Contents xix S13 Analysis by the Method of Joints _/67 Experiment £3: Forces in a Plane Truss _/74 S14 Analysis by the Method of Sections 177 Experiment E4: Forces ina Space Frame _/84 ‘Concept Review Questions _/87 Tutorial Problems _J87 Multiple-Choice Questions _/92 S2_THIN RIGID BEAMS 983 $2.1 Beams and Loading 193 $2.2 Shear Force and SF Diagram _/94 $2.3 Bending Moment and BM Diagram _/97 $2.4 Relationship between Bending Moment, Shear Force and Loading _/99 Experiment E5: Shear Force and Bending Moment in a Beam 2/6 Concept Review Questions 2/9 Tutorial Problems 2/9 Multiple-Choice Questions _22/ S3_ FRICTION 2 $3.1 Friction and Impending Motion _223 Experiment E6: Coefficient of Static Friction 230 $3.2__Rolling Resistance 237 $3.3. Sliding and Rolling of Cylinders 238 $3.4 Band-Brake and Belt Friction 244 $4.5_Lifting by a Screw Jack 257 $3.6 Dise and Bearing Friction 256 $3.7 Input/Output of Simple Machines _26/ Experiment E7: Performance of Simple Lifting Machines 268 Concept Review Questions 27/ Tutorial Problems 272 Multiple-Choice Questions 278 4__ CENTRAL POINTS: CENTROID, CENTRE OF MASS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY 41 Introduction 280 4.2 Concept of First Moment 280 3 ints: iti Mass and Centre of Gravity 282 44 Centroid ofa Length 283 45 Centroids of a Composite Length 264 46 Centroid of an Aten 288 4.7 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus 299 48 Centroid of a Volume 303 49 Centre of Mass 307 - 4.10 Centre of Gravity 3/3 Urheberrechtlich geschiitztes MaterialXX Contents Concept Review Questions 3/8” Tutorial Problems 3/9 Multiple-Choice Questions 322 §& KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE AND OF A POINT IN GENERAL. 323 5.1 Kinematic Concepts 323 5.2 Motion Referred to Fixed Rectangular Coordinates 324 5.4 Motion Referred to Cylindrical Polar Coordinates __ 330 5.5___Motion Referred to Path Coordinates 339 7 Point: G " Fi ze 5.7 Motion Referred to Moving Frames of Reference 355 Concept Review Questions 374 Tutorial Problems 375 Multipte-Choice Questions 38/ G1 _Introduction 383 6.2 Equation of Motion 38? 6.3__D*Alembert Principle: Inertia Forces 399 6.4 Work, Power and Energy 402 6.5 Work-Energy Principle 4/9 6.6 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 42/ 6.7 Impulse of aForee 424 6.8 __Impulse-Momentum Principle 425 6.9 Conservation of Momentum 426 6.10_Moment of Momentum 434 6.11_Moment of Momentum Equation 435 6.12 Conservation of Moment of Momentum _436 Concept Review Questions 438 Tutorial Problems 439 Multiple-Choice Questions 445 7__KINEMATICS OF A RIGID BODY AT Z1__Introduction _447 7.2 Types of Motion 447 7.3 Fixed-Axis Rotation 454 7.4 Plane Motion of a Rigid Body 454 7.8 Rigid-Body Motion of Fluids 458 7.7 __ Relative Velocity and Acceleration for Points ona Rigid Body 463 Concept Review Questions 435 Tutorial Problems 486 Multiple-Choice Questions _49/Contents xxi 8__MOMENT OF INERTIA: AREA AND MASS 9 oduction 49, 8.2 Inertial Concepts: Area 492 8.4 Moment of Inertia of Composite Sections 499 8.5 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia: Area 505 8.6 Inertial Concepts: Mass 5/0 loments o| i ss 5/6 ¥8_ Parallel-Axis Theorem (Mass Moment of Inertia) 5/8 8.9 Moment of Inertia of Composite Bodies 522 Experiment E8: Moment of Incrtia of a Body 524 Concept Review Questions 534 Tutorial Problems 535 Multiple-Choicc Questions 538 9 Introduction 540 9.2 Translation of a Rigid Body 540 9,3 Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Principal Axis 545 9.4 Plane Motion of a Rigid Body 550 Experiment E9: Looping the Loop 557 9.5 Work-Energy Formulation for Plane Motion _56/ 9.6 Impulse-Momentum Formulation for Plane Motion _ 576 Experiment E10; Conservation of Angular Momentum— A Human Experience 582 9.7 General Motion of a Rigid Body 588 9.8 Gyroscopic Action 594 Experiment E11: Principle and Action of a Gyroscope— A Human Experience 597 Concept Review Questions 599 Tutorial Problems = 60/ Multiple-Choice Questions 608 APPLICATIONS IN DYNAMICS OT DI IMPACT OF TWO BODIES 613 DI.E Introductory Concepts 6/3 > Coefficient of Restituti Experiment E12: Coefficient of Restitution 617 DL3_ Plane Central Collision 620 D1.4 Collision of a Small Body with a Massive Body 623 Concept Review Questions 647 Tutorial Problems 64/ Multiple-Choice Questions 645Xxii Contents D2 CENTRAL FORCE MOTION CG D2.! Introductory Concepts 646 D2.2 Acceleration Due to Gravity 648 D2.3° Trajectories for Central Force Motion 65/ D2.4_ Energy Expended for Different Trajectories 658 D2.5_ Launching of Satellites at an Angle 660 D2.6 Astronomical Facts and Laws of Kepler 665 Concept Review Questions 677 Tutorial Problems 677 Multiple-Choice Questions 678 1 VIRTUAL WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY PRINCIPLES 0 CTD LOL Introduction 679 10.2 Principle of Virtual Work 679 10.3 Principle of Potential Energy 6387 Concept Review Questions 697 Tutorial Problems 698 Multipte-Choice Questions 701 1L1_VIBRATIONS OF SIMPLE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS —__703 11.1 Elements of Mechanical Systems 703 11.2 Simple Mechanical Systems 706 11.3 Features of Vibrating Systems 709 Experiment E13: Oscillation of a Simple Pendulum 720 Experiment E14: Multiple Elastic Impacts 722 11S Angular Free Vibrations 727 i. Pendulum Motions 732 Experiment E15: Oscillation of a Compound Pendulum 742 Concept Review Questions 749 Multiple-Choice Questions 7.54 APPENDICES 257 Appendix 1 Rules for Differentiation and Integration 759 Appendix 2 Properties of Plane Figures 762 Appendix 3 Properties of Solid Bodies 168 ints to: Tutorial P . 71. dade 796ENGINEERING MECHANICS: —_*_ Wat ann Way? 1,1 ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES Engineering is an activity concerned with the creation of new systems for the benefit of mankind. The process of creativity proceeds by way of research, design and development; new systems emerge from innovation and systems may be consti- tuted by mechanical, electromechanical, hydraulic, thermal or other elements. Creation of new systems is thus basic to all engincering. The Living Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary aptly defines engineering as the art of executing a partial application of scientific knowledge. It is important to understand the difference between enginecring and science. Science is concerned with a systematic understanding and gathering of the facts, laws and principles governing natural phenomena. Engineering, on the other hand, is an art of utilisation of the established facts, laws and principles to create certain desired phenomena as shown in Fig. 1.1. The activities of science and engineering are thus mutually opposite. Both may proceed through similar ways and means of analysis and synthesis but are oppositely directed. The training of scientists and engineers should be correspondingly designed for their respective objectives. —_—— t Engineering Facts Engineering sciences e.g.| mechanics Principles New systems to----- 1 Fig. 1.1. Role of Engineering Sciences The sets of core courses meant for engineering students are called engineering sciences. These are essentially basic sciences compartmentalised and labelled spe- cially for engineering students with regard to their future responsibility. The exist- ing laws and principles are conveyed to the students by the engincering-science courses and emphasis is laid on their application to real-life problems. Some of the engincering-science courses being offered in India and abroad are: Mechanics, Manufacturing Processes, Energy Conversions, Transport Phenomena, Material Science and Design Engineering.2 Engineering Mechanics 1.2 MECHANICS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO ENGINEERING Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the dynamical behaviour of mate- rial bodies in the presence of mechanical disturbances. Since such behaviour is of interest to mechanical, civil, electrical, chemical, aeronautical, textile, metallurgical and mining engineers, it is appropriate to conclude that the subject of mechanics lies at the core of all engineering analysis, Engineering mechanics refers to a course in mechanics tailored exclusively for engincers. Essential features of such a course are: 1. The subject matter is not presented as rigorously as a course in analytical or axiomatic mechanics may demand, 2. On the other hand, the contents are not just a series of applications as implied by Applied Mechanics but a thorough grounding of the basic principles to- gether with engineering applications. 3. The course is integrated to provide a sound foundation in engineering-sci- ence, 4. The course comprises the foundation for a number of courses that are to be built upon it. Some of them are shown in Fig. 1.2. g g a, | He SHEED ‘Advanced topic: mechanics 1 I I 1 I I | ot tg Bg, sistes gofelskigiss gi gigalBlas 228 Wl § 31 1e1BB gigs eLEIBE 1 Mechanics ' of t solids Foundations of Engineering Mechanics Axioms, Laws and Principles Fig. 1.2 Mecbanics as the Foundation of a Number of Courses