 ,
dx (
n
( ax + b )
=
dx
( ax + b )n+1
a ( n + 1)
+c .
hsn.uk.net
Page 21
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
5
with respect to x.
( 3 x 1)4
1
5. (a) Differentiate y =
y
(a)=
5
4
=
5 ( 3 x 1)
4
( 3 x 1)
dy
5
= 5 3 ( 4 )( 3 x 1)
dx
60
=
5.
3
x
1
)
(
60
5
dx =
+ c . So:
5
( 3 x 1)4
( 3 x 1)
1
5
5 dx = 4 + c
( 3 x 1)
( 3 x 1)
60
Note
We could also have used
the special integral to
obtain this answer.
1
5
1
=
+
dx
c
5
60 3 x 1 4
(
)
( 3 x 1)
1
=
4 + c1
12 ( 3 x 1)
6. (a) Differentiate y =
(x
1
3
1)
x2
(b) Hence, find
x3 1
(a) =
y
=
5
( x 3 1)
(x
1)
with respect to x.
dx .
5
6
dy
=
5 ( x 3 1) 3 x 2
dx
15 x 2
=
6 .
3
( x 1)
hsn.uk.net
Page 22
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
15 x 2
3
(b) From part (a) we know
x 1
15
x2
x3 1
x2
x3 1
1
dx =3
5 + c . So:
( x 1)
1
dx = 5 + c
( x 3 1)
Note
In this case, the special
integral cannot be used.
5 +c
( x 1)
1
=
1
1
dx =
15
3
RC
dx
cos ( ax + b )=
1a cos ( ax + b ) + c .
sin ( ax + b ) dx =
These are given in the exam.
EXAMPLES
1. Find sin ( 4 x + 1) dx .
14 cos ( 4 x + 1) + c .
sin ( 4 x + 1) dx =
2. Find cos 32 x + 5 dx .
) dx
cos ( 2 x + 5=
3
2
3 sin 2 x + 5 + c .
dx 12 sin ( 2 x 5 )
cos ( 2 x 5) =
0
0
= 12 sin ( 3 ) 12 sin ( 5 ) .
1 ( 0.141 0.959 )
=
2
= 0.55 (to 2 d.p.).
hsn.uk.net
Page 23
Remember
We must use radians
when integrating or
differentiating
trigonometric functions.
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
=
y sin 3 x + 6
sin 3 x +
6
1 cos 3 x + 6
dx =
6 0
3
(( ) )
= 13 cos 3 6 + 6 13 cos 3 ( 0 ) + 6
= 13 cos ( 90 + 30 ) + 13 cos ( 30 )
( )
= 13 ( 12 ) + 13 23
= 16 + 63
1+ 3
.
6
1+ 3
square units.
So the area is
6
=
5. Find 2cos ( 12 x 3 ) dx .
) dx
2cos ( 12 x 3=
=
(
)
4sin ( 12 x 3 ) + c
2 sin 1 x 3 + c
1
2
2
5cos ( 2 x ) + sin ( x
hsn.uk.net
3 )=
dx 52 sin ( 2 x ) cos ( x 3 ) + c
Page 24
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Integration
1
with respect to x.
cos x
tan x
(b) Hence find
dx .
cos x
1
1
d ( cos x )1 = 1( cos x )2 sin x
(a)
= ( cos x ) , and dx
cos x
sin x
.
=
cos 2 x
7. (a) Differentiate
sin x
tan x
sin x
cos x
(b) = =
.
cos x cos x cos 2 x
sin x
1
From part (a) we know
dx
+c .
2=
cos x
cos x
tan x
1
Therefore
=
dx
+c.
cos x
cos x
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Page 25
CfE Edition